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carpi ulnaris","l":0,"lab":"Extensor carpi ulnaris","sub":"ulnar head of extensor carpi ulnaris","card":"m:extensor carpi ulnaris","o":0},{"i":"FMA13348","n":"right omohyoid","c":"mus","m":"FMA13349","s":"R","k":"omohyoid","g":["Muscles","Neck","Neck"],"b":"omohyoid","l":0,"lab":"Omohyoid","sub":"omohyoid","card":"m:omohyoid","o":0},{"i":"FMA13349","n":"left omohyoid","c":"mus","mesh":371,"s":"L","k":"omohyoid","g":["Muscles","Neck","Neck"],"b":"omohyoid","l":0,"lab":"Omohyoid","sub":"omohyoid","card":"m:omohyoid","o":0},{"i":"FMA22452","n":"right adductor brevis","c":"mus","m":"FMA22454","s":"R","k":"adductor brevis","g":["Muscles","Thigh","Thigh: medial"],"b":"adductor brevis","l":2,"lab":"Adductor brevis","sub":"adductor brevis","card":"m:adductor brevis","o":0},{"i":"FMA22454","n":"left adductor brevis","c":"mus","mesh":372,"s":"L","k":"adductor brevis","g":["Muscles","Thigh","Thigh: medial"],"b":"adductor brevis","l":2,"lab":"Adductor brevis","sub":"adductor 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magnus","card":"m:adductor magnus","o":0},{"i":"FMA37386","n":"right abductor pollicis brevis","c":"mus","m":"FMA37387","s":"R","k":"abductor pollicis brevis","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"abductor pollicis brevis","l":0,"lab":"Abductor pollicis brevis","sub":"abductor pollicis brevis","card":"m:abductor pollicis brevis","o":0},{"i":"FMA37387","n":"left abductor pollicis brevis","c":"mus","mesh":375,"s":"L","k":"abductor pollicis brevis","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"abductor pollicis brevis","l":0,"lab":"Abductor pollicis brevis","sub":"abductor pollicis brevis","card":"m:abductor pollicis brevis","o":0},{"i":"FMA37396","n":"abductor digiti minimi of right hand","c":"mus","m":"FMA37397","s":"R","k":"abductor digiti minimi of hand","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"abductor digiti minimi of hand","l":0,"lab":"Abductor digiti minimi of hand","sub":"abductor digiti minimi of hand","card":"m:abductor digiti minimi of hand","o":0},{"i":"FMA37397","n":"abductor digiti minimi of left hand","c":"mus","mesh":376,"s":"L","k":"abductor digiti minimi of hand","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"abductor digiti minimi of hand","l":0,"lab":"Abductor digiti minimi of hand","sub":"abductor digiti minimi of hand","card":"m:abductor digiti minimi of hand","o":0},{"i":"FMA37459","n":"right abductor hallucis","c":"mus","m":"FMA37460","s":"R","k":"abductor hallucis","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"abductor hallucis","l":0,"lab":"Abductor hallucis","sub":"abductor hallucis","card":"m:abductor hallucis","o":0},{"i":"FMA37460","n":"left abductor hallucis","c":"mus","mesh":377,"s":"L","k":"abductor hallucis","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"abductor hallucis","l":0,"lab":"Abductor hallucis","sub":"abductor hallucis","card":"m:abductor hallucis","o":0},{"i":"FMA37463","n":"abductor digiti minimi of right foot","c":"mus","m":"FMA37464","s":"R","k":"abductor digiti minimi of foot","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"abductor digiti minimi of foot","l":0,"lab":"Abductor digiti minimi of foot","sub":"abductor digiti minimi of foot","card":"m:abductor digiti minimi of foot","o":0},{"i":"FMA37464","n":"abductor digiti minimi of left foot","c":"mus","mesh":378,"s":"L","k":"abductor digiti minimi of foot","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"abductor digiti minimi of foot","l":0,"lab":"Abductor digiti minimi of foot","sub":"abductor digiti minimi of foot","card":"m:abductor digiti minimi of foot","o":0},{"i":"FMA38516","n":"right abductor pollicis longus","c":"mus","m":"FMA38517","s":"R","k":"abductor pollicis longus","g":["Muscles","Forearm","Forearm: posterior"],"b":"abductor pollicis longus","l":1,"lab":"Abductor pollicis longus","sub":"abductor pollicis longus","card":"m:abductor pollicis longus","o":0},{"i":"FMA38517","n":"left abductor pollicis longus","c":"mus","mesh":379,"s":"L","k":"abductor pollicis longus","g":["Muscles","Forearm","Forearm: posterior"],"b":"abductor pollicis longus","l":1,"lab":"Abductor pollicis longus","sub":"abductor pollicis longus","card":"m:abductor pollicis longus","o":0},{"i":"FMA43886","n":"right adductor minimus","c":"mus","m":"FMA43887","s":"R","k":"adductor minimus","g":["Muscles","Thigh","Thigh: medial"],"b":"adductor minimus","l":2,"lab":"Adductor minimus","sub":"adductor minimus","card":"m:adductor minimus","o":0},{"i":"FMA43887","n":"left adductor minimus","c":"mus","mesh":380,"s":"L","k":"adductor minimus","g":["Muscles","Thigh","Thigh: medial"],"b":"adductor minimus","l":2,"lab":"Adductor minimus","sub":"adductor minimus","card":"m:adductor minimus","o":0},{"i":"FMA46018","n":"oblique head of right adductor hallucis","c":"mus","m":"FMA46019","s":"R","k":"adductor hallucis","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"oblique head of adductor hallucis","l":2,"lab":"Adductor hallucis","sub":"oblique head of adductor hallucis","card":"m:adductor hallucis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46019","n":"oblique head of left adductor hallucis","c":"mus","mesh":381,"s":"L","k":"adductor hallucis","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"oblique head of adductor hallucis","l":2,"lab":"Adductor hallucis","sub":"oblique head of adductor hallucis","card":"m:adductor hallucis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46020","n":"transverse head of right adductor hallucis","c":"mus","m":"FMA46021","s":"R","k":"adductor hallucis","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"transverse head of adductor hallucis","l":2,"lab":"Adductor hallucis","sub":"transverse head of adductor hallucis","card":"m:adductor hallucis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46021","n":"transverse head of left adductor hallucis","c":"mus","mesh":382,"s":"L","k":"adductor hallucis","g":["Muscles","Foot","Foot"],"b":"transverse head of adductor hallucis","l":2,"lab":"Adductor hallucis","sub":"transverse head of adductor hallucis","card":"m:adductor hallucis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46121","n":"oblique head of right adductor pollicis","c":"mus","m":"FMA46122","s":"R","k":"adductor pollicis","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"oblique head of adductor pollicis","l":1,"lab":"Adductor pollicis","sub":"oblique head of adductor pollicis","card":"m:adductor pollicis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46122","n":"oblique head of left adductor pollicis","c":"mus","mesh":383,"s":"L","k":"adductor pollicis","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"oblique head of adductor pollicis","l":1,"lab":"Adductor pollicis","sub":"oblique head of adductor pollicis","card":"m:adductor pollicis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46123","n":"transverse head of right adductor pollicis","c":"mus","m":"FMA46124","s":"R","k":"adductor pollicis","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"transverse head of adductor pollicis","l":1,"lab":"Adductor pollicis","sub":"transverse head of adductor pollicis","card":"m:adductor pollicis","o":0},{"i":"FMA46124","n":"transverse head of left adductor pollicis","c":"mus","mesh":384,"s":"L","k":"adductor pollicis","g":["Muscles","Hand","Hand"],"b":"transverse head of adductor pollicis","l":1,"lab":"Adductor pollicis","sub":"transverse head of adductor pollicis","card":"m:adductor pollicis","o":0},{"i":"FMA55680","n":"right upper lateral secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55683","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper lateral secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Upper right lateral incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":10},{"i":"FMA55681","n":"right upper central secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55682","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper central secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Upper right central incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":0},{"i":"FMA55682","n":"left upper central secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":385,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper central secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Upper left central incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":0},{"i":"FMA55683","n":"left upper lateral secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":386,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper lateral secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Upper left lateral incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":10},{"i":"FMA55686","n":"right lower secondary canine tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55687","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower secondary canine tooth","lab":"Lower right canine","card":"o:tooth","o":120},{"i":"FMA55687","n":"left lower secondary canine tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":387,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower secondary canine tooth","lab":"Lower left canine","card":"o:tooth","o":120},{"i":"FMA55688","n":"right upper second secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55691","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper second secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Upper right second premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":47},{"i":"FMA55689","n":"right upper first secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55690","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper first secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Upper right first premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":37},{"i":"FMA55690","n":"left upper first secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":388,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper first secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Upper left first premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":37},{"i":"FMA55691","n":"left upper second secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":389,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper second secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Upper left second premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":47},{"i":"FMA55692","n":"left lower second secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":390,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower second secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Lower left second premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":147},{"i":"FMA55693","n":"left lower first secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":391,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower first secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Lower left first premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":137},{"i":"FMA55694","n":"right lower first secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55693","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower first secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Lower right first premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":137},{"i":"FMA55695","n":"right lower second secondary premolar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55692","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower second secondary premolar tooth","lab":"Lower right second premolar","card":"o:tooth","o":147},{"i":"FMA55697","n":"right upper second secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55700","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper second secondary molar tooth","lab":"Upper right second molar","card":"o:tooth","o":45},{"i":"FMA55698","n":"right upper first secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55699","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper first secondary molar tooth","lab":"Upper right first molar","card":"o:tooth","o":35},{"i":"FMA55699","n":"left upper first secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":392,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper first secondary molar tooth","lab":"Upper left first molar","card":"o:tooth","o":35},{"i":"FMA55700","n":"left upper second secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":393,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper second secondary molar tooth","lab":"Upper left second molar","card":"o:tooth","o":45},{"i":"FMA55703","n":"left lower second secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":394,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower second secondary molar tooth","lab":"Lower left second molar","card":"o:tooth","o":145},{"i":"FMA55704","n":"left lower first secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":395,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower first secondary molar tooth","lab":"Lower left first molar","card":"o:tooth","o":135},{"i":"FMA55705","n":"right lower first secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55704","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower first secondary molar tooth","lab":"Lower right first molar","card":"o:tooth","o":135},{"i":"FMA55706","n":"right lower second secondary molar tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55703","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower second secondary molar tooth","lab":"Lower right second molar","card":"o:tooth","o":145},{"i":"FMA55798","n":"right upper secondary canine tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA55799","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper secondary canine tooth","lab":"Upper right canine","card":"o:tooth","o":20},{"i":"FMA55799","n":"left upper secondary canine tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":396,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"upper secondary canine tooth","lab":"Upper left canine","card":"o:tooth","o":20},{"i":"FMA57140","n":"right lower lateral secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA57141","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower lateral secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Lower right lateral incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":110},{"i":"FMA57141","n":"left lower lateral secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":397,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower lateral secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Lower left lateral incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":110},{"i":"FMA57142","n":"right lower central secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","m":"FMA57143","s":"R","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower central secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Lower right central incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":100},{"i":"FMA57143","n":"left lower central secondary incisor tooth","c":"tooth","mesh":398,"s":"L","k":"tooth","g":["Axial skeleton","Skull","Teeth"],"b":"lower central secondary incisor tooth","lab":"Lower left central incisor","card":"o:tooth","o":100}],"cards":{"b:frontal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: cranium","loc":"Forms the forehead, the roof of the orbits and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa.","fn":"Protects the frontal lobes, forms the superciliary ridges and orbital roofs, and houses the frontal sinuses.","mn":"Frontal = front. The supraorbital foramen sits on the brow ridge: press there and you feel the nerve.","cl":"","mk":[["Squamous part","Vertical, forehead portion."],["Frontal sinus","Air space above the nasion, drains to the middle meatus."],["Supraorbital margin","Upper rim of the orbit."],["Supraorbital foramen / notch","Transmits the supraorbital nerve (V1) and vessels."],["Glabella","Smooth area between the eyebrows."],["Superciliary arch","Ridge above each orbit."],["Zygomatic process","Joins the zygomatic bone at the lateral orbit."],["Orbital part","Thin plate forming the orbital roof."],["Frontal crest","Midline ridge inside: falx cerebri attachment."],["Foramen cecum","Small pit at the base of the crest."],["Temporal line","Origin of temporalis fascia."]]},"b:parietal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: cranium","loc":"Forms most of the roof and sides of the cranial vault.","fn":"Protects the brain; sutures join it to the frontal, occipital, temporal and sphenoid bones.","mn":"","cl":"Infant fontanelles are the unossified gaps at these corners (bregma = anterior fontanelle).","mk":[["Sagittal suture","Midline joint between the two parietals."],["Coronal suture","Joint with the frontal bone."],["Lambdoid suture","Joint with the occipital bone."],["Squamous suture","Joint with the temporal bone."],["Parietal eminence (tuber)","Rounded bulge: the widest part of the skull."],["Superior and inferior temporal lines","Attachment of temporalis fascia and muscle."],["Parietal foramen","Small emissary vein foramen near the sagittal suture."],["Bregma and lambda","Where the sagittal suture meets the coronal and lambdoid sutures."]]},"b:occipital bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: cranium","loc":"Forms the back and base of the skull.","fn":"Surrounds the foramen magnum where the spinal cord joins the brain; articulates with C1 at the occipital condyles.","mn":"Foramen MAGNUM = the Great hole. Condyles are the ball bearings for \"yes\".","cl":"","mk":[["Foramen magnum","Brainstem/spinal cord junction; vertebral arteries and accessory nerve (XI) pass."],["Occipital condyle","Articulates with the atlas (atlanto-occipital joint, nodding \"yes\")."],["Hypoglossal canal","Above the condyle; hypoglossal nerve (XII)."],["External occipital protuberance","Midline bump (inion)."],["Superior and inferior nuchal lines","Attachments for trapezius and neck muscles."],["Basilar part","Anterior wedge fused to the sphenoid (clivus)."],["Jugular notch","Contributes to the jugular foramen."],["Squamous part","Large curved back plate."],["Internal occipital protuberance","Where the venous sinuses meet (confluence)."]]},"b:temporal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: cranium","loc":"Forms the side and base of the skull below the parietal bone, housing the ear.","fn":"Houses the middle and inner ear; carries the mandibular fossa and mastoid process for the jaw and neck muscles.","mn":"Mastoid = Muscle (SCM). Styloid = Stylo- muscles. The facial nerve exits at the stylomastoid foramen.","cl":"","mk":[["Squamous part","Thin vertical plate on the side of the head."],["Zygomatic process","Forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic bone."],["Mandibular fossa","Socket for the mandibular condyle (TMJ)."],["Articular tubercle","Ridge in front of the fossa."],["External acoustic meatus","Ear canal."],["Mastoid process","Attachment of sternocleidomastoid; contains air cells."],["Styloid process","Spike for stylohyoid, styloglossus and stylopharyngeus."],["Stylomastoid foramen","Facial nerve (VII) exits the skull."],["Carotid canal","Internal carotid artery enters the skull."],["Jugular fossa","Part of the jugular foramen: internal jugular vein."],["Internal acoustic meatus","Facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves."],["Petrous part","Dense pyramid that contains the cochlea and semicircular canals."],["Foramen lacerum","Ragged gap at the apex (cartilage-filled in life)."]]},"b:sphenoid bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: cranium","loc":"Keystone of the cranial floor, behind the orbits and nose.","fn":"Articulates with all other cranial bones; houses the pituitary gland and the sphenoidal sinus.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Sella turcica","Saddle holding the pituitary gland."],["Dorsum sellae","Posterior wall of the sella."],["Tuberculum sellae","Anterior ridge of the sella."],["Anterior clinoid process","Tentorium attachment."],["Posterior clinoid process","Tentorium attachment."],["Optic canal","Optic nerve (II) and ophthalmic artery."],["Superior orbital fissure","III, IV, V1, VI."],["Foramen rotundum","V2."],["Foramen ovale","V3."],["Foramen spinosum","Middle meningeal artery."],["Greater wing","Orbit, temporal fossa, middle cranial fossa."],["Lesser wing","Roof of the orbit."],["Pterygoid process: lateral and medial plates","Pterygoid muscles; hamulus for palate."],["Sphenoidal sinus","Air space in the body."]]},"b:ethmoid":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: cranium","loc":"Lies between the orbits at the roof of the nose.","fn":"Forms the nasal septum, the medial orbital wall and the upper nasal conchae; olfactory nerves pass through it.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Crista galli","Falx cerebri attachment."],["Cribriform plate","Olfactory nerve (I) filaments."],["Perpendicular plate","Upper nasal septum."],["Orbital plate (lamina papyracea)","Medial wall of the orbit."],["Superior and middle nasal conchae","Scrolls warming inspired air."],["Ethmoid air cells","Ethmoid sinuses."]]},"b:maxilla":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"Upper jaw; forms the middle of the face, the floor of the orbit and most of the hard palate.","fn":"Holds the upper teeth; the maxillary sinus lightens the face and humidifies air.","mn":"","cl":"Fractures of the maxilla are classified as Le Fort I-III.","mk":[["Alveolar process","Socket-bearing ridge for the upper teeth."],["Palatine process","Anterior two-thirds of the hard palate."],["Frontal process","Rises to the frontal bone beside the nose."],["Zygomatic process","Joins the zygomatic bone."],["Infraorbital foramen","Infraorbital nerve (V2) and vessels."],["Maxillary sinus","Largest paranasal sinus."],["Incisive fossa / foramen","Nasopalatine nerve."],["Anterior nasal spine","Midline point under the nose."]]},"b:mandible":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"The lower jaw; the only mobile skull bone.","fn":"Holds the lower teeth; the condyle forms the temporomandibular joint and the ramus gives muscles leverage for chewing.","mn":"","cl":"Dislocation occurs when the condyle slips in front of the articular tubercle.","mk":[["Body","Horizontal part carrying the teeth."],["Ramus","Vertical part."],["Angle","Corner where body meets ramus; masseter and medial pterygoid."],["Condylar process (head)","Articulates in the mandibular fossa (TMJ)."],["Coronoid process","Temporalis insertion."],["Mandibular notch","Between condyle and coronoid."],["Mandibular foramen","Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels enter."],["Mental foramen","Mental nerve exits; dentists use it for anaesthesia."],["Alveolar process","Tooth sockets."],["Mylohyoid line","Mylohyoid origin."],["Mental protuberance","Chin."]]},"b:zygomatic bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"The cheekbone.","fn":"Forms the prominence of the cheek and the lateral orbit; anchors masseter.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Temporal process","Joins the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch."],["Frontal process","Meets the frontal bone at the lateral orbit."],["Maxillary process","Joins the maxilla."],["Zygomaticofacial foramen","Cutaneous nerve to the cheek."],["Orbital surface","Lateral wall and floor of the orbit."]]},"b:nasal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"Bridge of the nose.","fn":"Supports the cartilage of the nose.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Internasal suture","Joins the two nasal bones."],["Nasomaxillary suture","Joins the maxilla."],["Nasion","Midpoint of the frontonasal suture."]]},"b:lacrimal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"Small, thin bone in the medial wall of the orbit.","fn":"Houses the lacrimal sac.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Lacrimal groove","Holds the lacrimal sac."],["Posterior lacrimal crest","Edge of the groove."],["Lacrimal hamulus","Hook at the lower end."]]},"b:palatine bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"Behind the maxilla; forms the back of the hard palate and part of the nasal cavity and orbit.","fn":"Completes the roof of the mouth.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Horizontal plate","Posterior hard palate."],["Perpendicular plate","Lateral nasal wall."],["Greater palatine foramen","Greater palatine nerve and vessels."],["Pyramidal process","Fits between the pterygoid plates."]]},"b:inferior nasal concha":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"Curled shelf on the lateral nasal wall.","fn":"Increases the surface area for warming and humidifying air.","mn":"","cl":"Only one of the conchae that is a separate bone; the other two are ethmoid.","mk":[["Concha","The scroll itself."],["Maxillary process","Joins the maxilla."]]},"b:vomer":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: face","loc":"Midline plate forming the lower and back part of the nasal septum.","fn":"Divides the nasal cavity.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Ala","Upper wing."],["Body","Thin vertical plate."]]},"b:hyoid bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Skull: neck","loc":"U-shaped bone in the anterior neck at the level of C3.","fn":"Anchors the tongue and larynx; the only bone that does not articulate directly with another bone.","mn":"","cl":"Fracture of the hyoid suggests strangulation.","mk":[["Body","Central part."],["Greater horn (cornu)","Posterior projection."],["Lesser horn (cornu)","Small superior projection for stylohyoid ligament."]]},"b:atlas":{"t":"bone","grp":"Vertebral column","loc":"C1: the topmost vertebra, ring-shaped with no body.","fn":"Supports the skull and allows nodding at the atlanto-occipital joint.","mn":"Atlas holds up the world (skull): \"yes\" joint.","cl":"","mk":[["Anterior arch","Front of the ring."],["Posterior arch","Back of the ring."],["Lateral mass","Thick side part with articular facets."],["Superior articular facet","Kidney-shaped; receives the occipital condyle."],["Inferior articular facet","Articulates with the axis."],["Facet for the dens","Pivot contact on the anterior arch."],["Transverse process and transverse foramen","Vertebral artery passes."]]},"b:axis":{"t":"bone","grp":"Vertebral column","loc":"C2: the vertebra with the dens.","fn":"Provides the pivot for turning the head side to side (atlantoaxial joint, \"no\").","mn":"","cl":"Dens fractures and hangman's fracture (pars interarticularis).","mk":[["Dens (odontoid process)","Peg projecting upward from the body."],["Body","Carries the dens."],["Superior articular facet","Articulates with the atlas."],["Spinous process","Large and bifid."],["Transverse foramen","Vertebral artery."]]},"b:cervical vertebra":{"t":"bone","grp":"Vertebral column","loc":"C3 to C7 form the neck.","fn":"Small bodies, wide range of motion; transverse foramina carry the vertebral arteries.","mn":"Cervical = 7, foramen in the transverse process.","cl":"","mk":[["Body","Weight-bearing anterior part."],["Vertebral arch","Pedicles and laminae enclosing the foramen."],["Pedicle","Joins the arch to the body."],["Lamina","Posterior part of the arch."],["Vertebral foramen","Houses the spinal cord."],["Spinous process","Posterior projection."],["Transverse process","Lateral projection."],["Superior and inferior articular processes","Facet joints between vertebrae."],["Transverse foramen","Vertebral artery and veins (C1-C6)."],["Bifid spinous process","Split tip, C2-C6."],["Vertebra prominens (C7)","Long non-bifid spinous process, easily felt."]]},"b:thoracic vertebra":{"t":"bone","grp":"Vertebral column","loc":"T1 to T12 form the upper back.","fn":"Articulate with the ribs; limited rotation.","mn":"Thoracic = Thorax = ribs. 12 vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs.","cl":"","mk":[["Body","Weight-bearing anterior part."],["Vertebral arch","Pedicles and laminae enclosing the foramen."],["Pedicle","Joins the arch to the body."],["Lamina","Posterior part of the arch."],["Vertebral foramen","Houses the spinal cord."],["Spinous process","Posterior projection."],["Transverse process","Lateral projection."],["Superior and inferior articular processes","Facet joints between vertebrae."],["Costal facets (demifacets)","On the body for the rib head."],["Transverse costal facet","On the transverse process for the rib tubercle."],["Long, downward spinous process","Overlaps the vertebra below."]]},"b:lumbar vertebra":{"t":"bone","grp":"Vertebral column","loc":"L1 to L5 form the lower back.","fn":"Largest, weight-bearing vertebrae; allow flexion and extension.","mn":"","cl":"Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis typically affect L5.","mk":[["Body","Weight-bearing anterior part."],["Vertebral arch","Pedicles and laminae enclosing the foramen."],["Pedicle","Joins the arch to the body."],["Lamina","Posterior part of the arch."],["Vertebral foramen","Houses the spinal cord."],["Spinous process","Posterior projection."],["Transverse process","Lateral projection."],["Superior and inferior articular processes","Facet joints between vertebrae."],["Mammillary process","Bump on the superior articular process."],["Accessory process","Bump on the transverse process."],["Short, blunt spinous process","Projects straight back; lumbar puncture goes between them."]]},"b:sacrum":{"t":"bone","grp":"Vertebral column","loc":"Five fused vertebrae (S1-S5) forming the back of the pelvis.","fn":"Transfers body weight from the spine to the pelvis; forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity.","mn":"","cl":"This model contains no separate coccyx mesh; the coccyx (3-5 fused rudimentary vertebrae, attachment of levator ani and gluteus maximus) is listed as a text card.","mk":[["Sacral promontory","Anterior edge of S1; obstetric landmark."],["Ala","Wing on either side of S1."],["Auricular surface","Joint with the ilium (sacroiliac)."],["Anterior sacral foramina","Ventral rami of S1-S4."],["Posterior sacral foramina","Dorsal rami of S1-S4."],["Median sacral crest","Fused spinous processes."],["Sacral hiatus","Opening at the lower end: epidural anaesthesia."],["Sacral cornu","Bump beside the hiatus."],["Sacral canal","Continuation of the vertebral canal."]]},"b:rib":{"t":"bone","grp":"Thoracic cage","loc":"12 pairs; ribs 1-7 are true, 8-10 false, 11-12 floating.","fn":"Protect the heart and lungs and move to change thoracic volume in breathing.","mn":"True ribs attach direct (1-7), false attach indirect (8-10), floating are free (11-12). In the groove, VAN: Vein-Artery-Nerve from top to bottom.","cl":"Insert a chest tube above the rib to avoid the neurovascular bundle below it.","mk":[["Head","Articulates with the vertebral bodies (costovertebral joint)."],["Neck","Between head and tubercle."],["Tubercle","Articulates with the transverse process."],["Angle","Where the rib turns forward."],["Body (shaft)","Long curved part."],["Costal groove","Underside groove for the intercostal vein, artery, nerve (VAN)."],["Costal cartilage","Joins ribs 1-10 to the sternum."]]},"b:manubrium":{"t":"bone","grp":"Thoracic cage","loc":"Upper part of the sternum.","fn":"Joins the clavicles and the first costal cartilages.","mn":"Sternal angle = Angle of Louis: rib 2, carina, T4/5.","cl":"","mk":[["Jugular (suprasternal) notch","Palpable at the base of the neck, T2-T3."],["Clavicular notch","Sternoclavicular joint."],["Sternal angle","Joint with the body at T4-T5; marks rib 2."]]},"b:body of sternum":{"t":"bone","grp":"Thoracic cage","loc":"Middle, longest part of the sternum.","fn":"Attaches costal cartilages 2-7.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Costal notches","Articulations for costal cartilages."],["Xiphisternal joint","Junction with the xiphoid at T9."]]},"b:xiphoid process":{"t":"bone","grp":"Thoracic cage","loc":"Small inferior tip of the sternum.","fn":"Attachment for the rectus abdominis and diaphragm; ossifies with age.","mn":"","cl":"Do not compress the xiphoid during CPR.","mk":[["Xiphisternal joint","Junction with the body."]]},"b:clavicle":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: pectoral girdle","loc":"Horizontal S-shaped bone from the sternum to the acromion.","fn":"Braces the shoulder away from the thorax and transmits force from the arm to the axial skeleton.","mn":"","cl":"The most commonly fractured bone; breaks at the junction of the middle and lateral thirds.","mk":[["Sternal end","Articulates with the manubrium."],["Acromial end","Articulates with the acromion."],["Conoid tubercle","Conoid ligament attachment."],["Trapezoid line","Trapezoid ligament attachment."],["Subclavian groove","Subclavius."]]},"b:scapula":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: pectoral girdle","loc":"Triangular bone on the posterior thoracic wall (ribs 2-7).","fn":"Provides the socket for the arm and a platform for rotator cuff muscles.","mn":"SITS: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis.","cl":"","mk":[["Spine","Ridge on the posterior surface."],["Acromion","Lateral end of the spine; joint with the clavicle."],["Coracoid process","Hook-like process: pectoralis minor, biceps short head, coracobrachialis."],["Glenoid cavity","Shallow socket for the humeral head."],["Supraglenoid tubercle","Long head of biceps origin."],["Infraglenoid tubercle","Long head of triceps origin."],["Suprascapular notch","Suprascapular nerve passes."],["Supraspinous fossa","Supraspinatus."],["Infraspinous fossa","Infraspinatus."],["Subscapular fossa","Subscapularis."],["Medial, lateral and superior borders","Muscle attachments."],["Superior and inferior angles","Corners."]]},"b:humerus":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: arm","loc":"The arm bone.","fn":"Lever for the elbow and shoulder; carries muscle insertions for the deltoid, pectoralis and latissimus dorsi.","mn":"Radial nerve lies in the radial groove: \"midshaft fracture, wrist drop\".","cl":"","mk":[["Head","Articulates with the glenoid cavity."],["Anatomical neck","Groove below the head."],["Surgical neck","Common fracture site; axillary nerve at risk."],["Greater tubercle","Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor."],["Lesser tubercle","Subscapularis."],["Intertubercular (bicipital) groove","Long head of biceps tendon."],["Deltoid tuberosity","Deltoid insertion."],["Radial groove","Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery."],["Capitulum","Articulates with the radial head."],["Trochlea","Articulates with the ulna."],["Medial and lateral epicondyles","Flexor and extensor origins."],["Olecranon fossa","Receives the olecranon in extension."],["Coronoid fossa","Receives the coronoid in flexion."],["Radial fossa","Receives the radial head in flexion."]]},"b:scaphoid":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Lateral proximal carpal.","fn":"Articulates with the radius; most commonly fractured carpal bone.","mn":"Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform (proximal); Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate (distal).","cl":"","mk":[["Tubercle","Flexor retinaculum attaches."],["Waist","Fracture site; blood supply enters distally so proximal necrosis risk."]]},"b:lunate":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Central proximal carpal.","fn":"Articulates with the radius; most often dislocated.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulations","Radius, scaphoid, triquetrum, capitate."]]},"b:triquetral":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Medial proximal carpal.","fn":"Pyramid-shaped; articulates with the pisiform and hamate.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulations","Lunate, pisiform, hamate."]]},"b:pisiform":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Small pea-shaped bone on the anteromedial wrist.","fn":"Sesamoid in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulation","Only with the triquetrum."]]},"b:trapezium":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Lateral distal carpal.","fn":"Forms the saddle joint of the thumb with the first metacarpal.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Tubercle","Flexor retinaculum."],["Saddle surface","First carpometacarpal joint."]]},"b:trapezoid":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Distal carpal beside the trapezium.","fn":"Articulates with the second metacarpal.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulations","Trapezium, capitate, scaphoid, 2nd metacarpal."]]},"b:capitate":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Largest carpal, central in the distal row.","fn":"Head fits into the lunate and scaphoid; articulates mainly with the third metacarpal.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Head","Articulates with scaphoid and lunate."]]},"b:hamate":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Medial distal carpal.","fn":"Hook (hamulus) forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel.","mn":"","cl":"Hook fractures occur in golf and baseball swings.","mk":[["Hook of hamate","Flexor retinaculum; ulnar nerve in Guyon canal nearby."]]},"b:metacarpal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Five long bones of the palm (I-V).","fn":"Form the palm; heads form the knuckles.","mn":"","cl":"\"Boxer's fracture\" is the fifth metacarpal neck.","mk":[["Base","Proximal end: carpometacarpal joint."],["Shaft","Body."],["Head","Knuckle: metacarpophalangeal joint."]]},"b:proximal phalanx":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"First phalanx of each finger.","fn":"Fingers 2-5 have three phalanges; the thumb has two.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Base","Articulates with the metacarpal head."],["Shaft","Body."],["Head","Trochlea for the middle phalanx."]]},"b:middle phalanx":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Second phalanx of fingers 2-5.","fn":"Insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Base","Proximal interphalangeal joint."],["Shaft","Body."],["Head","Distal interphalangeal joint."]]},"b:distal phalanx":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: hand","loc":"Fingertip bone.","fn":"Insertion of flexor digitorum profundus and the extensor tendon.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Tuberosity","Rough fingertip pad."],["Base","Joint with the middle phalanx."]]},"b:hip bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: pelvic girdle","loc":"Fusion of the ilium (superior), ischium (posteroinferior) and pubis (anteroinferior), meeting at the acetabulum. The two hip bones join the sacrum behind and each other at the pubic symphysis in front.","fn":"Transfers body weight from the sacrum to the femur; encloses the pelvic organs; anchors the hip, thigh and abdominal wall muscles.","mn":"Ilium = the Iliac crest you rest your hands on. Ischium = what you sit on (\"Ischial tuberosity = sit bone\"). Pubis = the front (pubic symphysis). I-I-P from top: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis (high, low behind, low front).","cl":"Pelvic fractures often involve the pubic rami; avulsion fractures of the ASIS/AIIS/ischial tuberosity occur in adolescent athletes (apophyses).","mk":[["Ilium","Broad upper wing: iliac crest, ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, iliac fossa, gluteal surface, auricular surface."],["Ischium","Posteroinferior part: ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, ischial ramus."],["Pubis","Anteroinferior part: superior and inferior pubic rami, pubic body, pubic tubercle and crest, pecten pubis."],["Acetabulum","Cup-shaped socket where all three bones meet (Y-shaped triradiate cartilage in the child)."],["Obturator foramen","Large opening between pubis and ischium, closed by the obturator membrane."],["Greater and lesser sciatic notches","Separated by the ischial spine; converted to foramina by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments."]]},"b:ulna":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: forearm","loc":"Medial bone of the forearm (the little-finger side).","fn":"Forms the hinge of the elbow with the humerus; the radius pivots around it for pronation and supination. Has a much larger proximal end and the radius a larger distal end.","mn":"Ulna = the Upper/elbow end is the big one (olecranon = point of the elbow). In anatomical position the radius is on the thumb side (\"radial\" = thumb side), the ulna on the little-finger side.","cl":"Monteggia fracture: ulna shaft fracture with radial head dislocation. Ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel behind the medial epicondyle (\"funny bone\").","mk":[["Olecranon","Point of the elbow; triceps insertion."],["Trochlear notch","C-shaped hinge surface that grips the trochlea."],["Coronoid process","Anterior beak that locks in flexion."],["Radial notch","Articulates with the head of the radius."],["Ulnar tuberosity","Brachialis insertion."],["Supinator crest","Origin of supinator."],["Interosseous border","Lateral shaft edge for the interosseous membrane."],["Head and styloid process","Distal end; styloid on the posteromedial side."]]},"b:radius":{"t":"bone","grp":"Upper limb: forearm","loc":"Lateral bone of the forearm (the thumb side).","fn":"Carries the hand: the radius, not the ulna, articulates with the carpals. Rotates around the ulna in pronation and supination.","mn":"Radius = Rotates (it pivots around the ulna in pronation and supination). Radius is the thumb-side bone; its head is small at the elbow, while its distal end is the big one at the wrist.","cl":"Colles fracture: distal radius, dorsal displacement (\"dinner fork\"). Fall on the outstretched hand.","mk":[["Head","Disc-shaped proximal end."],["Neck","Constriction below the head."],["Radial tuberosity","Biceps brachii insertion."],["Interosseous border","Medial shaft edge."],["Styloid process","Lateral distal projection."],["Ulnar notch","Receives the ulnar head."],["Dorsal tubercle (Lister)","Pulley for extensor pollicis longus."],["Carpal articular surface","Scaphoid and lunate facets."]]},"b:femur":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: thigh","loc":"Longest, strongest bone.","fn":"Transmits weight from the hip to the knee.","mn":"","cl":"Hip fracture (femoral neck) is the commonest serious fracture of old age and endangers the medial circumflex femoral artery.","mk":[["Head","Ball of the hip joint."],["Fovea capitis","Ligament of the head."],["Neck","Angled; common fracture site in older adults."],["Greater trochanter","Gluteus medius and minimus."],["Lesser trochanter","Iliopsoas."],["Intertrochanteric line and crest","Capsule attachment."],["Linea aspera","Rough posterior ridge: adductors, vastus."],["Gluteal tuberosity","Gluteus maximus."],["Medial and lateral epicondyles","Collateral ligaments."],["Medial and lateral condyles","Articulate with tibia."],["Intercondylar fossa","ACL and PCL attach."],["Patellar surface","Articulates with the patella."],["Adductor tubercle","Adductor magnus tendon."]]},"b:patella":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: knee","loc":"Sesamoid bone in the quadriceps tendon.","fn":"Improves the quadriceps lever arm and protects the knee.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Base","Superior border, quadriceps tendon."],["Apex","Inferior tip, patellar ligament."],["Articular surface","Medial and lateral facets."]]},"b:tibia":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: leg","loc":"Shin bone: main weight-bearing bone of the leg.","fn":"Transmits body weight to the ankle.","mn":"","cl":"Compartment syndrome and open fractures are common because the shin has little soft tissue.","mk":[["Medial and lateral condyles","Tibial plateau."],["Intercondylar eminence","Between the condyles; cruciate ligaments attach."],["Tibial tuberosity","Patellar ligament."],["Anterior border (shin)","Subcutaneous crest."],["Medial malleolus","Medial ankle bump."],["Fibular notch","Joint with fibula."],["Soleal line","Origin of soleus."],["Interosseous border","Interosseous membrane."]]},"b:fibula":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: leg","loc":"Slender lateral bone of the leg.","fn":"Mostly muscle attachment; forms the lateral ankle.","mn":"","cl":"Fibular neck fracture can injure the common fibular nerve (foot drop).","mk":[["Head","Joint with the tibia; biceps femoris."],["Neck","Common fibular nerve winds around it."],["Lateral malleolus","Lateral ankle bump."],["Interosseous border","Membrane attachment."]]},"b:talus":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Ankle bone between tibia/fibula and calcaneus.","fn":"Transmits weight from the leg to the foot; no muscles attach.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Trochlea","Articulates with the tibia."],["Head","Joint with navicular."],["Neck","Common fracture site."],["Sustentaculum tali groove","Flexor hallucis longus."]]},"b:calcaneus":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Heel bone.","fn":"Largest tarsal; Achilles tendon inserts.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Calcaneal tuberosity","Achilles tendon."],["Sustentaculum tali","Shelf supporting the talus."],["Peroneal trochlea","Fibularis tendons."]]},"b:navicular bone of foot":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Medial tarsal.","fn":"Keystone of the medial longitudinal arch.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Tuberosity","Tibialis posterior insertion."]]},"b:cuboid bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Lateral tarsal.","fn":"Articulates with the calcaneus and 4th/5th metatarsals.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Groove","Fibularis longus tendon."]]},"b:medial cuneiform bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Largest cuneiform.","fn":"Articulates with the first metatarsal.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulation","1st metatarsal."]]},"b:intermediate cuneiform bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Smallest cuneiform.","fn":"Articulates with the second metatarsal.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulation","2nd metatarsal."]]},"b:lateral cuneiform bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Between the intermediate cuneiform and cuboid.","fn":"Articulates with the third metatarsal.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulation","3rd metatarsal."]]},"b:metatarsal bone":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Five long bones of the foot (I-V).","fn":"Form the arch and the ball of the foot.","mn":"","cl":"Jones fracture: base of the 5th metatarsal.","mk":[["Base","Tarsometatarsal joint."],["Shaft","Body."],["Head","Ball of the foot."],["Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal","Fibularis brevis insertion."]]},"b:sesamoid bone of foot":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Two small bones under the head of the first metatarsal.","fn":"Protect the flexor hallucis longus tendon.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Articulation","1st metatarsal head."]]},"b:toe phalanx":{"t":"bone","grp":"Lower limb: foot","loc":"Toe bones: 14 in each foot (hallux has two).","fn":"Give the toes length for push-off.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Base","Proximal end."],["Shaft","Body."],["Head","Distal end."]]},"o:intervertebral disk":{"t":"other","grp":"Joints & cartilage","loc":"Between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae from C2/C3 down to L5/S1 (there is none between the atlas and skull or atlas and axis).","fn":"Shock absorber and spacer; allows slight movement between vertebrae. Anulus fibrosus (tough outer fibrocartilage rings) holds the nucleus pulposus (gelatinous centre).","mn":"Jelly doughnut: herniation squeezes the jelly out through the doughnut.","cl":"Herniated disc (slipped disc): nucleus pulposus protrudes posterolaterally and presses a spinal nerve root; common at L4-L5 and L5-S1.","mk":[["Anulus fibrosus","Concentric rings of fibrocartilage."],["Nucleus pulposus","Jelly-like core, remnant of the notochord."]]},"o:costal cartilage":{"t":"other","grp":"Joints & cartilage","loc":"Hyaline cartilage connecting the anterior ends of ribs 1-7 to the sternum; ribs 8-10 join the cartilage above.","fn":"Gives the rib cage flexibility for breathing.","mn":"","cl":"Costochondritis causes chest pain; costal cartilage may ossify with age.","mk":[["True ribs (1-7)","Each has its own costal cartilage to the sternum."],["False ribs (8-10)","Cartilage joins the cartilage above (costal margin)."],["Floating ribs (11-12)","No anterior attachment."]]},"o:nasal cartilages":{"t":"other","grp":"Joints & cartilage","loc":"The cartilaginous framework of the nose below the nasal bones.","fn":"Shapes and supports the external nose and nostrils.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Septal cartilage","Midline plate completing the septum."],["Lateral nasal cartilage","Beneath the nasal bone."],["Alar cartilage","Shapes the nostril wing."]]},"o:thyroid cartilage":{"t":"other","grp":"Joints & cartilage","loc":"Largest cartilage of the larynx at about C4-C5. The laryngeal prominence (\"Adam's apple\") is its upper midline notch.","fn":"Protects the vocal folds. The vocal ligaments attach to its inner surface.","mn":"Thyroid = shield (thyreos): it shields the larynx.","cl":"","mk":[["Laryngeal prominence","The \"Adam's apple\"."],["Superior horn","Joins the thyrohyoid ligament."],["Inferior horn","Articulates with the cricoid cartilage."]]},"o:tooth":{"t":"other","grp":"Teeth","loc":"Sockets (alveoli) of the maxilla and mandible.","fn":"Mastication (chewing) and speech. Adult dentition: 32 teeth in 4 quadrants (2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars).","mn":"Dental formula per quadrant: I 2, C 1, P 2, M 3 = 8; x4 = 32. \"Incisors Cut, Canines Cut, Premolars and Molars Grind\".","cl":"A tooth joint is a gomphosis: the only fibrous joint with a ligament (periodontal ligament).","mk":[["Crown","Visible, enamel covered."],["Neck (cervix)","Junction at the gum line."],["Root","In the alveolus; held by the periodontal ligament (gomphosis)."],["Enamel","Hardest tissue in the body."],["Dentin","Bulk of the tooth."],["Pulp cavity","Nerves and vessels."]]},"o:aponeurosis of epicranius":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Between frontalis and occipitalis over the vault of the skull.","fn":"Connects the occipitofrontalis muscle bellies (galea aponeurotica).","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[["Galea aponeurotica","Tough scalp sheet."]]},"o:flexor retinaculum":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Across the front of the wrist, spanning the carpal arch.","fn":"Holds down the flexor tendons and forms the roof of the carpal tunnel.","mn":"","cl":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of the median nerve under the retinaculum causes thenar weakness and numbness of the lateral three and a half digits.","mk":[["Carpal tunnel","Contains median nerve and nine tendons."]]},"o:interosseous membrane":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Between the shafts of radius/ulna (forearm) or tibia/fibula (leg).","fn":"Binds the bones, transfers force, and provides extra surface for muscle origin.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[]},"o:calcaneal tendon":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"From the gastrocnemius and soleus to the calcaneal tuberosity.","fn":"Transmits plantarflexion force; the strongest and thickest tendon of the body.","mn":"Achilles tendon.","cl":"Achilles rupture: a sudden pop, positive Thompson test (no plantarflexion on calf squeeze).","mk":[]},"o:iliotibial tract":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Thickened band of fascia lata along the lateral thigh from the iliac crest to Gerdy's tubercle on the tibia.","fn":"Stabilises the knee and hip; receives gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae.","mn":"","cl":"IT band syndrome in runners.","mk":[]},"o:inguinal ligament":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"From the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle (lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis).","fn":"Roof of the femoral triangle and floor of the inguinal canal.","mn":"ASIS to pubic tubercle.","cl":"Inguinal hernias lie above it; femoral hernias lie below.","mk":[]},"o:intermediate tendon":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Mid-point tendon of the digastric or omohyoid muscles.","fn":"Links the two muscle bellies (digastric: hyoid sling).","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[]},"o:long plantar ligament":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Calcaneus to cuboid and bases of metatarsals 2-5.","fn":"Supports the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot.","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[]},"o:linea alba":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"The midline fibrous raphe of the anterior abdominal wall from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.","fn":"Anchors the abdominal wall muscles; the line between rectus abdominis muscles.","mn":"","cl":"Divarication of the recti (diastasis recti) widens it in pregnancy.","mk":[]},"o:tendinous arch of levator ani":{"t":"other","grp":"Connective tissue","loc":"Thickened fascia on the obturator internus, from the pubis to the ischial spine.","fn":"Origin of iliococcygeus (part of levator ani).","mn":"","cl":"","mk":[]},"m:frontalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis)","ins":"Skin of the eyebrows and forehead","act":"Raises the eyebrows, wrinkles the forehead","nv":"Facial nerve (VII), temporal branches","tip":"Surprise muscle. Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis.","hy":1},"m:occipitalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Superior nuchal line and mastoid process","ins":"Galea aponeurotica","act":"Pulls the scalp backward","nv":"Facial nerve (VII), posterior auricular branch","tip":"Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis; the galea links it to frontalis.","hy":2},"m:temporoparietalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Temporal fascia above the ear","ins":"Galea aponeurotica","act":"Tightens the scalp, raises the ear slightly","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Thin, often vestigial.","hy":0},"m:corrugator supercilii":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Medial end of the superciliary arch","ins":"Skin of the medial eyebrow","act":"Draws the eyebrows together and down (frowning)","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Frowning muscle.","hy":2},"m:procerus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilage","ins":"Skin between the eyebrows (glabella)","act":"Pulls the medial eyebrow down; wrinkles the bridge of the nose","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Creates the transverse lines at the nasal root.","hy":2},"m:orbicularis oculi":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Medial orbital margin and medial palpebral ligament","ins":"Skin around the orbit and the tarsal plates","act":"Closes the eyelids (palpebral part gently, orbital part forcefully)","nv":"Facial nerve (VII), temporal and zygomatic branches","tip":"Facial palsy (Bell's palsy) means the eye cannot close, so it needs protecting.","hy":1},"m:nasalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Maxilla (above the lateral incisor)","ins":"Nasal cartilages and bridge","act":"Flares and compresses the nostrils","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:depressor septi nasi":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Maxilla above the central incisor","ins":"Nasal septum and ala","act":"Pulls the nose tip down, opens the nostril","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":0},"m:levator labii superioris alaeque nasi":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Frontal process of the maxilla","ins":"Ala of the nose and upper lip","act":"Raises the upper lip and flares the nostril","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Sneer muscle.","hy":0},"m:levator labii superioris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Maxilla above the infraorbital foramen","ins":"Skin and muscle of the upper lip","act":"Raises the upper lip","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:zygomaticus minor":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Zygomatic bone, lateral surface","ins":"Upper lip near the nasolabial fold","act":"Raises the upper lip","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:zygomaticus major":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Zygomatic bone, lateral surface","ins":"Modiolus at the angle of the mouth","act":"Draws the angle of the mouth up and back (smiling)","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Smile muscle.","hy":1},"m:levator anguli oris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Canine fossa of the maxilla","ins":"Modiolus at the angle of the mouth","act":"Raises the angle of the mouth","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:risorius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Fascia over the masseter","ins":"Modiolus","act":"Draws the angle of the mouth sideways","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Grinning muscle.","hy":2},"m:depressor anguli oris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":0,"org":"Oblique line of the mandible","ins":"Modiolus","act":"Draws the angle of the mouth down","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Frown muscle.","hy":2},"m:depressor labii inferioris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Oblique line of the mandible","ins":"Skin and muscle of the lower lip","act":"Pulls the lower lip down","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:mentalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Incisive fossa of the mandible","ins":"Skin of the chin","act":"Raises and protrudes the lower lip; wrinkles the chin","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Pouting muscle.","hy":2},"m:orbicularis oris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Muscles around the mouth and the maxilla/mandible midline","ins":"Skin around the lips","act":"Closes and purses the lips","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Used in whistling, kissing and speech.","hy":1},"m:buccinator":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: facial expression","ly":1,"org":"Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible and pterygomandibular raphe","ins":"Modiolus and orbicularis oris","act":"Compresses the cheek against the teeth, holds food on the teeth during chewing","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"Trumpeter's muscle; blowing a trumpet. Pierced by the parotid duct.","hy":1},"m:masseter":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: mastication","ly":0,"org":"Zygomatic arch","ins":"Lateral ramus and angle of the mandible","act":"Elevates the mandible (closes the jaw)","nv":"Mandibular nerve (V3), masseteric branch","tip":"Strongest muscle for its size; bruxism overworks it.","hy":1},"m:temporalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: mastication","ly":1,"org":"Temporal fossa and temporal fascia","ins":"Coronoid process of the mandible","act":"Elevates the mandible; the posterior fibres retract it","nv":"Mandibular nerve (V3), deep temporal nerves","tip":"Fan-shaped; its tendon is felt on the temple when you clench.","hy":1},"m:medial pterygoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: mastication","ly":2,"org":"Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and the maxillary tuberosity","ins":"Medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible","act":"Elevates the mandible and helps protrude it and move it side to side","nv":"Mandibular nerve (V3), medial pterygoid nerve","tip":"Forms a sling with the masseter.","hy":1},"m:lateral pterygoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Head: mastication","ly":2,"org":"Greater wing of the sphenoid (upper head); lateral surface of the lateral plate (lower head)","ins":"Neck of the mandible and articular disc of the TMJ","act":"Protrudes and depresses the mandible; side-to-side grinding","nv":"Mandibular nerve (V3), lateral pterygoid nerve","tip":"The only mastication muscle that opens the jaw. \"L = Lowers/Lateral\".","hy":1},"m:platysma":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":0,"org":"Fascia over the upper pectoralis major and deltoid","ins":"Mandible and skin of the lower face","act":"Tenses the neck skin, depresses the mandible","nv":"Facial nerve (VII), cervical branch","tip":"Thin sheet in the superficial fascia of the neck.","hy":1},"m:sternocleidomastoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":0,"org":"Manubrium and medial clavicle","ins":"Mastoid process and superior nuchal line","act":"One side: tilts the head to the same side and rotates it to the opposite side; both: flex the neck","nv":"Accessory nerve (XI) and C2-C3","tip":"Dividing line of the anterior and posterior triangles. Congenital torticollis results from a shortened SCM.","hy":1},"m:digastric":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Mastoid notch (posterior belly); digastric fossa of the mandible (anterior belly)","ins":"Intermediate tendon bound to the hyoid","act":"Depresses the mandible, elevates the hyoid","nv":"Posterior belly: facial (VII); anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve (V3)","tip":"Two bellies, two nerves (two embryonic origins).","hy":1},"m:mylohyoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Mylohyoid line of the mandible","ins":"Hyoid and median raphe","act":"Elevates the floor of the mouth and the hyoid; depresses the mandible","nv":"Mylohyoid nerve (V3)","tip":"Forms the oral diaphragm.","hy":1},"m:geniohyoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":2,"org":"Inferior mental spine of the mandible","ins":"Hyoid body","act":"Pulls the hyoid forward and up; depresses the mandible","nv":"C1 via the hypoglossal nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:stylohyoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Styloid process","ins":"Hyoid body","act":"Elevates and retracts the hyoid","nv":"Facial nerve (VII)","tip":"","hy":1},"m:sternohyoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":0,"org":"Manubrium and medial clavicle","ins":"Hyoid body","act":"Depresses the hyoid","nv":"Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)","tip":"Infrahyoid (strap) muscle.","hy":1},"m:omohyoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":0,"org":"Superior border of the scapula","ins":"Hyoid body (via an intermediate tendon)","act":"Depresses and fixes the hyoid","nv":"Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)","tip":"Two bellies, strap muscle.","hy":1},"m:sternothyroid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Manubrium","ins":"Thyroid cartilage","act":"Depresses the larynx","nv":"Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)","tip":"Lies behind sternohyoid.","hy":1},"m:thyrohyoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Thyroid cartilage","ins":"Hyoid greater horn","act":"Depresses the hyoid or raises the larynx","nv":"C1 via the hypoglossal nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:scalenus anterior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Transverse processes of C3-C6","ins":"Scalene tubercle of the first rib","act":"Elevates the first rib; flexes the neck","nv":"Ventral rami C5-C6","tip":"The phrenic nerve runs on its front. The subclavian vein lies in front, the artery behind it.","hy":1},"m:scalenus medius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Transverse processes of C2-C7","ins":"Superior surface of the first rib","act":"Elevates the first rib; flexes the neck","nv":"Ventral rami C3-C8","tip":"The brachial plexus emerges between anterior and middle scalenes.","hy":1},"m:scalenus posterior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":1,"org":"Transverse processes of C4-C6","ins":"Second rib","act":"Elevates the second rib","nv":"Ventral rami C6-C8","tip":"","hy":1},"m:longus colli":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":2,"org":"Anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies C1-T3","ins":"Anterior tubercle of the atlas and bodies C2-C6","act":"Flexes the neck","nv":"Ventral rami C2-C6","tip":"Prevertebral muscle.","hy":2},"m:longus capitis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":2,"org":"Transverse processes of C3-C6","ins":"Basilar part of the occipital bone","act":"Flexes the head","nv":"Ventral rami C1-C3","tip":"Prevertebral muscle.","hy":2},"m:rectus capitis anterior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":2,"org":"Lateral mass of the atlas","ins":"Basilar occipital bone","act":"Flexes the head at the atlanto-occipital joint","nv":"C1 ventral ramus","tip":"","hy":0},"m:rectus capitis lateralis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of the atlas","ins":"Jugular process of the occipital bone","act":"Tilts the head sideways","nv":"C1 ventral ramus","tip":"","hy":0},"m:anterior cervical intertransversarii":{"t":"mus","rg":"Neck","ly":2,"org":"Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae","ins":"Transverse process of the vertebra above","act":"Lateral flexion of the neck","nv":"Ventral rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:trapezius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: superficial","ly":0,"org":"Superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12","ins":"Lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula","act":"Descending: elevates the scapula; transverse: retracts; ascending: depresses. Together rotate the scapula upward","nv":"Accessory nerve (XI)","tip":"Shrug muscle. Damage to XI during neck surgery causes a drooping shoulder.","hy":1},"m:latissimus dorsi":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: superficial","ly":0,"org":"Spinous processes of T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and lower ribs","ins":"Floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus","act":"Extends, adducts and medially rotates the arm","nv":"Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)","tip":"Climbing and swimming muscle. \"Lats = swimmers' muscles\".","hy":1},"m:rhomboid major":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Spinous processes of T2-T5","ins":"Medial border of the scapula below the spine","act":"Retracts and rotates the scapula down","nv":"Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)","tip":"","hy":1},"m:rhomboid minor":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1","ins":"Medial border of the scapula at the spine","act":"Retracts and rotates the scapula down","nv":"Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)","tip":"","hy":1},"m:levator scapulae":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Transverse processes of C1-C4","ins":"Superior angle of the scapula","act":"Elevates the scapula","nv":"Dorsal scapular nerve and C3-C4","tip":"Tension in the neck is often from this muscle.","hy":1},"m:serratus posterior superior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3","ins":"Ribs 2-5","act":"Elevates the ribs","nv":"Intercostal nerves T1-T4","tip":"Inspiration.","hy":2},"m:serratus posterior inferior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Spinous processes of T11-L2","ins":"Ribs 9-12","act":"Depresses the ribs","nv":"Intercostal nerves T9-T12","tip":"Expiration.","hy":2},"m:splenius capitis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3","ins":"Mastoid process and the lateral superior nuchal line","act":"Extends the head and neck; rotates to the same side","nv":"Dorsal rami C3-C4","tip":"Bandage muscle (splenius = bandage).","hy":1},"m:splenius cervicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: intermediate","ly":1,"org":"Spinous processes of T3-T6","ins":"Transverse processes of C1-C3","act":"Extends the neck; rotates to the same side","nv":"Dorsal rami C5-C8","tip":"","hy":2},"m:iliocostalis lumborum":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Sacrum, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia","ins":"Angles of the lower ribs","act":"Extends the spine, lateral flexion","nv":"Dorsal rami of spinal nerves","tip":"Lateral column: \"I Love Spaghetti\" = Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis, from lateral to medial.","hy":1},"m:iliocostalis thoracis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Angles of the lower six ribs","ins":"Angles of the upper six ribs","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":2},"m:iliocostalis cervicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Angles of ribs 3-6","ins":"Transverse processes of C4-C6","act":"Extends the neck","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":2},"m:longissimus thoracis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Sacrum, iliac crest and lumbar spinous processes","ins":"Ribs and transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"Middle column of the erector spinae.","hy":1},"m:longissimus cervicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Transverse processes of T1-T5","ins":"Transverse processes of C2-C6","act":"Extends the neck","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":2},"m:longissimus capitis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Transverse processes of T1-T5 and C4-C7","ins":"Mastoid process","act":"Extends the head, rotates it to the same side","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":2},"m:spinalis thoracis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Spinous processes of T10-L3","ins":"Spinous processes of T1-T8","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"Medial column of the erector spinae.","hy":1},"m:spinalis cervicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (erector spinae)","ly":1,"org":"Nuchal ligament and C7 spinous process","ins":"Spinous process of the axis","act":"Extends the neck","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:semispinalis capitis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse processes of C7-T6","ins":"Occipital bone between the nuchal lines","act":"Extends the head","nv":"Dorsal rami C1-C6","tip":"Bulky muscle that holds the head up; the occipital nerve pierces it.","hy":1},"m:semispinalis cervicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse processes of T1-T6","ins":"Spinous processes of C2-C5","act":"Extends the neck","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":2},"m:semispinalis thoracis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse processes of T6-T10","ins":"Spinous processes of C6-T4","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":2},"m:multifidus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Sacrum, ilium, transverse processes of all vertebrae","ins":"Spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above","act":"Stabilises the spine, extends and rotates it","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"Core stabiliser: weak multifidus is linked to low back pain.","hy":2},"m:cervical rotator":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of a cervical vertebra","ins":"Spinous process of the vertebra above","act":"Rotates and extends the neck","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:thoracic rotator":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of a thoracic vertebra","ins":"Spinous process of the vertebra above","act":"Rotates the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:lumbar rotator":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (transversospinalis)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of a lumbar vertebra","ins":"Spinous process of the vertebra above","act":"Rotates the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:interspinales cervicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Spinous process","ins":"Spinous process above","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:interspinales thoracis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Spinous process","ins":"Spinous process above","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:interspinales lumborum":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Spinous process","ins":"Spinous process above","act":"Extends the spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:posterior cervical intertransversarii":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Posterior tubercle of a transverse process","ins":"Transverse process above","act":"Lateral flexion","nv":"Dorsal and ventral rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:medial lumbar intertransversarius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Mammillary process","ins":"Mammillary process above","act":"Lateral flexion of the lumbar spine","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:lateral lumbar intertransversarius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of a lumbar vertebra","ins":"Transverse process above","act":"Lateral flexion of the lumbar spine","nv":"Ventral rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:levatores costarum breves":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of C7-T11","ins":"Rib immediately below","act":"Elevates the rib","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:levatores costarum longi":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of C7-T11","ins":"Rib two below","act":"Elevates the rib","nv":"Dorsal rami","tip":"","hy":0},"m:rectus capitis posterior major":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Spinous process of the axis","ins":"Inferior nuchal line","act":"Extends and rotates the head","nv":"Suboccipital nerve (C1)","tip":"Suboccipital triangle: the vertebral artery runs beneath.","hy":2},"m:rectus capitis posterior minor":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Posterior tubercle of the atlas","ins":"Inferior nuchal line, medial part","act":"Extends the head","nv":"Suboccipital nerve (C1)","tip":"Connected to the dura: possibly linked to tension headaches.","hy":2},"m:obliquus capitis superior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Transverse process of the atlas","ins":"Occipital bone above the inferior nuchal line","act":"Extends the head and tilts it sideways","nv":"Suboccipital nerve (C1)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:obliquus capitis inferior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Back: deep (suboccipital & segmental)","ly":2,"org":"Spinous process of the axis","ins":"Transverse process of the atlas","act":"Rotates the atlas (turns the head)","nv":"Suboccipital nerve (C1)","tip":"The only head muscle that attaches between two vertebrae: pivot for \"no\".","hy":2},"m:external intercostals":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":1,"org":"Inferior border of a rib","ins":"Superior border of the rib below","act":"Elevates the ribs (inspiration)","nv":"Intercostal nerves","tip":"Hands in pockets: fibres run down and forward, like putting your hands in your pockets.","hy":1},"m:internal intercostals":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":1,"org":"Costal groove of a rib","ins":"Superior border of the rib below","act":"Depresses the ribs (forced expiration)","nv":"Intercostal nerves","tip":"Fibres at right angles to the external layer.","hy":1},"m:innermost intercostals":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":2,"org":"Costal groove","ins":"Rib below","act":"Assist the internal intercostals","nv":"Intercostal nerves","tip":"The neurovascular bundle runs between internal and innermost layers.","hy":2},"m:transversus thoracis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":2,"org":"Posterior surface of the sternum","ins":"Costal cartilages 2-6","act":"Depresses the ribs","nv":"Intercostal nerves","tip":"","hy":2},"m:diaphragm":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":2,"org":"Xiphoid process, costal margin, and lumbar vertebrae via the crura","ins":"Central tendon","act":"Contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume (inspiration)","nv":"Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)","tip":"\"C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive\". Aortic hiatus T12, oesophageal T10, vena cava T8.","hy":1},"m:pectoralis major":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":0,"org":"Clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages 1-6, and the aponeurosis of external oblique","ins":"Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus","act":"Flexes, adducts and medially rotates the arm; the clavicular part flexes, the lower part extends the flexed arm","nv":"Medial and lateral pectoral nerves","tip":"Absence causes Poland syndrome.","hy":1},"m:pectoralis minor":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":1,"org":"Ribs 3-5","ins":"Coracoid process of the scapula","act":"Protracts and depresses the scapula","nv":"Medial pectoral nerve","tip":"Pectoralis minor syndrome compresses the brachial plexus.","hy":1},"m:subclavius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":1,"org":"First rib","ins":"Subclavian groove of the clavicle","act":"Depresses and stabilises the clavicle","nv":"Nerve to subclavius (C5-C6)","tip":"Cushions the subclavian vessels in clavicle fracture.","hy":2},"m:serratus anterior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thorax","ly":1,"org":"Ribs 1-8 (external surface)","ins":"Medial border of the scapula (anterior surface)","act":"Protracts and rotates the scapula upward; holds the scapula against the chest wall","nv":"Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)","tip":"Boxer's muscle. Winged scapula results from long thoracic nerve injury.","hy":1},"m:rectus abdominis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Abdomen","ly":0,"org":"Pubic crest and symphysis","ins":"Xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7","act":"Flexes the trunk, compresses the abdomen","nv":"Ventral rami T7-T12","tip":"Six-pack. Three tendinous intersections.","hy":1},"m:pyramidalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Abdomen","ly":1,"org":"Pubic crest","ins":"Linea alba","act":"Tenses the linea alba","nv":"Subcostal nerve (T12)","tip":"Absent in about 20% of people.","hy":2},"m:external oblique":{"t":"mus","rg":"Abdomen","ly":0,"org":"External surfaces of ribs 5-12","ins":"Iliac crest, linea alba and pubic tubercle","act":"Flexes and rotates the trunk to the opposite side; compresses the abdomen","nv":"Ventral rami T7-T12","tip":"Fibres run \"hands in pockets\"; the inguinal ligament is its lower edge.","hy":1},"m:internal oblique":{"t":"mus","rg":"Abdomen","ly":1,"org":"Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament","ins":"Lower ribs, linea alba and the conjoint tendon","act":"Flexes and rotates the trunk to the same side","nv":"Ventral rami T7-L1","tip":"Fibres at right angles to the external oblique.","hy":1},"m:transversus abdominis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Abdomen","ly":2,"org":"Costal cartilages 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest","ins":"Linea alba and conjoint tendon","act":"Compresses the abdomen","nv":"Ventral rami T7-L1","tip":"The corset muscle; the deepest layer.","hy":1},"m:quadratus lumborum":{"t":"mus","rg":"Abdomen","ly":2,"org":"Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament","ins":"12th rib and lumbar transverse processes","act":"Lateral flexion of the trunk, fixes the 12th rib","nv":"T12-L4 ventral rami","tip":"Often tight in low back pain.","hy":1},"m:puborectalis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Pelvic floor","ly":2,"org":"Pubis","ins":"Wraps behind the anorectal junction","act":"Maintains the anorectal angle (faecal continence)","nv":"Nerve to levator ani (S3-S4)","tip":"Part of the levator ani.","hy":2},"m:pubococcygeus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Pelvic floor","ly":2,"org":"Pubis","ins":"Coccyx and anococcygeal body","act":"Supports the pelvic organs","nv":"Nerve to levator ani (S3-S4)","tip":"The muscle exercised in Kegel exercises.","hy":2},"m:iliococcygeus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Pelvic floor","ly":2,"org":"Tendinous arch of levator ani","ins":"Coccyx and anococcygeal body","act":"Supports the pelvic organs","nv":"Nerve to levator ani (S3-S4)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:coccygeus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Pelvic floor","ly":2,"org":"Ischial spine","ins":"Coccyx and lower sacrum","act":"Supports the pelvic floor, flexes the coccyx","nv":"S4-S5","tip":"","hy":2},"m:external anal sphincter":{"t":"mus","rg":"Pelvic floor","ly":1,"org":"Perineal body and anococcygeal body","ins":"Surrounds the anal canal","act":"Voluntary closure of the anus","nv":"Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)","tip":"The only part of anal continence under voluntary control.","hy":2},"m:deltoid":{"t":"mus","rg":"Shoulder","ly":0,"org":"Lateral clavicle (clavicular), acromion (acromial) and spine of the scapula (spinal)","ins":"Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus","act":"Abducts the arm (acromial); flexes (clavicular) and extends (spinal)","nv":"Axillary nerve (C5-C6)","tip":"Common intramuscular injection site. Axillary nerve injury follows anterior shoulder dislocation.","hy":1},"m:supraspinatus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Shoulder","ly":2,"org":"Supraspinous fossa","ins":"Greater tubercle of the humerus","act":"Initiates abduction (first 15 degrees); stabilises the humeral head","nv":"Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)","tip":"SITS muscles. Most often torn in rotator cuff tears.","hy":1},"m:infraspinatus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Shoulder","ly":1,"org":"Infraspinous fossa","ins":"Greater tubercle of the humerus","act":"Laterally rotates the arm","nv":"Suprascapular nerve","tip":"SITS.","hy":1},"m:teres minor":{"t":"mus","rg":"Shoulder","ly":1,"org":"Lateral border of the scapula","ins":"Greater tubercle of the humerus","act":"Laterally rotates the arm","nv":"Axillary nerve","tip":"SITS.","hy":1},"m:subscapularis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Shoulder","ly":2,"org":"Subscapular fossa","ins":"Lesser tubercle of the humerus","act":"Medially rotates the arm","nv":"Upper and lower subscapular nerves","tip":"SITS: the only rotator cuff muscle on the front of the scapula.","hy":1},"m:teres major":{"t":"mus","rg":"Shoulder","ly":1,"org":"Inferior angle of the scapula","ins":"Medial lip of the intertubercular groove","act":"Adducts and medially rotates the arm","nv":"Lower subscapular nerve","tip":"\"Lat's little helper\".","hy":1},"m:biceps brachii":{"t":"mus","rg":"Arm: anterior","ly":0,"org":"Supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and coracoid process (short head)","ins":"Radial tuberosity and the bicipital aponeurosis","act":"Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm; the long head helps flex the shoulder","nv":"Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)","tip":"Corkscrew muscle: supination is its strongest action.","hy":1},"m:brachialis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Arm: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Distal half of the anterior humerus","ins":"Ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process","act":"Flexes the elbow in every position","nv":"Musculocutaneous nerve (and radial)","tip":"The \"workhorse\" of elbow flexion.","hy":1},"m:coracobrachialis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Arm: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Coracoid process","ins":"Medial mid-shaft of the humerus","act":"Flexes and adducts the arm","nv":"Musculocutaneous nerve","tip":"The nerve pierces it.","hy":1},"m:triceps brachii":{"t":"mus","rg":"Arm: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Infraglenoid tubercle (long head) and posterior humerus (lateral and medial heads)","ins":"Olecranon","act":"Extends the elbow; the long head extends and adducts the shoulder","nv":"Radial nerve (C6-C8)","tip":"Three heads. The radial nerve lies in the groove under the lateral/medial heads.","hy":1},"m:anconeus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Arm: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Lateral epicondyle","ins":"Olecranon and the ulnar shaft","act":"Assists elbow extension; stabilises the joint","nv":"Radial nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:brachioradialis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus","ins":"Styloid process of the radius","act":"Flexes the elbow, especially when the forearm is in the mid position","nv":"Radial nerve","tip":"Flexor supplied by the radial nerve. The \"hitchhiker\" muscle.","hy":1},"m:pronator teres":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":0,"org":"Medial epicondyle (humeral head) and coronoid process (ulnar head)","ins":"Lateral radius mid-shaft","act":"Pronates the forearm and flexes the elbow","nv":"Median nerve","tip":"The median nerve passes between its heads.","hy":1},"m:flexor carpi radialis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":0,"org":"Medial epicondyle","ins":"Bases of metacarpals II and III","act":"Flexes and abducts the wrist","nv":"Median nerve","tip":"Its tendon is the landmark for the radial pulse.","hy":1},"m:palmaris longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":0,"org":"Medial epicondyle","ins":"Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis","act":"Weakly flexes the wrist","nv":"Median nerve","tip":"Absent in about 14% of people; used as a tendon graft.","hy":1},"m:flexor carpi ulnaris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":0,"org":"Medial epicondyle (humeral head) and olecranon (ulnar head)","ins":"Pisiform, hamate and base of metacarpal V","act":"Flexes and adducts the wrist","nv":"Ulnar nerve","tip":"The ulnar nerve passes between its heads (cubital tunnel).","hy":1},"m:flexor digitorum superficialis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Medial epicondyle and coronoid (humeroulnar head), radius (radial head)","ins":"Middle phalanges of fingers 2-5","act":"Flexes the proximal interphalangeal joints","nv":"Median nerve","tip":"Its tendons split to let the profundus pass through.","hy":1},"m:flexor digitorum profundus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":2,"org":"Ulna and interosseous membrane","ins":"Distal phalanges of fingers 2-5","act":"Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints","nv":"Median (index, middle) and ulnar nerves (ring, little)","tip":"The only muscle that flexes the DIP joints.","hy":1},"m:flexor pollicis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":2,"org":"Anterior radius","ins":"Distal phalanx of the thumb","act":"Flexes the thumb interphalangeal joint","nv":"Anterior interosseous nerve (median)","tip":"","hy":1},"m:pronator quadratus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: anterior","ly":2,"org":"Distal anterior ulna","ins":"Distal anterior radius","act":"Pronates the forearm","nv":"Anterior interosseous nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:extensor carpi radialis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Lateral supracondylar ridge","ins":"Base of metacarpal II","act":"Extends and abducts the wrist","nv":"Radial nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:extensor carpi radialis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Lateral epicondyle","ins":"Base of metacarpal III","act":"Extends and abducts the wrist","nv":"Deep branch of the radial nerve","tip":"Tennis elbow: overuse of the common extensor origin.","hy":1},"m:extensor digitorum":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Lateral epicondyle","ins":"Extensor expansions of fingers 2-5","act":"Extends the fingers and wrist","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:extensor digiti minimi":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Common extensor origin","ins":"Extensor expansion of the little finger","act":"Extends the little finger","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:extensor carpi ulnaris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Lateral epicondyle and posterior ulna","ins":"Base of metacarpal V","act":"Extends and adducts the wrist","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:supinator":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":2,"org":"Lateral epicondyle and supinator crest of the ulna","ins":"Proximal radius","act":"Supinates the forearm","nv":"Deep branch of the radial nerve","tip":"The deep radial nerve passes through it (arcade of Frohse).","hy":1},"m:abductor pollicis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Posterior radius and ulna and interosseous membrane","ins":"Base of metacarpal I","act":"Abducts and extends the thumb","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"De Quervain tenosynovitis involves this and extensor pollicis brevis.","hy":1},"m:extensor pollicis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Posterior radius","ins":"Proximal phalanx of the thumb","act":"Extends the thumb at the MCP joint","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"Forms the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox.","hy":1},"m:extensor pollicis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Posterior ulna","ins":"Distal phalanx of the thumb","act":"Extends the thumb","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"Forms the medial border of the snuffbox; hooks around Lister's tubercle.","hy":1},"m:extensor indicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Forearm: posterior","ly":2,"org":"Posterior ulna","ins":"Extensor expansion of the index","act":"Extends the index finger independently","nv":"Posterior interosseous nerve","tip":"Lets you point.","hy":2},"m:abductor pollicis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":0,"org":"Flexor retinaculum and scaphoid/trapezium","ins":"Lateral base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb","act":"Abducts the thumb","nv":"Median nerve (recurrent branch)","tip":"Thenar muscle.","hy":2},"m:opponens pollicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":1,"org":"Trapezium and flexor retinaculum","ins":"Lateral metacarpal I","act":"Opposes the thumb","nv":"Median nerve (recurrent branch)","tip":"Opposition is what makes the human hand special.","hy":2},"m:flexor pollicis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":0,"org":"Flexor retinaculum and trapezium","ins":"Base of the thumb proximal phalanx","act":"Flexes the thumb","nv":"Median and ulnar nerves","tip":"Thenar muscle.","hy":2},"m:adductor pollicis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":1,"org":"Capitate and metacarpals II-III (oblique head); metacarpal III (transverse head)","ins":"Medial base of the thumb proximal phalanx","act":"Adducts the thumb","nv":"Ulnar nerve (deep branch)","tip":"Froment's sign tests it.","hy":2},"m:abductor digiti minimi of hand":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":0,"org":"Pisiform","ins":"Base of the little finger proximal phalanx","act":"Abducts the little finger","nv":"Ulnar nerve","tip":"Hypothenar muscle.","hy":2},"m:flexor digiti minimi brevis of hand":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":1,"org":"Hook of hamate","ins":"Base of the little finger proximal phalanx","act":"Flexes the little finger","nv":"Ulnar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:opponens digiti minimi of hand":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":2,"org":"Hook of hamate","ins":"Metacarpal V","act":"Opposes the little finger","nv":"Ulnar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:lumbricals of hand":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":2,"org":"Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus","ins":"Extensor expansions","act":"Flex the MCP and extend the IP joints (\"writing position\")","nv":"Median (1-2) and ulnar nerves (3-4)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:dorsal interossei of hand":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":2,"org":"Adjacent sides of metacarpals","ins":"Extensor expansions of the index, middle, ring","act":"Abduct the fingers (DAB)","nv":"Ulnar nerve (deep branch)","tip":"DAB = Dorsal ABduct; PAD = Palmar ADduct.","hy":2},"m:palmar interossei of hand":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hand","ly":2,"org":"Metacarpals II, IV, V (palmar)","ins":"Extensor expansions","act":"Adduct the fingers (PAD)","nv":"Ulnar nerve (deep branch)","tip":"","hy":2},"m:gluteus maximus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":0,"org":"Posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament","ins":"Gluteal tuberosity and the iliotibial tract","act":"Extends and laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)","tip":"Largest muscle; rises from a chair and climbs stairs.","hy":1},"m:gluteus medius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":1,"org":"Outer ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines","ins":"Lateral greater trochanter","act":"Abducts the thigh and stabilises the pelvis in walking","nv":"Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)","tip":"Trendelenburg sign: if the nerve is injured, the pelvis drops on the opposite side when the leg is lifted.","hy":1},"m:gluteus minimus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Outer ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines","ins":"Anterior greater trochanter","act":"Abducts and medially rotates the thigh","nv":"Superior gluteal nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:tensor fasciae latae":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":0,"org":"Anterior iliac crest and ASIS","ins":"Iliotibial tract","act":"Abducts, flexes and medially rotates the thigh","nv":"Superior gluteal nerve","tip":"Tightens the iliotibial band.","hy":1},"m:piriformis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Anterior sacrum","ins":"Greater trochanter","act":"Laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)","tip":"The sciatic nerve passes below (or through) it.","hy":1},"m:obturator internus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Inner surface of the obturator membrane","ins":"Greater trochanter","act":"Laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Nerve to obturator internus","tip":"","hy":2},"m:obturator externus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Outer surface of the obturator membrane","ins":"Trochanteric fossa","act":"Laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Obturator nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:gemellus superior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Ischial spine","ins":"Obturator internus tendon","act":"Laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Nerve to obturator internus","tip":"","hy":2},"m:gemellus inferior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Ischial tuberosity","ins":"Obturator internus tendon","act":"Laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Nerve to quadratus femoris","tip":"","hy":2},"m:quadratus femoris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Ischial tuberosity","ins":"Intertrochanteric crest","act":"Laterally rotates the thigh","nv":"Nerve to quadratus femoris","tip":"","hy":2},"m:iliacus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":1,"org":"Iliac fossa","ins":"Lesser trochanter via the iliopsoas tendon","act":"Flexes the hip","nv":"Femoral nerve","tip":"Iliopsoas is the main hip flexor.","hy":1},"m:psoas major":{"t":"mus","rg":"Hip & gluteal","ly":2,"org":"Transverse processes and bodies of T12-L5","ins":"Lesser trochanter via the iliopsoas tendon","act":"Flexes the hip","nv":"Ventral rami L1-L3","tip":"A psoas abscess can track down the thigh.","hy":1},"m:sartorius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: anterior","ly":0,"org":"ASIS","ins":"Medial proximal tibia (pes anserinus)","act":"Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the hip; flexes the knee","nv":"Femoral nerve","tip":"The longest muscle: tailor's cross-legged sitting.","hy":1},"m:rectus femoris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: anterior","ly":0,"org":"AIIS and the superior acetabular rim","ins":"Patella via the quadriceps tendon","act":"Flexes the hip and extends the knee","nv":"Femoral nerve","tip":"The only quadriceps muscle that crosses the hip.","hy":1},"m:vastus lateralis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Greater trochanter and linea aspera","ins":"Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament","act":"Extends the knee","nv":"Femoral nerve","tip":"Preferred injection site in infants.","hy":1},"m:vastus medialis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera","ins":"Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament","act":"Extends the knee, stabilises the patella","nv":"Femoral nerve","tip":"Weak vastus medialis allows patellar maltracking.","hy":1},"m:vastus intermedius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: anterior","ly":2,"org":"Anterior femur","ins":"Quadriceps tendon","act":"Extends the knee","nv":"Femoral nerve","tip":"Deep to rectus femoris.","hy":1},"m:pectineus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: medial","ly":1,"org":"Pectineal line of the pubis","ins":"Pectineal line of the femur","act":"Flexes and adducts the thigh","nv":"Femoral and obturator nerves","tip":"","hy":1},"m:gracilis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: medial","ly":0,"org":"Inferior pubic ramus","ins":"Medial proximal tibia (pes anserinus)","act":"Adducts the thigh and flexes the knee","nv":"Obturator nerve","tip":"Long thin muscle often used for grafts.","hy":1},"m:adductor longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: medial","ly":1,"org":"Pubic body","ins":"Middle third of the linea aspera","act":"Adducts the thigh","nv":"Obturator nerve","tip":"Groin strain: adductor longus.","hy":1},"m:adductor brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: medial","ly":2,"org":"Inferior pubic ramus","ins":"Upper linea aspera","act":"Adducts the thigh","nv":"Obturator nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:adductor magnus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: medial","ly":2,"org":"Inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus and ischial tuberosity","ins":"Linea aspera and the adductor tubercle","act":"Adducts the thigh; the hamstring part extends it","nv":"Obturator and tibial (sciatic) nerves","tip":"The \"adductor hiatus\" lets the femoral artery pass behind the knee.","hy":1},"m:adductor minimus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: medial","ly":2,"org":"Inferior pubic ramus","ins":"Upper femur","act":"Adducts the thigh","nv":"Obturator nerve","tip":"Upper part of adductor magnus in many texts.","hy":2},"m:semitendinosus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Ischial tuberosity","ins":"Medial proximal tibia (pes anserinus)","act":"Extends the hip and flexes the knee","nv":"Tibial part of sciatic nerve","tip":"Hamstrings: \"tendinosus = long tendon\".","hy":1},"m:semimembranosus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Ischial tuberosity","ins":"Posterior medial tibial condyle","act":"Extends the hip and flexes the knee","nv":"Tibial part of sciatic nerve","tip":"\"Membranosus = flat membrane-like tendon\".","hy":1},"m:biceps femoris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Thigh: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea aspera (short head)","ins":"Head of the fibula","act":"Extends the hip, flexes the knee and laterally rotates the leg","nv":"Tibial (long head) and common fibular (short head) nerves","tip":"Hamstring injuries are among the most common sports strains.","hy":1},"m:tibialis anterior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: anterior","ly":0,"org":"Lateral tibia","ins":"Medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I","act":"Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot","nv":"Deep fibular nerve","tip":"Foot drop if its nerve is damaged.","hy":1},"m:extensor digitorum longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Lateral tibial condyle and fibula","ins":"Dorsal surface of toes 2-5","act":"Extends the toes and dorsiflexes the foot","nv":"Deep fibular nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:extensor hallucis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: anterior","ly":2,"org":"Anterior fibula","ins":"Distal phalanx of the great toe","act":"Extends the great toe","nv":"Deep fibular nerve","tip":"","hy":1},"m:fibularis tertius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: anterior","ly":1,"org":"Distal fibula","ins":"Base of metatarsal V","act":"Dorsiflexes and everts the foot","nv":"Deep fibular nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:fibularis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: lateral","ly":0,"org":"Head and upper lateral fibula","ins":"Medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I","act":"Everts the foot and supports the transverse arch","nv":"Superficial fibular nerve","tip":"Runs under the cuboid like a stirrup.","hy":1},"m:fibularis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: lateral","ly":1,"org":"Lower lateral fibula","ins":"Tuberosity of metatarsal V","act":"Everts the foot","nv":"Superficial fibular nerve","tip":"Frequently torn in ankle sprains.","hy":1},"m:gastrocnemius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":0,"org":"Medial and lateral femoral condyles","ins":"Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon","act":"Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"Two heads cross the knee. \"Calf muscle\".","hy":1},"m:soleus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Posterior tibia and fibula","ins":"Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon","act":"Plantarflexes the foot","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"Skeletal muscle pump of the leg veins (\"peripheral heart\").","hy":1},"m:plantaris":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":1,"org":"Lateral supracondylar line","ins":"Calcaneus","act":"Weak plantarflexion","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"Vestigial; long thin tendon used for grafts.","hy":2},"m:popliteus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":2,"org":"Lateral femoral condyle","ins":"Posterior proximal tibia","act":"Unlocks the knee by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"\"Key to the knee\".","hy":1},"m:flexor digitorum longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":2,"org":"Posterior tibia","ins":"Distal phalanges of toes 2-5","act":"Flexes the toes","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"Tom: tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis longus (Tom, Dick And Harry) behind the medial malleolus.","hy":1},"m:flexor hallucis longus":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":2,"org":"Posterior fibula","ins":"Distal phalanx of the great toe","act":"Flexes the great toe","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"Push-off in walking.","hy":1},"m:tibialis posterior":{"t":"mus","rg":"Leg: posterior","ly":2,"org":"Interosseous membrane, tibia and fibula","ins":"Navicular, cuneiforms and metatarsals 2-4","act":"Plantarflexes and inverts the foot; supports the medial arch","nv":"Tibial nerve","tip":"Dysfunction leads to a fallen arch (flat foot).","hy":1},"m:extensor digitorum brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":1,"org":"Calcaneus","ins":"Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus","act":"Extends toes 2-4","nv":"Deep fibular nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:extensor hallucis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":1,"org":"Calcaneus","ins":"Proximal phalanx of the great toe","act":"Extends the great toe","nv":"Deep fibular nerve","tip":"","hy":0},"m:abductor hallucis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":0,"org":"Calcaneus","ins":"Medial base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe","act":"Abducts and flexes the great toe","nv":"Medial plantar nerve","tip":"Maintains the medial arch.","hy":2},"m:abductor digiti minimi of foot":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":0,"org":"Calcaneus","ins":"Lateral base of the little toe proximal phalanx","act":"Abducts the little toe","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:flexor digitorum brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":1,"org":"Calcaneal tuberosity","ins":"Middle phalanges of toes 2-5","act":"Flexes the toes","nv":"Medial plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:flexor accessorius":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":2,"org":"Calcaneus","ins":"Tendon of flexor digitorum longus","act":"Straightens the pull of the long flexor","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"Quadratus plantae.","hy":2},"m:flexor hallucis brevis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":1,"org":"Cuboid and cuneiforms","ins":"Proximal phalanx of the great toe","act":"Flexes the great toe","nv":"Medial plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:flexor digiti minimi brevis of foot":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":1,"org":"Base of metatarsal V","ins":"Proximal phalanx of the little toe","act":"Flexes the little toe","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":0},"m:opponens digiti minimi of foot":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":2,"org":"Long plantar ligament","ins":"Metatarsal V","act":"Supports the lateral arch","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":0},"m:adductor hallucis":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":2,"org":"Metatarsals 2-4 (oblique head) and the plantar ligaments (transverse head)","ins":"Lateral base of the great toe proximal phalanx","act":"Adducts the great toe, supports the transverse arch","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:lumbricals of foot":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":2,"org":"Tendons of flexor digitorum longus","ins":"Extensor expansions of toes 2-5","act":"Flex the MTP and extend the IP joints","nv":"Medial and lateral plantar nerves","tip":"","hy":2},"m:dorsal interossei of foot":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":2,"org":"Adjacent sides of metatarsals","ins":"Proximal phalanges of toes 2-4","act":"Abduct the toes from the second toe","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":2},"m:plantar interossei of foot":{"t":"mus","rg":"Foot","ly":2,"org":"Metatarsals 3-5","ins":"Proximal phalanges of toes 3-5","act":"Adduct the toes toward the second toe","nv":"Lateral plantar nerve","tip":"","hy":2}},"joints":[{"id":"coronal","n":"Coronal suture","st":"Fibrous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Suture (serrate)","mv":"None (immovable in adults)","lig":"Dense fibrous connective tissue between the bones","note":"Runs across the top of the skull between the frontal bone and both parietal bones. Bregma is the point where it meets the sagittal suture; in infants this is the anterior fontanelle.","mnem":"Coronal = Crown: it runs over the head like a crown.","clin":"Premature closure (craniosynostosis) distorts skull shape.","rg":"Skull","pins":[{"p":[4.226,160.72,12.613],"a":"FMA52734","b":"FMA52789","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-4.418,160.554,12.585],"a":"FMA52734","b":"FMA52788","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"sagittal","n":"Sagittal suture","st":"Fibrous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Suture (serrate)","mv":"None","lig":"Dense fibrous connective tissue","note":"Midline joint between the two parietal bones, running front to back.","mnem":"Sagittal = the sagittal plane divides left and right: the suture follows the midline.","clin":"","rg":"Skull","pins":[{"p":[0.0,162.743,5.002],"a":"FMA52789","b":"FMA52788","s":"M","d":0.0}]},{"id":"lambdoid","n":"Lambdoid suture","st":"Fibrous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Suture (serrate)","mv":"None","lig":"Dense fibrous connective tissue","note":"Joins the occipital bone to both parietals; shaped like the Greek letter lambda. Lambda is where it meets the sagittal suture (posterior fontanelle in infants).","mnem":"Lambdoid looks like the Greek letter Lambda (\u039b).","clin":"Sutural (Wormian) bones may form along it.","rg":"Skull","pins":[{"p":[3.567,156.117,1.047],"a":"FMA52735","b":"FMA52789","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-3.599,156.035,1.052],"a":"FMA52735","b":"FMA52788","s":"R","d":0.0}]},{"id":"squamous","n":"Squamous suture","st":"Fibrous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Suture (squamous / bevelled)","mv":"None","lig":"Dense fibrous connective tissue","note":"Bevelled overlapping joint between the squamous part of the temporal bone and the parietal bone.","mnem":"Squamous = scale-like: overlapping edges like fish scales.","clin":"","rg":"Skull","pins":[{"p":[6.438,154.447,8.48],"a":"FMA52739","b":"FMA52789","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-6.438,154.447,8.48],"a":"FMA52738","b":"FMA52788","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"spheno-front","n":"Sphenofrontal suture","st":"Fibrous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Suture","mv":"None","lig":"Dense fibrous connective tissue","note":"Joins the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid to the frontal bone. Part of the pterion region.","mnem":"","clin":"Pterion is the weak spot where frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid meet; a blow here can tear the middle meningeal artery (epidural haematoma).","rg":"Skull","pins":[{"p":[0.376,154.064,13.806],"a":"FMA52736","b":"FMA52734","s":"M","d":0.01}]},{"id":"tmj","n":"Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Modified hinge (condylar) with articular disc","mv":"Depression (opening), elevation, protrusion, retraction, side-to-side (lateral excursion)","lig":"Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament; fibrous capsule; articular disc divides the joint into two compartments","note":"The mandibular condyle sits in the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone with an articular disc between them. The disc divides the cavity into an upper (gliding) and a lower (hinge) compartment.","mnem":"Opening happens in two stages: hinge first, then gliding forward.","clin":"Dislocation: condyle slips in front of the articular tubercle; TMJ disorders cause clicking and pain.","rg":"Skull","pins":[{"p":[3.844,151.501,10.383],"a":"FMA52748","b":"FMA52739","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-3.906,151.288,10.024],"a":"FMA52748","b":"FMA52738","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"ao","n":"Atlanto-occipital joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Condyloid","mv":"Flexion and extension of the head (\"yes\" nod); slight lateral tilt","lig":"Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes, alar ligaments, tectorial membrane","note":"Occipital condyles sit in the superior articular facets of the atlas.","mnem":"Atlas holds up the globe (skull) like Atlas in myth: nodding \"yes\".","clin":"Dislocation here is usually fatal (injury to the brainstem).","rg":"Vertebral column","pins":[{"p":[-1.563,148.818,7.715],"a":"FMA52735","b":"FMA12519","s":"M","d":0.11}]},{"id":"aa","n":"Atlanto-axial joints","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Pivot (median) and plane (lateral)","mv":"Rotation of the head (\"no\")","lig":"Transverse ligament of the atlas, alar ligaments, apical ligament, cruciate ligament","note":"The dens (odontoid process) of the axis pivots within the anterior arch of the atlas, held by the transverse ligament.","mnem":"\"No\" is the axis: A for Axis = A rotates for \"no\".","clin":"Rupture of the transverse ligament lets the dens press the spinal cord (as in rheumatoid arthritis or Down syndrome instability).","rg":"Vertebral column","pins":[{"p":[0.116,147.66,9.515],"a":"FMA12519","b":"FMA12520","s":"M","d":0.02}]},{"id":"ivd-c","n":"Intervertebral joint (cervical disc)","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)","mv":"Limited flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation","lig":"Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, interspinous and supraspinous (nuchal) ligaments","note":"Fibrocartilaginous disc (anulus fibrosus + nucleus pulposus) between vertebral bodies; plus synovial facet joints behind.","mnem":"Discs make up about 25% of the length of the column.","clin":"Herniated nucleus pulposus presses on spinal nerve roots.","rg":"Vertebral column","pins":[{"p":[-0.019,145.704,8.869],"a":"FMA12520","b":"FMA12521","s":"M","disc":"FMA25058"},{"p":[-0.031,144.195,8.873],"a":"FMA12521","b":"FMA12522","s":"M","disc":"FMA13896"},{"p":[-0.079,142.637,9.02],"a":"FMA12522","b":"FMA12523","s":"M","disc":"FMA13897"},{"p":[-0.143,141.101,8.787],"a":"FMA12523","b":"FMA12524","s":"M","disc":"FMA13898"},{"p":[-0.127,139.699,8.265],"a":"FMA12524","b":"FMA12525","s":"M","disc":"FMA13899"}]},{"id":"ivd-t","n":"Intervertebral joint (thoracic disc)","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)","mv":"Little movement (limited by ribs); some rotation","lig":"Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, supraspinous ligament","note":"Thin discs; stable because of rib attachment.","mnem":"Facet joints face coronally, favouring rotation.","clin":"","rg":"Vertebral column","pins":[{"p":[-0.212,136.679,7.159],"a":"FMA9165","b":"FMA9187","s":"M","disc":"FMA10458"},{"p":[-0.085,132.719,5.645],"a":"FMA9209","b":"FMA9248","s":"M","disc":"FMA13500"},{"p":[-0.162,127.975,4.745],"a":"FMA9922","b":"FMA9945","s":"M","disc":"FMA13502"},{"p":[-0.069,122.66,5.03],"a":"FMA9968","b":"FMA9991","s":"M","disc":"FMA13504"},{"p":[-0.048,117.229,6.021],"a":"FMA10014","b":"FMA10037","s":"M","disc":"FMA13506"},{"p":[0.045,111.412,7.451],"a":"FMA10059","b":"FMA10081","s":"M","disc":"FMA13508"}]},{"id":"ivd-l","n":"Intervertebral joint (lumbar disc)","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)","mv":"Flexion and extension; limited rotation","lig":"Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, iliolumbar ligament","note":"Thickest discs of the column. Facet joints face sagittally, which prevents rotation.","mnem":"Lumbar facet joints are sagittal: lumbar = Lift and bend, not twist.","clin":"L4-L5 and L5-S1 are the most common herniation sites.","rg":"Vertebral column","pins":[{"p":[-0.011,105.122,9.116],"a":"FMA13072","b":"FMA13073","s":"M","disc":"FMA16033"},{"p":[0.016,101.971,9.52],"a":"FMA13073","b":"FMA13074","s":"M","disc":"FMA16034"},{"p":[0.034,98.512,9.779],"a":"FMA13074","b":"FMA13075","s":"M","disc":"FMA16035"},{"p":[0.108,95.232,9.128],"a":"FMA13075","b":"FMA13076","s":"M","disc":"FMA16036"}]},{"id":"lsj","n":"Lumbosacral joint","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Symphysis","mv":"Flexion and extension","lig":"Iliolumbar ligaments, lumbosacral ligament, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments","note":"Junction between L5 and the sacral promontory. Marks the sacrovertebral angle.","mnem":"","clin":"Spondylolisthesis: L5 slips forward over S1.","rg":"Vertebral column","pins":[{"p":[-2.34,92.805,5.468],"a":"FMA13076","b":"FMA16202","s":"M","d":0.06}]},{"id":"si","n":"Sacroiliac joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Plane synovial (upper) + syndesmosis (lower)","mv":"Very little (nutation); weight transfer; widens slightly in pregnancy","lig":"Anterior, posterior (interosseous) and sacrotuberous/sacrospinous ligaments","note":"The auricular surface of the ilium meets the sacrum. Interlocking surfaces and very strong ligaments make it one of the most stable joints.","mnem":"Strongest ligaments in the body are the interosseous sacroiliac ligaments.","clin":"Sacroiliitis causes low back and buttock pain.","rg":"Pelvis","pins":[{"p":[5.044,88.979,6.392],"a":"FMA16202","b":"FMA16587","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-4.591,88.931,6.039],"a":"FMA16202","b":"FMA16586","s":"R","d":0.03}]},{"id":"symph","n":"Pubic symphysis","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)","mv":"Slight widening in childbirth","lig":"Superior and inferior (arcuate) pubic ligaments; interpubic disc","note":"Fibrocartilage disc between the pubic bodies at the midline.","mnem":"","clin":"Relaxin loosens it in late pregnancy.","rg":"Pelvis","pins":[{"p":[0.01,80.233,13.025],"a":"FMA16587","b":"FMA16586","s":"M","d":0.96}]},{"id":"hip","n":"Hip (coxal) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Ball-and-socket","mv":"Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction","lig":"Iliofemoral (Y ligament, strongest), pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligament of the head of the femur, acetabular labrum","note":"The femoral head fits into the acetabulum, deepened by the acetabular labrum. Strong but less mobile than the shoulder.","mnem":"Hip = stability, shoulder = mobility.","clin":"Femoral neck fracture; congenital hip dysplasia; posterior dislocation shortens and internally rotates the leg.","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[6.357,83.106,8.371],"a":"FMA24475","b":"FMA16587","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-6.357,83.106,8.371],"a":"FMA24474","b":"FMA16586","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"cv","n":"Costovertebral joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane","mv":"Gliding that raises the ribs in breathing (pump-handle and bucket-handle)","lig":"Radiate ligament, intra-articular ligament of the head of the rib","note":"The head of a rib meets the costal facets on the vertebral body (and the disc).","mnem":"","clin":"","rg":"Thorax","pins":[{"p":[1.532,138.093,6.952],"a":"FMA7987","b":"FMA9165","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-1.841,138.143,7.237],"a":"FMA7857","b":"FMA9165","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[1.894,137.059,6.048],"a":"FMA8012","b":"FMA9187","s":"L","d":0.15},{"p":[-1.939,137.054,6.146],"a":"FMA7882","b":"FMA9187","s":"R","d":0.0},{"p":[2.411,134.978,4.48],"a":"FMA8039","b":"FMA9209","s":"L","d":0.12},{"p":[-2.701,134.998,4.377],"a":"FMA7909","b":"FMA9209","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[2.963,132.861,3.43],"a":"FMA8148","b":"FMA9248","s":"L","d":0.06},{"p":[-3.006,132.867,3.408],"a":"FMA7957","b":"FMA9248","s":"R","d":0.04},{"p":[1.456,129.943,3.929],"a":"FMA8093","b":"FMA9922","s":"L","d":0.21},{"p":[-2.77,130.116,2.893],"a":"FMA8066","b":"FMA9922","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[1.411,127.627,3.435],"a":"FMA8202","b":"FMA9945","s":"L","d":0.1},{"p":[-2.68,127.703,2.366],"a":"FMA8175","b":"FMA9945","s":"R","d":0.04},{"p":[3.304,124.495,1.749],"a":"FMA8256","b":"FMA9968","s":"L","d":0.06},{"p":[-2.377,124.809,2.401],"a":"FMA8229","b":"FMA9968","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[2.773,121.67,2.2],"a":"FMA8310","b":"FMA9991","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-2.587,121.749,2.542],"a":"FMA8283","b":"FMA9991","s":"R","d":0.04},{"p":[2.814,118.716,2.833],"a":"FMA8391","b":"FMA10014","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-2.562,118.964,2.96],"a":"FMA8364","b":"FMA10014","s":"R","d":0.04},{"p":[1.828,116.296,4.823],"a":"FMA8472","b":"FMA10037","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-1.834,116.332,4.78],"a":"FMA8445","b":"FMA10037","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[1.875,113.188,5.625],"a":"FMA8532","b":"FMA10059","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-1.96,112.928,5.529],"a":"FMA8531","b":"FMA10059","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[1.918,109.729,6.784],"a":"FMA8534","b":"FMA10081","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-2.037,109.777,6.735],"a":"FMA8533","b":"FMA10081","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"sc","n":"Sternoclavicular joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Saddle-shaped (functions as ball-and-socket) with articular disc","mv":"Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, rotation of the clavicle","lig":"Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligament","note":"The only bony attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton.","mnem":"The only joint linking the arm to the trunk.","clin":"Rare dislocation; posterior dislocation can compress the great vessels.","rg":"Shoulder","pins":[{"p":[1.543,133.7,13.601],"a":"FMA13323","b":"FMA7486","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-1.553,133.703,13.606],"a":"FMA13322","b":"FMA7486","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"sternocostal","n":"Sternocostal joints","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Synchondrosis (rib 1) / plane synovial (ribs 2-7)","mv":"Slight gliding with respiration","lig":"Radiate sternocostal ligaments","note":"Costal cartilages attach ribs 1 to 7 to the sternum. Rib 1 is a synchondrosis; ribs 2-7 have synovial cavities.","mnem":"Ribs 1-7 = true ribs; 8-10 false; 11-12 floating.","clin":"","rg":"Thorax","pins":[{"p":[2.301,132.819,14.057],"a":"FMA8005","b":"FMA7486","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-2.308,132.818,14.101],"a":"FMA7875","b":"FMA7486","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[1.339,129.091,17.349],"a":"FMA8031","b":"FMA7487","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-1.323,129.156,17.317],"a":"FMA7886","b":"FMA7487","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[1.472,126.765,17.987],"a":"FMA8058","b":"FMA7487","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-1.478,126.751,17.984],"a":"FMA7913","b":"FMA7487","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[1.557,124.302,18.82],"a":"FMA8167","b":"FMA7487","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-1.562,124.309,18.82],"a":"FMA7976","b":"FMA7487","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[1.87,122.006,19.707],"a":"FMA8112","b":"FMA7487","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-1.863,121.96,19.693],"a":"FMA8070","b":"FMA7487","s":"R","d":0.0},{"p":[1.719,120.462,20.226],"a":"FMA8221","b":"FMA7487","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-1.725,120.465,20.211],"a":"FMA8194","b":"FMA7487","s":"R","d":0.0},{"p":[1.119,119.305,19.884],"a":"FMA8275","b":"FMA7487","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-1.112,119.301,19.898],"a":"FMA8248","b":"FMA7487","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"manubriosternal","n":"Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle)","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Symphysis","mv":"Slight movement during respiration","lig":"Manubriosternal ligament","note":"Palpable ridge: the sternal angle (of Louis), level with the 2nd costal cartilage and the T4-T5 disc.","mnem":"Angle of Louis: carina of the trachea, aortic arch, T4/T5 all at the same level.","clin":"Ossifies in older adults.","rg":"Thorax","pins":[{"p":[-0.005,129.735,17.266],"a":"FMA7486","b":"FMA7487","s":"M","d":0.0}]},{"id":"xiphisternal","n":"Xiphisternal joint","st":"Cartilaginous","fn":"Synarthrosis (immovable)","sub":"Synchondrosis","mv":"None","lig":"","note":"Joins the body of the sternum to the xiphoid process, usually ossifying with age.","mnem":"Xiphoid = sword tip.","clin":"CPR: hands go above the xiphoid, not on it.","rg":"Thorax","pins":[{"p":[-0.083,119.091,19.816],"a":"FMA7487","b":"FMA7488","s":"M","d":0.0}]},{"id":"ac","n":"Acromioclavicular joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane","mv":"Gliding that lets the scapula rotate on the clavicle","lig":"Acromioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligaments (conoid and trapezoid)","note":"The lateral end of the clavicle meets the acromion of the scapula.","mnem":"\"Separated shoulder\" is an AC sprain, not a glenohumeral dislocation.","clin":"AC separation graded I-VI by ligament tears.","rg":"Shoulder","pins":[{"p":[14.596,135.692,6.292],"a":"FMA13323","b":"FMA13396","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-14.596,135.692,6.292],"a":"FMA13322","b":"FMA13395","s":"R","d":0.03}]},{"id":"gh","n":"Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Ball-and-socket","mv":"Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction","lig":"Glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, glenoid labrum, rotator cuff (SITS)","note":"The humeral head articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity, deepened by the glenoid labrum. Most mobile joint of the body, hence the most commonly dislocated.","mnem":"SITS = Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis hold the head in the socket.","clin":"Anterior-inferior dislocation is typical; may injure the axillary nerve.","rg":"Shoulder","pins":[{"p":[14.307,131.748,6.069],"a":"FMA23131","b":"FMA13396","s":"L","d":0.1},{"p":[-14.307,131.748,6.069],"a":"FMA23130","b":"FMA13395","s":"R","d":0.1}]},{"id":"elbow-hu","n":"Humeroulnar joint (elbow)","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Hinge","mv":"Flexion and extension of the forearm","lig":"Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament, radial (lateral) collateral ligament","note":"Trochlea of the humerus fits the trochlear notch of the ulna: olecranon in the olecranon fossa in extension, coronoid in the coronoid fossa in flexion.","mnem":"The \"funny bone\" is the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle.","clin":"Elbow dislocation is usually posterior; supracondylar fracture in children.","rg":"Elbow","pins":[{"p":[20.566,105.418,5.655],"a":"FMA23131","b":"FMA23468","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-20.566,105.418,5.655],"a":"FMA23130","b":"FMA23467","s":"R","d":0.04}]},{"id":"elbow-hr","n":"Humeroradial joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane / gliding (with hinge action)","mv":"Flexion/extension and rotation during pronation and supination","lig":"Radial collateral ligament, annular ligament","note":"Capitulum of the humerus meets the head of the radius.","mnem":"","clin":"Little League elbow, radial head fractures from falls on the outstretched hand.","rg":"Elbow","pins":[{"p":[22.798,104.491,6.491],"a":"FMA23131","b":"FMA23465","s":"L","d":0.43},{"p":[-22.798,104.491,6.491],"a":"FMA23130","b":"FMA23464","s":"R","d":0.43}]},{"id":"pru","n":"Proximal radioulnar joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Pivot","mv":"Pronation and supination of the forearm","lig":"Annular ligament, quadrate ligament","note":"Head of the radius rotates in the radial notch of the ulna, held by the annular ligament.","mnem":"","clin":"Nursemaid's elbow: the head of the radius slips out of the annular ligament in toddlers pulled by the arm.","rg":"Elbow","pins":[{"p":[23.396,95.457,8.151],"a":"FMA23465","b":"FMA23468","s":"L","d":0.14},{"p":[-23.396,95.457,8.151],"a":"FMA23464","b":"FMA23467","s":"R","d":0.14}]},{"id":"dru","n":"Distal radioulnar joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Pivot","mv":"Pronation and supination; the radius rolls around the ulna","lig":"Articular disc (triangular fibrocartilage), interosseous membrane","note":"Ulnar notch of the radius meets the head of the ulna. The radius crosses over the ulna in pronation.","mnem":"","clin":"TFCC tears cause ulnar-sided wrist pain.","rg":"Wrist","pins":[{"p":[23.396,95.457,8.151],"a":"FMA23465","b":"FMA23468","s":"L","d":0.14},{"p":[-23.396,95.457,8.151],"a":"FMA23464","b":"FMA23467","s":"R","d":0.14}]},{"id":"rc","n":"Radiocarpal (wrist) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Condyloid (ellipsoid)","mv":"Flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation), circumduction","lig":"Palmar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments, radial and ulnar collateral ligaments","note":"Distal radius (and the articular disc) meets the scaphoid and lunate. The ulna does not touch the carpals directly.","mnem":"Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum: S L T.","clin":"Scaphoid fracture (fall on the outstretched hand) risks avascular necrosis. Colles fracture: distal radius.","rg":"Wrist","pins":[{"p":[26.012,81.961,10.994],"a":"FMA23465","b":"FMA24436","s":"L","d":0.09},{"p":[-26.012,81.961,10.994],"a":"FMA23464","b":"FMA24435","s":"R","d":0.09},{"p":[24.896,82.128,11.262],"a":"FMA23465","b":"FMA24438","s":"L","d":0.44},{"p":[-24.896,82.128,11.262],"a":"FMA23464","b":"FMA24437","s":"R","d":0.44}]},{"id":"mc","n":"Midcarpal joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane / combined","mv":"Gliding that adds to wrist flexion and extension","lig":"Radiate carpal, intercarpal and pisohamate ligaments","note":"Between the proximal and distal carpal rows.","mnem":"Carpal mnemonic: \"Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle\" = Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.","clin":"Perilunate dislocation.","rg":"Wrist","pins":[{"p":[25.917,81.142,11.217],"a":"FMA24436","b":"FMA24447","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-25.917,81.142,11.217],"a":"FMA24435","b":"FMA24446","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[25.055,81.254,11.769],"a":"FMA24438","b":"FMA24447","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-25.055,81.254,11.769],"a":"FMA24437","b":"FMA24446","s":"R","d":0.04},{"p":[23.908,80.177,11.64],"a":"FMA24440","b":"FMA24449","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-23.908,80.177,11.64],"a":"FMA24439","b":"FMA24448","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[27.025,81.159,12.135],"a":"FMA24436","b":"FMA24444","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-27.025,81.159,12.135],"a":"FMA24435","b":"FMA24443","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[26.738,80.608,11.741],"a":"FMA24436","b":"FMA24445","s":"L","d":0.15},{"p":[-26.738,80.608,11.741],"a":"FMA24435","b":"FMA23725","s":"R","d":0.15}]},{"id":"cmc1","n":"First carpometacarpal (thumb) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Saddle","mv":"Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition, circumduction","lig":"Thick fibrous capsule, lateral and anterior oblique ligaments","note":"Reciprocal saddle shapes make the thumb opposable, a key human adaptation.","mnem":"Opposition: tip of the thumb to tip of the little finger.","clin":"Osteoarthritis of the thumb base is common.","rg":"Hand","pins":[{"p":[27.859,80.578,12.414],"a":"FMA24444","b":"FMA24465","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-27.859,80.578,12.414],"a":"FMA24443","b":"FMA24464","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"cmc","n":"Carpometacarpal joints II-V","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane (II-III) / modified saddle (IV-V)","mv":"Slight gliding; the fifth allows cupping of the hand","lig":"Dorsal and palmar carpometacarpal ligaments","note":"Distal carpal row meets the bases of the metacarpals.","mnem":"","clin":"Bennett's fracture is at the base of metacarpal I; boxer's fracture is at the neck of metacarpal V.","rg":"Hand","pins":[{"p":[26.881,79.473,11.659],"a":"FMA24445","b":"FMA24467","s":"L","d":0.08},{"p":[-26.881,79.473,11.659],"a":"FMA23725","b":"FMA24466","s":"R","d":0.08},{"p":[25.972,79.449,11.638],"a":"FMA24447","b":"FMA24469","s":"L","d":0.05},{"p":[-25.972,79.449,11.638],"a":"FMA24446","b":"FMA24468","s":"R","d":0.05},{"p":[24.692,79.364,11.535],"a":"FMA24449","b":"FMA24471","s":"L","d":0.06},{"p":[-24.692,79.364,11.535],"a":"FMA24448","b":"FMA24470","s":"R","d":0.06},{"p":[24.056,79.607,12.102],"a":"FMA24449","b":"FMA24473","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-24.056,79.607,12.102],"a":"FMA24448","b":"FMA24472","s":"R","d":0.02}]},{"id":"mcp","n":"Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Condyloid","mv":"Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction","lig":"Collateral ligaments, palmar (volar) plates, deep transverse metacarpal ligaments","note":"The knuckles. Heads of the metacarpals meet bases of proximal phalanges.","mnem":"The knuckles are the heads of the metacarpals.","clin":"Rheumatoid arthritis often attacks these.","rg":"Hand","pins":[{"p":[28.694,73.0,13.482],"a":"FMA24467","b":"FMA71915","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-28.694,73.0,13.482],"a":"FMA24466","b":"FMA24451","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[26.614,73.194,13.601],"a":"FMA24469","b":"FMA71908","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-26.614,73.194,13.601],"a":"FMA24468","b":"FMA24452","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[24.761,73.675,13.602],"a":"FMA24471","b":"FMA71916","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-24.761,73.675,13.602],"a":"FMA24470","b":"FMA24453","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[22.99,74.374,13.883],"a":"FMA24473","b":"FMA66791","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-22.99,74.374,13.883],"a":"FMA24472","b":"FMA24454","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[30.41,77.398,14.582],"a":"FMA24465","b":"FMA65470","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-30.41,77.398,14.582],"a":"FMA24464","b":"FMA24450","s":"R","d":0.02}]},{"id":"pip","n":"Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Hinge","mv":"Flexion and extension","lig":"Collateral ligaments, volar plate","note":"Flexor digitorum superficialis flexes these joints.","mnem":"","clin":"Boutonniere deformity.","rg":"Hand","pins":[{"p":[29.863,69.825,15.17],"a":"FMA71915","b":"FMA23938","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-29.863,69.825,15.17],"a":"FMA24451","b":"FMA24455","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[27.281,69.589,15.878],"a":"FMA71908","b":"FMA23940","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-27.281,69.589,15.878],"a":"FMA24452","b":"FMA24456","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[24.966,70.217,15.701],"a":"FMA71916","b":"FMA23942","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-24.966,70.217,15.701],"a":"FMA24453","b":"FMA24457","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[22.574,71.505,15.476],"a":"FMA66791","b":"FMA23944","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-22.574,71.505,15.476],"a":"FMA24454","b":"FMA24458","s":"R","d":0.0}]},{"id":"dip","n":"Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Hinge","mv":"Flexion and extension","lig":"Collateral ligaments, volar plate","note":"Flexor digitorum profundus flexes these joints. The thumb has only one IP joint.","mnem":"","clin":"Heberden nodes (osteoarthritis) affect the DIP joints.","rg":"Hand","pins":[{"p":[30.534,68.33,16.806],"a":"FMA23938","b":"FMA23953","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-30.534,68.33,16.806],"a":"FMA24455","b":"FMA24460","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[27.493,67.43,17.662],"a":"FMA23940","b":"FMA23955","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-27.493,67.43,17.662],"a":"FMA24456","b":"FMA24461","s":"R","d":0.04},{"p":[25.023,68.177,17.627],"a":"FMA23942","b":"FMA23957","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-25.023,68.177,17.627],"a":"FMA24457","b":"FMA24462","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[22.242,69.847,16.682],"a":"FMA23944","b":"FMA23959","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-22.242,69.847,16.682],"a":"FMA24458","b":"FMA24463","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[31.431,74.917,15.696],"a":"FMA65470","b":"FMA23951","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-31.431,74.917,15.696],"a":"FMA24450","b":"FMA24459","s":"R","d":0.03}]},{"id":"knee-tf","n":"Tibiofemoral (knee) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Modified hinge (bicondylar)","mv":"Flexion, extension, slight rotation when flexed","lig":"ACL, PCL, MCL (tibial collateral), LCL (fibular collateral), medial and lateral menisci, patellar ligament","note":"Femoral condyles on the tibial plateau with two C-shaped menisci. Largest and most complex joint; locks in extension by medial rotation of the femur, unlocked by popliteus.","mnem":"ACL prevents anterior tibial slide. \"ACL: Anterior Cruciate = pAssing forward\".","clin":"\"Unhappy triad\": ACL + MCL + medial meniscus tear.","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[6.019,40.37,7.225],"a":"FMA24475","b":"FMA24478","s":"L","d":0.1},{"p":[-6.228,40.513,7.482],"a":"FMA24474","b":"FMA24477","s":"R","d":0.09}]},{"id":"knee-pf","n":"Patellofemoral joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane (gliding)","mv":"Patella glides over the femoral trochlear groove in flexion/extension","lig":"Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament, patellar retinacula","note":"The patella (largest sesamoid bone) increases leverage of the quadriceps.","mnem":"","clin":"Patellar tracking disorders (runner's knee); weak vastus medialis allows lateral drift.","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[7.471,42.807,9.864],"a":"FMA24475","b":"FMA24487","s":"L","d":0.22},{"p":[-7.471,42.807,9.864],"a":"FMA24474","b":"FMA24486","s":"R","d":0.22}]},{"id":"ptfj","n":"Proximal tibiofibular joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane","mv":"Slight gliding during ankle movement","lig":"Anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head","note":"Head of the fibula on the lateral tibial condyle.","mnem":"The common fibular nerve winds round the fibular neck.","clin":"Fibular neck fracture can injure the common fibular nerve (foot drop).","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[10.172,37.305,6.4],"a":"FMA24478","b":"FMA24481","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-10.444,37.465,6.831],"a":"FMA24477","b":"FMA24480","s":"R","d":0.03}]},{"id":"syndesmosis","n":"Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis)","st":"Fibrous","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Syndesmosis","mv":"Slight spreading of the malleolar mortise","lig":"Anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments, interosseous membrane","note":"Strong fibrous joint holding the ankle mortise together.","mnem":"High ankle sprain = syndesmosis injury.","clin":"","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[10.172,37.305,6.4],"a":"FMA24478","b":"FMA24481","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-10.444,37.465,6.831],"a":"FMA24477","b":"FMA24480","s":"R","d":0.03}]},{"id":"ankle","n":"Ankle (talocrural) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Hinge","mv":"Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion","lig":"Medial (deltoid) ligament; lateral ligaments (anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular)","note":"The trochlea of the talus fits the mortise made by the tibia and both malleoli. The talus is wider in front, so the joint is most stable in dorsiflexion.","mnem":"Anterior talofibular ligament is the one most often sprained in inversion injuries.","clin":"Ankle sprain (inversion); Pott's fracture (bimalleolar).","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[6.831,7.049,6.086],"a":"FMA24483","b":"FMA24478","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-6.896,6.947,5.594],"a":"FMA24482","b":"FMA24477","s":"R","d":0.05},{"p":[9.447,5.571,5.782],"a":"FMA24483","b":"FMA24481","s":"L","d":0.23},{"p":[-9.447,5.571,5.782],"a":"FMA24482","b":"FMA24480","s":"R","d":0.23}]},{"id":"subtalar","n":"Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane","mv":"Inversion and eversion of the foot","lig":"Interosseous talocalcaneal, cervical, and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments","note":"Beneath the talus; the sustentaculum tali supports the talus.","mnem":"","clin":"","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[7.792,4.163,5.494],"a":"FMA24483","b":"FMA24498","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-7.792,4.163,5.494],"a":"FMA24482","b":"FMA24497","s":"R","d":0.04}]},{"id":"midtarsal","n":"Midtarsal (transverse tarsal) joint","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Plane","mv":"Adds inversion and eversion","lig":"Bifurcate ligament, spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament, long plantar ligament","note":"Talonavicular + calcaneocuboid joints. The spring ligament supports the head of the talus and the medial arch.","mnem":"","clin":"Flat foot results from spring ligament / tibialis posterior failure.","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[7.766,5.016,9.086],"a":"FMA24483","b":"FMA24501","s":"L","d":0.05},{"p":[-7.766,5.016,9.086],"a":"FMA24482","b":"FMA24500","s":"R","d":0.05},{"p":[9.506,3.508,7.813],"a":"FMA24498","b":"FMA24529","s":"L","d":0.05},{"p":[-9.506,3.508,7.813],"a":"FMA24497","b":"FMA24528","s":"R","d":0.05}]},{"id":"tmt","n":"Tarsometatarsal joints","st":"Synovial","fn":"Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)","sub":"Plane","mv":"Little gliding; stabilises the arch","lig":"Dorsal, plantar and interosseous tarsometatarsal ligaments (Lisfranc ligament)","note":"The second metatarsal is recessed like a keystone between the cuneiforms.","mnem":"","clin":"Lisfranc injury: tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation.","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[7.538,3.525,12.377],"a":"FMA24522","b":"FMA24508","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-7.538,3.525,12.377],"a":"FMA24521","b":"FMA24507","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[8.604,4.038,11.713],"a":"FMA24524","b":"FMA24510","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-8.604,4.038,11.713],"a":"FMA24523","b":"FMA24509","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[9.667,3.253,11.26],"a":"FMA24526","b":"FMA24512","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-9.667,3.253,11.26],"a":"FMA24525","b":"FMA24511","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[10.316,3.065,10.633],"a":"FMA24529","b":"FMA24514","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-10.316,3.065,10.633],"a":"FMA24528","b":"FMA24513","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[10.725,1.824,9.636],"a":"FMA24529","b":"FMA24516","s":"L","d":0.04},{"p":[-10.725,1.824,9.636],"a":"FMA24528","b":"FMA24515","s":"R","d":0.04}]},{"id":"mtp","n":"Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Condyloid","mv":"Flexion, extension, slight abduction and adduction","lig":"Collateral ligaments, plantar plates, deep transverse metatarsal ligament","note":"The ball of the foot. Extension at the first MTP is essential for toe-off.","mnem":"","clin":"Hallux valgus (bunion), gout in the first MTP joint (podagra).","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[7.267,0.789,17.953],"a":"FMA24508","b":"FMA43254","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-7.267,0.789,17.953],"a":"FMA24507","b":"FMA43253","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[9.427,0.627,18.022],"a":"FMA24510","b":"FMA32635","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-9.427,0.627,18.022],"a":"FMA24509","b":"FMA32634","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[10.74,0.532,17.599],"a":"FMA24512","b":"FMA32637","s":"L","d":0.0},{"p":[-10.74,0.532,17.599],"a":"FMA24511","b":"FMA32636","s":"R","d":0.0},{"p":[11.993,0.541,16.759],"a":"FMA24514","b":"FMA32639","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-11.993,0.541,16.759],"a":"FMA24513","b":"FMA32638","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[13.144,0.199,15.5],"a":"FMA24516","b":"FMA32641","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-13.144,0.199,15.5],"a":"FMA24515","b":"FMA32640","s":"R","d":0.01}]},{"id":"ipf","n":"Interphalangeal joints of the foot","st":"Synovial","fn":"Diarthrosis (freely movable)","sub":"Hinge","mv":"Flexion and extension","lig":"Collateral ligaments, plantar plates","note":"The big toe has only one IP joint (two phalanges).","mnem":"","clin":"Hammer toe, claw toe.","rg":"Lower limb","pins":[{"p":[7.975,0.379,20.559],"a":"FMA43254","b":"FMA32651","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-7.975,0.379,20.559],"a":"FMA43253","b":"FMA32650","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[10.018,0.299,20.511],"a":"FMA32635","b":"FMA32643","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-10.018,0.299,20.511],"a":"FMA32634","b":"FMA32642","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[10.274,-0.031,21.9],"a":"FMA32643","b":"FMA32653","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-10.274,-0.031,21.9],"a":"FMA32642","b":"FMA32652","s":"R","d":0.02},{"p":[11.478,0.077,19.929],"a":"FMA32637","b":"FMA32645","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-11.478,0.077,19.929],"a":"FMA32636","b":"FMA32644","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[11.857,0.001,21.395],"a":"FMA32645","b":"FMA32655","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-11.857,0.001,21.395],"a":"FMA32644","b":"FMA32654","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[12.861,0.011,18.791],"a":"FMA32639","b":"FMA32647","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-12.861,0.011,18.791],"a":"FMA32638","b":"FMA32646","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[13.147,0.085,19.973],"a":"FMA32647","b":"FMA32657","s":"L","d":0.03},{"p":[-13.147,0.085,19.973],"a":"FMA32646","b":"FMA32656","s":"R","d":0.03},{"p":[14.029,-0.133,17.597],"a":"FMA32641","b":"FMA230988","s":"L","d":0.01},{"p":[-14.029,-0.133,17.597],"a":"FMA32640","b":"FMA230986","s":"R","d":0.01},{"p":[14.079,-0.233,18.113],"a":"FMA230988","b":"FMA32659","s":"L","d":0.02},{"p":[-14.079,-0.233,18.113],"a":"FMA230986","b":"FMA32658","s":"R","d":0.02}]}],"lms":{"hip bone":[{"id":"r_ilium","n":"Ilium","t":"Region","w":"Superior, largest part of the hip bone.","x":"Fan-shaped wing (ala) plus a thick body that forms the upper two-fifths of the acetabulum. Bears the weight of the trunk through the sacroiliac joint. Fuses with ischium and pubis at the Y-shaped triradiate cartilage (about age 15-17).","f":[3014,1,3016,2,3029,1,3033,4,3039,2,3046,1,3061,2,3248,1,3261,1,3263,1,3266,2,3270,8,3303,2,3347,19,3383,10,3394,40,3435,59,3496,9,3513,19,3658,1,3660,33,3713,66,3780,1,3782,9,3793,1,3797,1,3834,180,4050,1,4053,2,4057,2,4061,4,4068,36,4110,2,4113,2,4125,50,4176,14,4193,182,4378,9,4389,1,4392,5,4398,3,4403,5067],"p":[[8.5,92.0,8.0]],"c":3900100,"reg":1},{"id":"r_ischium","n":"Ischium","t":"Region","w":"Posteroinferior part of the hip bone.","x":"Body forms the posterior two-fifths of the acetabulum; the ramus joins the inferior pubic ramus. Carries body weight when you sit (ischial tuberosities).","f":[0,323,332,8,341,3,349,34,417,1,423,183,615,13,663,1,666,3,671,1,673,6,732,144,886,1,889,1,891,8,901,37,972,2,979,2,983,2,990,2,1070,98,1438,147,1912,300,2388,177,2566,3,2574,1,2576,1,2579,2,2584,2,2587,1,2589,19,2817,196,3018,5,3134,114,3249,12,3262,1,3264,2,3268,2,3278,25,3305,42,3366,17,3532,126,3659,1,3693,20,3779,1,3781,1,3791,2,3794,3,3798,36,4014,36,4051,2,4055,2,4059,2,4065,3,4104,6,4112,1,4115,10,4175,1,4190,3,4375,3,4387,2,4390,2,4397,1,4401,2],"p":[[5.5,79.0,6.5]],"c":4892779,"reg":1},{"id":"r_pubis","n":"Pubis","t":"Region","w":"Anteroinferior part of the hip bone.","x":"Body plus superior and inferior rami; forms the anterior fifth of the acetabulum and meets the opposite pubis at the pubic symphysis.","f":[323,9,340,1,344,5,383,34,418,5,606,9,628,35,664,2,669,2,672,1,679,53,876,10,887,2,890,1,899,2,938,34,974,5,981,2,985,5,992,78,1168,270,1585,327,2212,176,2565,1,2569,5,2575,1,2577,2,2581,3,2586,1,2588,1,2608,209,3013,1,3023,6,3030,3,3037,2,3041,5,3047,14,3063,71,3434,1,3494,2,3505,8],"p":[[2.5,80.0,13.0]],"c":14715422,"reg":1},{"id":"crest","n":"Iliac crest","t":"Crest","w":"Thick superior border of the ilium, from ASIS to PSIS.","x":"Attachment for the abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis), latissimus dorsi, quadratus lumborum, erector spinae and tensor fasciae latae. Its highest point is at the L4 level: the landmark for lumbar puncture. A common site for bone-marrow biopsy and bone-graft harvest.","f":[6689,2,6719,2,6991,3,6998,8,7007,1,7009,3,7013,13,7031,7,7039,19,7066,1,7394,1,7397,5,7406,2,7409,2,7413,4,7672,2,7675,3,7694,2,7697,10,7728,1,7731,1,7743,11,7755,17,8072,4,8092,1,8100,3,8104,11,8116,19,8139,1,8141,3,8145,20,8203,5,8240,1,8391,8,8419,24,8447,4,8453,1,8455,23,8484,5,8491,1,8494,1,8496,2,8504,4,8599,1,8606,3,8610,1,8628,16,8645,2,8651,1,8653,49,8703,2,8706,13,8721,3,8725,15,8742,1,8744,1,8746,4,8753,2,8838,4,8844,1,8847,13,8862,2,8865,54,8920,1,8922,20,8945,1,8947,3,8953,8,8962,6,8969,1,8982,3,8989,5,9055,1,9057,1,9067,1,9071,8,9089,1,9093,9,9103,2,9107,1,9109,4,9114,28,9143,46,9192,1,9194,3,9199,1,9201,3,9205,1,9214,3,9224,5,9241,1,9243,6,9255,111,9367,15,9384,18,9404,66],"p":[[8.5,96.503,8.5]]},{"id":"asis","n":"Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)","t":"Spine","w":"Anterior end of the iliac crest.","x":"Attaches the inguinal ligament and sartorius; tensor fasciae latae arises just behind it. Palpable landmark for leg-length measurement and pelvic tilt. Avulsion injury of sartorius occurs in adolescent sprinters.","f":[6315,1,6317,1,6319,1,6321,3,6326,4,6366,2,6369,5,6391,2,6653,1,6658,33,6693,2,6696,39,6985,2,6991,35,7027,40,7394,1,7398,4,7403,5,7409,2,7414,3,7695,1,7699,2],"p":[[11.749,91.008,15.099]]},{"id":"psis","n":"Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)","t":"Spine","w":"Posterior end of the iliac crest.","x":"Marked by the dimple above the buttock at the S2 level, overlying the sacroiliac joint. Attaches the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and part of multifidus.","f":[7089,1,7185,1,7188,11,7218,1,7417,12,7436,1,7438,1,7441,11,7474,1,7476,1,7714,6,7723,1,7725,4,7730,54,7801,6,7808,2,7811,2,7814,1,8114,16,8131,1,8146,1,8159,1,8161,1],"p":[[4.64,91.484,1.388]]},{"id":"aiis","n":"Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)","t":"Spine","w":"Bump above the acetabulum, below the ASIS.","x":"Straight head of rectus femoris originates here; the iliofemoral ligament attaches just below. Avulsion fracture occurs in kicking sports.","f":[4803,3,4808,1,4810,8,4855,1,4859,1,4861,4,4970,3,4986,35,5024,46,5186,2,5202,4,5207,1,5209,2,5213,42,5356,1,5358,1,5373,17,5392,3,5407,3],"p":[[9.658,86.242,12.716]]},{"id":"piis","n":"Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)","t":"Spine","w":"Small projection above the greater sciatic notch.","x":"Attaches the posterior sacroiliac ligaments.","f":[5761,1,5766,1,6020,1,6023,17,6041,10,6052,20,6073,19,6394,44,6439,7,6447,26,6773,2,6783,8,6793,2,6802,1,6813,3],"p":[[5.158,88.692,3.125]]},{"id":"is","n":"Ischial spine","t":"Spine","w":"Pointed projection separating the greater and lesser sciatic notches.","x":"Attaches the sacrospinous ligament, coccygeus and levator ani. In obstetrics the ischial spines mark station 0: the level the fetal head reaches as it engages. Landmark for a pudendal nerve block.","f":[3134,26,3164,2,3170,13,3184,2,3187,4,3200,1,3532,75,3609,29,3653,1,4014,11,4033,4],"p":[[4.426,82.61,4.689]]},{"id":"gsn","n":"Greater sciatic notch","t":"Notch","w":"Large notch between the PIIS and the ischial spine.","x":"Converted to the greater sciatic foramen by the sacrospinous ligament. Piriformis, the sciatic nerve, superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, and the pudendal nerve all leave the pelvis through it. Compression of the sciatic nerve by piriformis is piriformis syndrome.","f":[4038,5,4044,1,4047,3,4066,2,4112,3,4123,8,4187,2,4193,7,4376,1,4378,2,4381,2,4385,13,4401,4,4409,20,4439,9,4866,6,4875,3,4881,4,4891,5,4898,8,4908,1,5071,1,5073,1,5076,2,5085,2,5088,7,5099,17,5124,6,5263,2,5281,1,5299,2,5320,1,5334,2],"p":[[6.5,84.8,6.4]]},{"id":"lsn","n":"Lesser sciatic notch","t":"Notch","w":"Small notch below the ischial spine.","x":"Converted to the lesser sciatic foramen by the sacrotuberous ligament. The obturator internus tendon passes through it, with the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels re-entering the perineum.","f":[1442,1,1447,1,1449,2,1504,1,1580,1,1912,6,1919,3,1925,1,1927,31,1965,6,1972,2,1975,7,2008,1,2012,1,2016,2,2021,3,2026,2,2030,1,2388,30,2423,29,2453,16,2473,4,2479,4,2485,8,2497,1,2500,3,2817,10,2830,6,2842,28,2872,13,2886,15,2902,5,2909,3,2914,6,2922,1,2924,4,3208,1,3228,1],"p":[[5.8,80.4,4.9]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Ischial tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Roughened, expanded lower end of the ischium.","x":"Origin of the hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris) and the hamstring part of adductor magnus; also the sacrotuberous ligament. Supports body weight when seated. Hamstring avulsion injuries and ischial bursitis occur here.","f":[0,26,27,24,69,2,96,121,231,1,234,1,236,38,310,3,314,1,320,3,429,34,464,28,494,1,500,1,511,11,549,28,578,1,583,1,586,1,732,1,734,1,738,1,741,1,747,3,771,1,833,1,836,1,852,1],"p":[[4.391,75.942,6.455]]},{"id":"acet","n":"Acetabulum","t":"Socket","w":"Cup on the lateral surface where the three bones meet.","x":"Receives the femoral head to form the hip, a ball-and-socket joint. It faces laterally, inferiorly and slightly forward. The acetabular labrum deepens the socket.","f":[2072,1,2075,1,2077,4,2158,1,2176,4,2186,1,2189,2,2200,2,2203,9,2507,11,2520,5,2528,4,2546,1,2548,1,2556,1,2558,4,2566,1,2568,1,2574,3,2578,1,2589,19,2641,3,2649,12,2685,19,2714,1,2722,2,2725,7,2759,1,2775,4,2788,2,2791,1,2801,4,2806,1,2929,36,2972,1,2977,1,2989,2,2995,1,3018,5,3041,6,3048,15,3071,5,3089,1,3096,1,3099,10,3127,1,3249,7,3257,7,3265,1,3267,2,3270,51,3322,3,3327,1,3331,1,3349,4,3354,2,3357,16,3378,1,3393,7,3403,30,3443,39,3493,11,3505,2,3510,2,3513,1,3516,1,3521,2,3527,1,3529,3,3661,11,3673,27,3717,18,3736,79,3816,2,3819,1,3835,83,3924,9,3949,9,3963,2,3966,4,3971,8,3981,5,3987,6,3994,1,3996,2,4004,1,4010,3,4071,41,4137,38,4177,3,4182,4,4202,26,4233,18,4260,5,4274,3,4278,13,4310,1,4313,1,4315,1,4323,1,4365,1,4430,9,4449,25,4475,4,4480,2,4483,1,4486,2,4495,1,4506,31,4538,2,4542,2,4545,1,4547,2,4569,18,4588,1,4590,3,4626,3,4630,2,4633,1,4636,5,4644,1,4657,2],"p":[[7.499,81.994,9.301]]},{"id":"lunate","n":"Lunate surface","t":"Surface","w":"C-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum.","x":"Covered by hyaline cartilage and bears the load. Open below at the acetabular notch.","f":[2158,1,2186,1,2189,2,2200,2,2203,9,2515,3,2520,5,2528,4,2546,1,2548,1,2556,1,2558,2,2599,4,2604,4,2727,3,2759,1,2775,4,2788,2,2791,1,2801,4,2806,1,2942,6,2949,16,2972,1,2977,1,2989,2,2995,1,3021,2,3073,2,3089,1,3096,1,3099,10,3127,1,3249,1,3254,2,3257,3,3262,1,3265,1,3267,1,3278,43,3322,3,3327,1,3331,1,3366,7,3378,1,3444,1,3446,2,3449,3,3453,18,3472,10,3493,11,3505,2,3510,2,3513,1,3516,1,3521,2,3527,1,3529,3,3664,1,3666,1,3673,1,3679,1,3681,2,3687,13,3744,1,3750,1,3753,1,3755,1,3759,2,3764,51,3816,2,3819,1,3893,1,3898,1,3901,2,3905,9,3915,3,3924,9,3949,9,3963,2,3966,4,3971,8,3981,5,3987,6,3994,1,3996,2,4004,1,4010,3,4071,41,4137,38,4177,3,4182,4,4202,26,4233,18,4260,5,4274,3,4278,10,4310,1,4313,1,4315,1,4430,9,4449,25,4475,4,4480,2,4483,1,4486,2,4495,1,4506,31,4538,2,4542,2,4545,1,4547,1,4569,13,4583,2,4636,1],"p":[[6.499,82.894,8.801]]},{"id":"acfossa","n":"Acetabular fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Non-articular floor in the centre of the acetabulum.","x":"Holds a pad of fat and the attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur.","f":[2072,1,2077,4,2176,4,2507,8,2560,2,2566,1,2568,1,2574,3,2578,1,2589,4,2594,4,2641,3,2649,12,2685,19,2714,1,2722,2,2725,2,2730,2,2929,13,2948,1,3018,3,3041,6,3048,15,3071,2,3075,1,3250,4,3260,2,3263,1,3268,1,3270,8,3349,4,3354,2,3357,9,3393,7,3403,30,3443,1,3445,1,3448,1,3452,1,3471,1,3661,3,3665,1,3667,5,3674,5,3680,1,3683,4,3717,18,3736,8,3745,5,3751,2,3754,1,3756,3,3761,3,3835,58,3894,4,3899,2,3903,2,3914,1],"p":[[5.699,81.794,9.401]]},{"id":"acrim","n":"Acetabular rim","t":"Rim","w":"Raised margin of the acetabulum.","x":"Attachment of the acetabular labrum. The posterior rim is often fractured when the knee hits a dashboard (posterior hip dislocation).","f":[1144,1,1147,1,1544,1,1546,1,1999,4,2005,1,2007,1,2028,2,2126,1,2128,2,2184,6,2313,1,2315,2,2470,3,2478,1,2483,2,2598,2,2603,1,2686,1,2688,1,2714,3,2724,1,2728,1,2755,1,2759,3,3814,1,3816,1,3818,2,3821,1,3823,2,3827,1,3961,1,4012,1,4108,2,4175,1,4190,1,4289,1,4313,3,4321,1,4323,3,4365,4,4481,5,4487,3,4497,1,4537,5,4544,1,4546,1,4548,1,4551,1,4553,1,4585,3,4590,1,4604,1],"p":[[8.099,84.694,9.301]]},{"id":"acnotch","n":"Acetabular notch","t":"Notch","w":"Gap in the lower rim of the acetabulum.","x":"Bridged by the transverse acetabular ligament. The acetabular branch of the obturator artery enters the joint through it.","f":[2235,2,2282,1,2286,1,2295,22,2367,3,2373,11,2650,1,2656,1,2685,18,2714,18,2739,1,2741,76,3048,6,3055,5,3071,3,3075,1,3084,1,3089,5,3096,1,3099,1],"p":[[6.447,81.128,11.253]]},{"id":"obt","n":"Obturator foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large opening between pubis and ischium.","x":"Closed by the obturator membrane, to which obturator externus and internus attach. Its upper edge carries the obturator canal for the obturator nerve and vessels.","f":[534,5,541,6,615,2,618,3,622,2,626,2,671,1,770,1,773,4,798,35,834,1,837,5,843,5,851,1,886,42,956,18,979,7,988,13,1002,3,1028,1,1031,2,1090,1,1105,23,1138,6,1203,1,1208,17,1276,1,1278,5,1285,9,1295,7,1493,4,1505,29,1535,7,1581,4,1632,3,1636,8,1693,4,1698,20,1767,1,1982,4,1987,1,1990,2,1994,3,2032,15,2048,26,2075,26,2102,2,2108,3,2116,1,2159,30,2191,3,2197,3,2203,2,2210,1,2214,1,2220,5,2226,2,2229,5,2235,2,2264,1,2267,1,2269,3,2273,44,2361,4,2367,3,2373,2,2376,8,2507,2,2560,19,2580,1,2582,1,2589,1,2591,1,2596,1,2622,3,2626,1,2629,32,2676,1,2678,1,2685,13,2699,2,2703,1,2714,12,2753,1,2755,1,2757,1],"p":[[4.527,79.571,9.52]]},{"id":"obtgr","n":"Obturator groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove under the superior pubic ramus.","x":"Forms the obturator canal with the membrane: obturator nerve and vessels pass through to the medial thigh.","f":[1703,1,1711,3,1716,2,1767,1,2039,1,2041,1,2045,1,2159,14,2229,2,2232,1,2235,2,2264,1,2267,1,2269,3,2273,44,2361,4,2367,3,2373,2,2376,8,2560,19,2622,3,2626,1,2629,27,2658,1,2676,1,2678,1,2685,9,2696,2,2714,11,2753,1,2755,1,2757,1],"p":[[6.027,81.271,9.82]]},{"id":"ptub","n":"Pubic tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Rounded projection at the lateral end of the pubic crest.","x":"Medial attachment of the inguinal ligament. Landmark for hernias: an inguinal hernia lies above and medial to the tubercle, a femoral hernia below and lateral.","f":[1331,1,1346,1,1367,2,1372,6,1405,2,1410,5,1418,3,1644,1,1646,5,1652,1,1655,2,1659,1,1661,4,1675,3,1718,34,1755,3,1771,80,1852,2,1855,1,1883,4,1889,10,1907,3,2237,3,2317,1],"p":[[1.509,81.387,14.663]]},{"id":"pcrest","n":"Pubic crest","t":"Crest","w":"Ridge on the top of the pubic body, between the symphysis and the tubercle.","x":"Attachment for rectus abdominis and pyramidalis.","f":[1594,3,1598,1,1600,1,1603,5,1610,10,1624,5,1654,11,1666,20,1687,5,1725,1,1727,31,1785,26,1820,31,1852,5,1890,3,1894,5,1903,1,1907,3,2212,2,2215,1,2237,18,2256,1,2258,1,2317,1,2319,4],"p":[[1.3,81.4,14.0]]},{"id":"symph","n":"Symphyseal surface","t":"Surface","w":"Oval, medially facing surface of the pubic body.","x":"Joined to the opposite pubis by a fibrocartilaginous interpubic disc: the pubic symphysis, a secondary cartilaginous joint that loosens slightly in late pregnancy.","f":[628,8,643,3,648,2,651,4,657,2,680,2,683,1,686,2,938,12,951,2,954,1,1005,15,1043,1,1047,1,1049,1,1168,4,1175,3,1182,2,1186,2,1190,3,1195,1,1198,1,1225,48,1302,14,1328,3,1332,1,1585,4,1592,1,1596,4,1601,2,1605,5,1616,1,1644,13,1665,1,1667,1,1718,3,1722,3,1726,3],"p":[[0.6,79.5,13.5]]},{"id":"pbody","n":"Body of pubis","t":"Body","w":"Medial, thick part of the pubis.","x":"Carries the symphyseal surface, pubic crest and tubercle.","f":[323,5,329,3,383,27,412,3,418,3,422,1,606,3,610,2,628,31,660,2,679,53,876,9,938,18,961,1,1005,19,1025,3,1029,41,1168,43,1218,1,1220,1,1222,105,1328,110,1585,111,1698,5,1704,8,1714,2,1718,40,1771,91,1883,29,2212,7,2220,3,2237,27,2317,8,2326,12,2661,2,2704,1],"p":[[2.0,79.5,13.2]]},{"id":"supr","n":"Superior pubic ramus","t":"Ramus","w":"Superior pubic ramus, from the acetabulum to the pubic body.","x":"Forms the upper border of the obturator foramen and the roof of the obturator canal. Fractures here are common in falls in older adults.","f":[1319,1,1322,1,1324,4,1400,1,1402,3,1696,18,1716,2,1758,13,1857,1,1859,24,1911,1,2219,16,2263,7,2273,1,2275,1,2325,1,2327,3,2333,21,2355,4,2365,2,2608,9,2619,1,2661,9,2704,10,2732,1,3063,8,3076,1,3434,1],"p":[[5.5,81.0,12.0]]},{"id":"infr","n":"Inferior pubic ramus","t":"Ramus","w":"Inferior pubic ramus, running down and back from the pubic body.","x":"Joins the ischial ramus. The two inferior rami together form the pubic arch (wider in females).","f":[340,1,398,2,402,1,404,1,408,9,418,5,659,4,664,2,669,2,672,1,700,1,720,3,887,2,890,1,899,2,956,16,974,5,981,2,985,5,992,13,1020,22,1054,2,1203,1,1208,2,1211,7,1219,1,1221,1,1278,7,1316,1],"p":[[3.2,77.8,11.0]]},{"id":"pecten","n":"Pecten pubis (pectineal line)","t":"Line","w":"Sharp ridge along the top of the superior pubic ramus (pectineal line).","x":"Origin of pectineus; continues as part of the pelvic brim (linea terminalis) and anchors the pectineal ligament.","f":[2216,1,2228,1,2255,1,2257,1,2259,5,2318,1,2323,2,2326,12,2345,2,2608,1,2611,1,2661,5,2667,3,2704,6,3063,8],"p":[[5.0,82.0,12.5]]},{"id":"iphe","n":"Iliopubic eminence","t":"Eminence","w":"Junction of the ilium and pubis on the anterior border.","x":"Iliopsoas passes in a groove just in front of it. Marks the site where the two bones fuse.","f":[2350,1,2357,4,2384,4,2712,1,2732,7,2740,1,2743,1,2745,1,2750,1,3065,1,3069,2,3076,8,3085,4,3110,1,3433,4,3439,3,3482,11,3504,1,3921,1,3958,1],"p":[[5.461,82.465,12.573]]},{"id":"isr","n":"Ischial ramus","t":"Ramus","w":"Flat bar running forward from the tuberosity.","x":"Joins the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus, the lower border of the obturator foramen and the side of the pubic arch. Attaches adductor magnus, obturator externus and perineal muscles.","f":[25,2,51,45,217,14,232,2,235,1,274,46,332,8,341,3,349,34,417,1,423,6,509,1,530,17,548,1,615,13,663,1,666,3,671,1,673,6,770,1,798,5,804,6,812,3,886,1,889,1,891,8,901,27,972,2,979,2,983,2,990,2],"p":[[4.0,77.4,9.0]]},{"id":"isb","n":"Body of ischium","t":"Body","w":"Thick part behind and below the acetabulum.","x":"Forms the posterior two-fifths of the acetabulum and continues into the ischial spine and tuberosity.","f":[1122,1,1125,3,1138,2,1442,2,1447,1,1449,2,1454,1,1473,13,1490,1,1492,5,1501,4,1512,5,1566,1,1570,1,1580,1,1912,70,1988,1,2012,1,2388,65,2456,11,2817,55,2874,3,2879,2,2885,1,2888,2,2892,2,2895,6,3134,85,3220,1,3223,1,3227,1,3532,124,4014,36,4051,2,4055,2,4375,3,4387,2],"p":[[5.5,80.3,6.3]]},{"id":"aur","n":"Auricular surface","t":"Surface","w":"Ear-shaped articular surface on the posteromedial ilium.","x":"Articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint, a synovial plane joint that is partly fibrous and heavily reinforced. It transfers weight from the vertebral column to the lower limbs.","f":[5422,35,5459,3,5463,1,5468,6,5475,2,5479,11,5492,5,5500,1,5514,1,5516,3,5521,6,5549,5,5566,19,5587,2,5591,1,5611,1,5614,18,5642,1,5645,2,5737,25,5763,15,5788,9,5804,5,5812,8,5828,24,5856,23,6019,43,6063,1,6065,5,6073,5,6085,2,6092,49,6146,5,6158,11,6173,13,6188,33,6222,1,6394,1,6422,28,6451,5,6458,2,6473,70,6544,26,6573,20,6594,12,6611,1,6774,1,6778,1,6812,1,6819,15,6838,30,6870,6,6878,6,6885,14,6901,3,6905,1,7200,1,7219,3,7226,3,7234,2,7248,20,7274,12,7291,7,7299,7,7307,15,7325,1,7327,1,7513,1,7544,1,7546,1,7550,2,7555,6,7564,11,7578,14,7903,1,7905,2,7909,2,7912,1,7916,3,7921,19,7942,16,8267,2,8275,2,8280,3,8284,1,8295,7,8309,2],"p":[[5.27,89.332,5.669]]},{"id":"iltub","n":"Iliac tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Rough area above and behind the auricular surface.","x":"Attachment for the strong interosseous sacroiliac ligament.","f":[7070,23,7094,15,7124,1,7134,1,7137,12,7150,19,7199,1,7201,10,7222,4,7229,5,7417,2,7422,2,7427,1,7429,12,7452,19,7479,21,7514,18,7545,1,7547,3,7714,1,7717,1,7720,11,7784,17,7818,24,7848,18,7883,19,7904,1,7907,2,7911,1,7913,3,8114,2,8135,8,8144,1,8165,31,8208,8,8243,15,8265,2,8269,6,8277,3,8283,1,8285,4,8302,3,8312,2,8464,1,8478,9,8508,8,8517,3,8528,14,8548,5,8555,2,8718,2],"p":[[4.667,91.968,3.598]]},{"id":"fossa","n":"Iliac fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Smooth concave inner surface of the iliac wing.","x":"Origin of iliacus. Forms the lateral wall of the false (greater) pelvis.","f":[5140,1,5142,1,5161,1,5205,2,5231,1,5234,1,5343,1,5348,5,5356,5,5373,2,5378,1,5381,1,5383,3,5390,1,5405,1,5671,1,5676,4,5682,3,5689,3,5695,2,5699,6,5706,3,5710,1,5712,4,5730,1,5888,1,5895,2,5900,1,5902,3,5908,3,5916,2,5921,3,5925,5,5932,10,5954,1,5964,1,5970,3,5990,2,6002,1,6006,1,6232,5,6240,5,6247,4,6253,3,6258,2,6261,1,6265,4,6270,11,6284,2,6287,2,6293,2,6298,4,6303,5,6313,3,6318,10,6615,1,6618,3,6624,3,6629,2,6653,3,6657,1,6662,2,6667,1,6673,2,6912,2,6917,1,6923,6,6931,7,6940,11,6956,1,6975,2,6986,3,7332,4,7338,2,7345,6,7353,4,7358,10,7369,3,7375,3,7380,2,7386,1,7395,2,7607,2,7612,13,7626,7,7635,7,7645,7,7660,2,7674,1,7973,2,7976,7,7985,1,7987,17,8005,8,8015,3,8324,2,8327,2,8331,1,8333,3,8337,4,8343,30,8375,1,8378,1,8573,11,8585,4,8592,4,8597,1,8787,2,8794,2,8798,1,8800,1,8807,1,8816,1,9021,3,9027,1],"p":[[2.5,91.0,10.5]]},{"id":"glut","n":"Gluteal surface of ilium","t":"Surface","w":"Outer surface of the iliac wing.","x":"Gluteus maximus arises behind the posterior gluteal line, gluteus medius between the posterior and anterior lines, and gluteus minimus between the anterior and inferior lines.","f":[5069,1,5113,1,5138,2,5158,2,5172,3,5182,4,5195,7,5210,3,5237,6,5244,5,5250,1,5252,3,5312,1,5320,7,5330,6,5337,6,5344,4,5353,3,5361,12,5391,3,5395,8,5412,1,5416,4,5421,1,5510,3,5542,7,5562,4,5610,1,5633,2,5636,4,5647,6,5658,8,5669,2,5672,4,5680,2,5685,4,5692,3,5697,2,5705,1,5716,1,5719,4,5724,3,5733,4,5780,2,5784,1,5786,2,5797,7,5809,3,5820,8,5852,4,5879,1,5884,2,5894,1,5897,3,5901,1,5905,3,5911,5,5918,3,5924,1,5930,2,5942,6,5955,2,5959,1,5961,3,5968,2,5973,6,5981,2,5985,1,5988,2,5992,4,6000,2,6003,3,6009,4,6015,4,6071,1,6090,2,6141,5,6151,7,6169,4,6186,2,6221,1,6225,5,6237,3,6245,2,6251,2,6256,2,6260,1,6262,3,6269,1,6281,3,6286,1,6330,4,6341,6,6350,13,6375,4,6380,1,6382,12,6463,10,6543,1,6570,3,6593,1,6606,5,6617,1,6621,3,6627,2,6631,22,6656,1,6691,5,6723,2,6728,2,6805,1,6811,1,6814,5,6834,4,6868,2,6876,2,6884,1,6899,2,6906,2,6918,5,6929,2,6938,2,6951,5,6957,18,6977,8,6989,2,7026,1,7029,1,7217,1,7236,12,7268,6,7286,5,7298,1,7306,1,7330,2,7343,2,7351,2,7357,1,7368,1,7372,3,7378,2,7382,4,7387,7,7402,1,7449,1,7471,3,7475,4,7500,13,7532,12,7552,3,7561,3,7575,3,7601,2,7610,2,7625,1,7633,2,7642,3,7652,8,7662,10,7678,16,7777,1,7801,13,7817,1,7842,6,7866,17,7902,1,7919,2,7940,2,7958,4,7964,2,7975,1,7983,2,7986,1,8004,1,8013,2,8018,54,8076,8,8085,5,8091,1,8093,7,8196,3,8201,1,8216,12,8229,1,8233,2,8241,2,8258,7,8289,6,8305,4,8314,2,8319,2,8329,2,8332,1,8336,1,8341,2,8373,2,8376,2,8379,12,8399,20,8443,1,8445,2,8454,1,8520,4,8542,3,8546,2,8553,2,8561,2,8568,5,8584,1,8589,3,8596,1,8600,6,8611,14,8647,1,8649,1,8761,2,8771,4,8780,2,8783,4,8789,5,8796,2,8799,1,8801,6,8808,8,8820,18,8842,1,8845,2,8860,2,8997,2,9024,3,9028,2,9032,2,9036,1,9043,1,9058,4,9079,4,9084,1,9091,1,9218,1],"p":[[12.0,89.0,8.0]]},{"id":"ilb","n":"Body of ilium","t":"Body","w":"Thick part of the ilium above the acetabulum.","x":"Forms the upper two-fifths of the acetabulum and transmits weight from the sacroiliac joint to the femur.","f":[3014,1,3016,2,3029,1,3033,4,3039,2,3248,1,3266,1,3347,2,3353,1,3356,1,3383,10,3400,3,3433,1,3435,8,3482,11,3504,1,3514,2,3517,4,3523,4,3528,1,3658,1,3660,1,3672,1,3713,4,3735,1,3834,1,3918,6,3933,16,3958,5,3965,1,3970,1,3979,2,3986,1,3993,1,3995,1,3998,6,4005,5,4013,1,4050,1,4053,2,4057,2,4061,4,4068,3,4113,2,4125,12,4180,2,4186,4,4193,9,4228,5,4251,9,4265,9,4277,1,4291,19,4311,2,4314,1,4316,7,4324,41,4366,9,4378,9,4389,1,4392,5,4398,3,4403,27,4439,10,4474,1,4479,1,4482,1,4484,2,4488,7,4496,10,4537,1,4540,2,4544,1,4546,1,4549,20,4587,1,4589,1,4593,33,4629,1,4632,1,4634,2,4641,3,4645,12,4659,33,4694,9,4704,3,4710,5,4718,30,4749,1,4751,389,5141,1,5143,18,5162,39,5202,3,5207,16,5224,5,5236,10,5248,1,5263,6,5270,1,5281,1,5286,2,5299,2,5302,1,5320,4,5334,3,5338,4],"p":[[8.0,84.5,9.0]]},{"id":"arc","n":"Arcuate line","t":"Line","w":"Ridge on the inner surface of the ilium.","x":"Part of the pelvic brim: separates the iliac fossa (false pelvis) above from the true pelvis below.","f":[3438,5,3918,4,3923,1,4133,1,4136,1,4200,2,4229,4,4448,1,4504,1,4897,1,4906,2,5119,5,5285,1,5314,6,5327,2,5613,1,5619,2,5624,1,5628,2,5631,1,5640,7,5653,2,5833,2,5838,1,5856,8],"p":[[5.482,85.253,10.352]]}],"ulna":[{"id":"olec","n":"Olecranon","t":"Process","w":"Proximal, posterior beak of the ulna: the point of the elbow.","x":"Fits the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension, locking the elbow. Triceps brachii inserts on its posterior surface. Olecranon bursitis and fractures occur after a fall on the elbow.","f":[1570,7,1796,2,1812,6,1824,166,2147,1,2156,25,2188,1,2190,24,2216,129,2483,1,2545,3,2550,1,2553,21,2582,1,2586,1,2590,213,2869,1,2871,2,2889,1,2958,3,2962,1,2965,1,2968,58,3027,268,3374,1,3521,4,3529,3,3534,1],"p":[[20.834,105.791,5.458]]},{"id":"troch","n":"Trochlear notch","t":"Notch","w":"C-shaped concavity between olecranon and coronoid process.","x":"Grips the trochlea of the humerus: this hinge is what restricts the elbow to flexion and extension.","f":[1861,2,1891,1,1893,3,1945,1,2192,3,2198,2,2202,12,2216,8,2229,7,2275,1,2281,1,2283,5,2565,1,2569,2,2572,2,2592,35,2639,1,2661,19,2698,18,2738,1,2747,2,2756,1,2765,1,2971,1,2977,6,2986,2,2996,3,3018,1,3023,1,3032,12,3045,1,3047,1,3049,2,3052,1,3054,3,3058,4,3063,5,3069,1,3072,1,3074,4,3081,22,3113,9,3124,3,3129,1,3131,13,3156,1,3160,4,3169,3,3178,1,3183,1,3187,1,3203,1,3213,7,3272,2],"p":[[20.6,105.0,6.4]]},{"id":"coron","n":"Coronoid process","t":"Process","w":"Anterior projection below the trochlear notch.","x":"Fits the coronoid fossa in full flexion. Brachialis inserts just below it. A key stabiliser against posterior elbow dislocation.","f":[1693,2,1749,3,2069,3,2073,1,2075,3,2082,44,2133,15,2163,3,2169,6,2398,5,2405,5,2411,11,2424,1,2427,2,2430,3,2440,29,2477,40,2542,12,2556,8,2567,2,2571,1,2805,2,2808,34,2843,36,2883,1,2885,7,2899,1,2901,5,2908,63,2972,5,2988,3,2999,2,3004,3,3008,2,3012,1,3014,1,3295,143,3439,83,3523,5,3532,6],"p":[[21.079,104.347,7.725]]},{"id":"radnotch","n":"Radial notch","t":"Notch","w":"Small concave facet on the lateral side of the coronoid process.","x":"Articulates with the head of the radius (proximal radioulnar joint), which pivots in it during pronation and supination.","f":[1533,6,1545,8,1557,1,1655,2,1664,6,1674,22,1703,9,1713,3,1718,2,1721,32,1754,1,1756,2,1759,1,1762,2,1765,3,1770,1,1773,6,1780,2,1786,12,1800,3,1804,5,1810,2,1813,5,1832,4,2044,1,2046,1,2051,1,2062,1,2069,9,2082,44,2133,15,2156,25,2190,4,2195,12,2209,3,2213,1,2401,2,2441,7,2450,1,2452,1,2481,12,2494,4,2500,1,2502,9,2512,5,2542,8,2551,2,2556,3,2857,2,2908,3,2913,3,2919,1,2921,4,2926,1],"p":[[22.3,103.4,6.5]]},{"id":"utub","n":"Ulnar tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Roughened area below the coronoid process.","x":"Insertion of brachialis, the main flexor of the elbow.","f":[1460,5,1470,1,1472,7,1485,1,1497,4,1627,2,1631,3,1635,3,1641,5,1648,4,1653,6,1665,1,1669,1,1690,1,1692,1,1991,1,1993,1,1996,3,2001,2,2004,11,2017,3,2022,2,2025,17,2044,22,2069,2,2072,1,2074,3,2345,49,2396,1,2398,2,2403,3,2410,5,2417,1,2422,8,2432,1,2438,2,2803,2,2806,8,2815,1],"p":[[21.3,101.2,6.8]]},{"id":"supcr","n":"Supinator crest","t":"Crest","w":"Ridge below the radial notch.","x":"Origin of part of supinator, which turns the palm anteriorly.","f":[1235,1,1241,2,1254,3,1263,1,1265,1,1465,5,1471,1,1479,1,1486,16,1503,1,1518,11,1533,6,1545,2,1549,1,1552,1,1557,1,1653,3,1664,6,1675,1],"p":[[22.4,100.5,5.4]]},{"id":"ioborder","n":"Interosseous border","t":"Border","w":"Sharp lateral edge of the shaft, facing the radius.","x":"Attachment of the interosseous membrane, which transmits force from the radius to the ulna and binds the two bones.","f":[519,7,747,2,756,5,762,1,764,4,769,8,778,3,924,2,934,7,945,6,961,8,970,10,981,1,984,9,1003,5,1012,6,1022,10,1041,11,1053,9,1066,6,1074,1,1077,1,1088,6,1096,3,1101,12,1122,2,1126,7,1134,4,1143,9,1159,3,1168,13,1183,11,1197,1,1201,3,1348,1,1355,1,1359,1,1371,5,1395,6,1409,7,1421,9,1432,3],"p":[[22.7,93.0,8.0]]},{"id":"postborder","n":"Posterior border","t":"Border","w":"Subcutaneous posterior edge of the shaft.","x":"Palpable along the whole forearm. Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus and extensor carpi ulnaris attach via fascia.","f":[516,2,519,7,745,1,748,1,751,5,757,2,761,10,774,4,781,1,927,1,956,3,983,1,994,9,1009,3,1018,4,1032,9,1052,1,1057,1,1061,5,1072,16,1094,2,1099,2,1112,10,1124,2,1128,2,1132,2,1138,5,1152,7,1161,7,1181,2,1194,2,1206,4,1218,8,1227,6,1243,8,1257,6,1264,1,1266,8,1313,1,1325,1,1330,1,1337,1,1345,3,1352,1,1354,1,1366,1,1370,1,1408,1,1420,1,1436,3,1446,2,1480,5,1504,14,1529,1,1532,1,1539,3,1652,1,1659,3,1670,2],"p":[[22.2,93.0,7.0]]},{"id":"styloid","n":"Styloid process of ulna","t":"Process","w":"Small projection on the posteromedial side of the head.","x":"Attaches the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist and the articular disc. Fractured in distal radius (Colles') injuries.","f":[3,3,38,1,43,11,78,3,83,3,90,2,93,1,105,143,298,8,310,66,377,1,379,1,381,14,396,3,400,12,413,6,534,2,561,11,573,1,576,36,647,5,653,6,663,3,667,1,671,6,678,3,784,2,821,2,824,1,826,1,828,1],"p":[[23.619,81.526,10.908]]},{"id":"uhead","n":"Head of ulna","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end of the ulna.","x":"Articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius (distal radioulnar joint) and, via an articular disc, the carpus indirectly. Pronation is the radius rolling around this stable head.","f":[13,1,16,3,27,10,41,2,54,24,248,14,265,9,276,1,278,13,292,6,305,5,319,1,326,1,328,1,367,1,369,12,390,6,398,2,412,2,415,1,419,97,518,1,520,1,528,1,536,1,540,1,542,2,547,1,551,1,553,1,555,1,557,1,612,35,652,1,659,4,666,1,668,3,672,6,679,66,746,1,749,3,782,2,786,35,825,78,904,3,908,4,919,1],"p":[[23.6,83.3,11.0]]}],"radius":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of radius","t":"Head","w":"Disc-shaped proximal end of the radius.","x":"Pivots against the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna. In children, a sudden pull on the hand can sublux the head from the annular ligament (nursemaid's elbow).","f":[1673,4,1680,190,1966,2,1969,2,1974,1,1980,23,2004,159,2268,1,2272,4,2279,10,2290,2,2293,174,2583,131],"p":[[23.308,103.74,7.308]]},{"id":"fovea","n":"Fovea (articular surface for capitulum)","t":"Surface","w":"Shallow concave top of the head.","x":"Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Fall on the outstretched hand commonly fractures the radial head.","f":[1806,4,1814,1,1818,4,1823,12,1842,1,1847,1,1851,1,1853,2,1856,3,2015,1,2025,2,2031,1,2034,2,2042,2,2045,4,2053,21,2085,22,2113,1,2116,1,2120,2,2124,2,2130,6,2139,1,2141,4,2147,1,2149,1,2157,6,2341,1,2344,5,2354,3,2359,2,2364,8,2378,6,2387,16,2429,1,2431,11,2445,6,2452,15,2604,5,2611,3,2615,9,2628,8,2639,1,2641,6,2655,6,2662,5,2674,5,2680,1,2684,7,2695,1,2700,1,2703,11],"p":[[23.308,104.54,7.308]]},{"id":"artcirc","n":"Articular circumference","t":"Rim","w":"Smooth rim of the head.","x":"Rotates inside the annular ligament and the radial notch of the ulna during pronation and supination.","f":[1666,2,1669,1,1671,1,1673,4,1678,2,1682,1,1686,2,1689,2,1694,3,1699,1,1701,21,1725,3,1734,10,1746,14,1763,1,1765,2,1769,1,1772,4,1778,2,1781,6,1792,1,1796,3,1802,1,1804,2,1810,1,1812,2,1815,2,1835,7,1845,2,1850,1,1852,1,1860,8,1965,6,1972,1,1974,1,1977,1,1981,13,1995,14,2010,2,2016,3,2020,4,2027,1,2036,3,2044,1,2049,1,2076,9,2107,2,2110,2,2117,2,2126,2,2136,2,2140,1,2145,2,2150,1,2153,1,2250,1,2252,3,2268,21,2290,49,2342,2,2349,1,2372,1,2385,1,2403,10,2414,4,2420,1,2424,1,2426,1,2583,15,2648,1,2661,1,2667,2,2670,2,2691,1,2696,1],"p":[[23.308,103.34,7.308]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of radius","t":"Neck","w":"Constriction just below the head.","x":"Surrounded by the annular ligament; a common site of fracture in children.","f":[1649,2,1652,2,1655,18,1676,4,1702,1,1925,3,1939,1,1945,1,1952,15,1968,2,1971,9,2003,1,2221,9,2233,2,2236,1,2238,2,2244,1,2246,22,2269,3,2276,3,2289,2,2292,1,2294,1,2487,1,2495,2,2528,4,2536,12,2549,25,2575,8],"p":[[24.0,101.54,8.0]]},{"id":"rtub","n":"Radial tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Rough prominence on the medial side below the neck.","x":"Insertion of biceps brachii, which both flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm. The tendon is wrapped around the radius by pronation, so supination is its powerful second action.","f":[1625,2,1635,5,1643,2,1651,1,1653,2,1894,2,1897,12,1911,14,1928,11,1940,12,1957,1,2181,2,2185,1,2187,2,2195,10,2209,12,2230,4,2235,1,2237,1,2240,6,2469,1,2471,1,2476,1,2478,2,2497,1,2501,3,2513,4,2519,2,2526,2,2532,4,2548,1,2574,2],"p":[[23.5,99.54,8.0]]},{"id":"ioborder","n":"Interosseous border","t":"Border","w":"Sharp medial edge of the shaft, facing the ulna.","x":"Attachment of the interosseous membrane.","f":[580,1,584,2,601,1,861,3,871,9,881,2,887,7,897,4,910,23,939,3,947,1,969,1,1296,2,1301,1,1309,1,1312,7,1322,18,1350,20,1375,22,1399,4,1410,3,1428,1,1439,1,1450,2,1457,2,1465,3,1469,2,1472,2,1475,1,1482,15,1507,13,1523,15,1542,6,1554,4,1588,4,1599,6,1608,1],"p":[[24.0,93.0,8.5]]},{"id":"ptub","n":"Pronator tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Rough area on the lateral surface of the shaft.","x":"Insertion of pronator teres, which rotates the radius over the ulna into pronation.","f":[956,1,958,4,973,1,975,1,981,1,984,1,989,2,996,1,1000,2,1340,3,1345,1,1370,5,1397,2,1403,7,1413,10,1424,4,1433,1,1437,1,1447,1,1459,2,1477,1,1497,4,1503,3],"p":[[26.0,93.0,8.5]]},{"id":"styloid","n":"Styloid process of radius","t":"Process","w":"Pointed lateral projection of the distal end.","x":"Attaches brachioradialis and the radial collateral ligament. Palpable at the base of the thumb; lies about 1 cm distal to the ulnar styloid.","f":[0,1,22,1,47,2,50,2,131,2,137,1,237,92,332,5,339,8,348,3,352,1,354,2,376,13,391,5,460,2,463,3,467,1,610,88,700,1,702,1,705,3,709,4,715,2,723,15,772,1,1004,10,1027,6,1035,6,1042,5,1048,1,1058,3,1068,1],"p":[[27.949,82.116,11.299]]},{"id":"ulnarnotch","n":"Ulnar notch","t":"Notch","w":"Concave medial surface of the distal end.","x":"Receives the head of the ulna (distal radioulnar joint).","f":[423,1,427,1,430,4,436,8,445,15,476,1,479,2,482,10,494,36,539,7,549,5,563,2,571,1,749,1,751,1,759,13,790,13,815,12,836,5,842,1,855,3,860,1,1133,2,1140,2,1169,5,1177,7,1188,6,1197,14,1212,7,1242,5,1248,4,1254,1,1256,3,1261,1,1265,24,1291,1],"p":[[23.2,83.208,9.3]]},{"id":"dtub","n":"Dorsal tubercle (of Lister)","t":"Tubercle","w":"Dorsal tubercle (of Lister) on the back of the distal end.","x":"Acts as a pulley that redirects the tendon of extensor pollicis longus.","f":[233,1,235,1,555,1,557,6,566,2,569,2,573,3,578,2],"p":[[26.107,84.893,9.609]]},{"id":"scaphfac","n":"Scaphoid facet (carpal articular surface)","t":"Facet","w":"Lateral part of the distal articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the scaphoid. This is the load-bearing contact when you fall on the outstretched hand.","f":[0,26,39,2,50,1,55,4,61,3,73,8,84,2,87,2,97,3,101,2,110,4,115,3,119,1,121,2,128,1,237,1,239,8,249,28,281,4,311,48,365,1,371,1,610,3,622,14,640,2,646,1,672,3,682,1,684,2,691,1,696,12,709,9,720,1,1012,1,1014,1,1016,1],"p":[[27.391,81.608,11.117]]},{"id":"lunfac","n":"Lunate facet (carpal articular surface)","t":"Facet","w":"Medial part of the distal articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the lunate. The radiocarpal joint is a condyloid (ellipsoid) joint permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.","f":[26,13,41,6,143,5,153,1,162,5,168,13,182,3,192,1,194,1,359,6,366,5,372,4,396,37,434,7,443,4,449,3,457,3,708,1,718,2,721,2,738,24,764,3,769,1,1017,1,1019,8,1080,1,1099,8,1120,13,1135,3,1169,3,1174,7,1184,7,1194,5],"p":[[25.222,81.608,11.117]]}],"sphenoid bone":[{"id":"dorsum","n":"Dorsum sellae","t":"Plate","w":"Square bony plate forming the back wall of the sella turcica.","x":"Marks the boundary with the clivus. The posterior clinoid processes sit on its upper corners.","f":[5956,1,5960,1,5970,2,5977,1,5980,1,5995,2,5998,2,6005,2,6009,4,6057,4,6063,3,6067,3,6074,15,6427,1,6431,1,6434,4,6449,4,6454,17,6472,26,6996,19,7017,1,7020,1,7033,25,7492,7,7501,1,7508,1,7510,27,7891,1,7904,1,7909,1,7912,1,7914,2,7919,1,7922,3,7928,2,7931,1,7935,1,7945,3,7949,4,7954,3,7958,1,7961,8,7971,14,7986,1,7988,2,7991,2,8579,1],"p":[[-0.005,153.756,10.508]]},{"id":"pclin","n":"Posterior clinoid process","t":"Process","w":"Upper posterior corners of the dorsum sellae.","x":"Attach the tentorium cerebelli.","f":[5959,1,5961,1,5963,10,5974,1,5976,37,6068,21,6418,1,6427,12,6469,9,6479,19,7000,1,7005,1,7008,11,7020,1,7039,19,7487,1,7492,7,7500,2,7518,2,7521,16,7889,1,7891,15,7908,28,7947,1,7950,1,7954,1,7961,32,8579,1],"p":[[0.503,153.769,10.418],[-0.503,153.769,10.418]]},{"id":"hypo","n":"Sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa)","t":"Fossa","w":"Saddle-shaped depression: the sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa).","x":"Holds the pituitary gland. The sphenoidal sinus lies directly below it, which is why pituitary tumours can be removed through the nose (transsphenoidal surgery).","f":[5385,3,5415,2,5418,1,5473,1,5475,1,5477,1,5547,5,5553,1,5555,6,5871,4,5890,16,5915,19,5954,7,5962,1,5966,1,5970,1,5973,1,5975,1,5982,1,5985,1,5992,1,5994,1,6000,5,6007,3,6373,2,6377,3,6384,12,6406,14,6428,11,6491,1,6497,1,6953,1,6956,3,6960,5,6966,1,6968,14,6993,1,7008,13,7045,1,7047,1,7051,1,7448,5,7454,4,7459,3,7464,13,7484,4,7495,7,7525,2,7528,1,7530,3,7823,3,7836,7,7863,17,7888,1,7890,1,7896,1,7906,8,7916,3,7920,2,7927,1,7971,1,8396,1,8399,2,8421,7,8429,1,8457,3,8461,1,8463,1,8467,1,8522,3,8527,1],"p":[[-0.005,152.982,11.309]]},{"id":"tubs","n":"Tuberculum sellae","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small ridge forming the front edge of the sella turcica.","x":"Lies just behind the chiasmatic groove and optic chiasm.","f":[5846,1,5857,1,5859,2,5885,1,6353,2,6362,7,6370,3,6375,4,6380,1,6932,2,6937,10,6951,20,6973,1,7424,1,7431,13,7447,13,7462,2,7759,1,7785,22,7823,1,7826,1],"p":[[-0.005,153.51,11.909]]},{"id":"aclin","n":"Anterior clinoid process","t":"Process","w":"Posteromedial tips of the lesser wings.","x":"Attach the tentorium cerebelli and anchor the dura around the optic nerve. Lie beside the internal carotid artery.","f":[3130,1,3704,1,3772,11,3784,1,4610,16,4654,11,4684,24,5241,1,5284,46,5339,40,5386,16,5824,2,5841,20,5875,2,5878,2,5882,2,7763,1,7791,1,7798,17,8308,1,8310,13,8333,50,8397,1,8401,9,9176,8,9188,5,9196,1,9198,34,9241,5,9247,28,9286,26,9983,2,9987,1,9989,1,9991,2,10037,12,10104,8,10578,2,10626,5],"p":[[1.253,153.956,11.726],[-1.253,153.956,11.726]]},{"id":"chgr","n":"Chiasmatic groove","t":"Groove","w":"Shallow groove running between the two optic canals.","x":"Lies in front of the tuberculum sellae, beneath the optic chiasm.","f":[5305,3,5761,1,5768,1,5775,10,5820,11,5851,1,5856,1,5858,3,6312,2,6352,3,6363,1,6365,6,6886,1,6932,2,6940,7,7424,1,7432,12,7714,1,7742,1,7759,11,7785,2,7792,11,7804,1,7808,1,7811,3,8234,2,8244,1,8247,1,8249,1,8251,2,8307,4,8349,1],"p":[[-0.005,154.032,12.414]]},{"id":"jugum","n":"Jugum sphenoidale","t":"Surface","w":"Flat bar between the two lesser wings, in front of the groove.","x":"Roofs the sphenoidal sinus. The olfactory region of the frontal lobes rests above it.","f":[3957,1,4139,1,4373,1,4622,4,4994,2,4998,7,5006,1,5186,3,5243,2,5246,2,5249,3,5254,3,5261,1,5284,9,5294,17,5316,1,5319,2,5325,2,5328,1,5354,1,5360,2,5363,2,5367,1,5374,1,5377,2,5593,1,5652,3,5656,2,5659,3,5670,7,5736,2,5761,2,5768,1,5773,12,5820,11,5847,1,5849,1,5851,2,5854,1,5856,5,6117,1,6130,1,6132,1,6161,9,6171,3,6312,3,6352,3,6365,1,6367,4,6578,9,6886,1,6932,2,6943,4,7083,1,7125,2,7128,13,7238,2,7308,1,7424,1,7435,9,7573,1,7580,2,7592,2,7595,3,7612,1,7629,7,7655,3,7714,4,7742,1,7759,11,7785,1,7792,14,7807,8,8092,8,8196,1,8234,2,8242,1,8244,2,8247,7,8255,6,8263,1,8307,9,8317,1,8319,4,8333,2,8336,1,8349,2,8352,1,8355,2,8359,1,8364,4,8369,1,8372,2,8375,1,8377,2,8380,1,8639,2,8642,2,8646,1,8649,2,8652,1,9153,1,9198,7,9207,1,9211,3,9219,2,9223,7,9260,1,9264,2,9270,1,9522,1,9620,1,9755,1,9870,1],"p":[[-0.005,154.145,13.127]]},{"id":"lwing","n":"Lesser wing","t":"Wing","w":"Thin triangular plate extending laterally from the body.","x":"Forms the posterior roof of the orbit and the border between anterior and middle cranial fossae. The optic canal passes through its base.","f":[281,1,381,1,387,1,391,1,393,6,416,1,429,1,433,5,470,1,472,4,591,2,613,13,628,1,637,11,658,12,673,4,686,1,692,2,695,5,707,10,870,8,881,2,896,8,910,4,915,1,917,3,930,15,947,5,954,1,956,1,958,6,969,4,1153,1,1156,1,1183,11,1203,5,1219,3,1224,9,1236,2,1243,5,1250,1,1255,1,1452,1,1488,2,1492,10,1511,4,1525,11,1545,11,1559,7,1578,5,1584,2,1588,4,1594,2,1597,6,1613,1,1803,2,1806,1,1808,3,1839,2,1842,9,1854,5,1861,1,1864,6,1872,1,1875,3,1880,2,1900,15,1919,2,1944,7,1957,5,1968,2,1971,1,1996,4,2030,1,2095,4,2101,2,2332,2,2339,1,2341,1,2373,6,2381,1,2383,1,2388,3,2394,2,2397,2,2401,3,2431,14,2446,2,2450,1,2452,13,2469,4,2500,9,2545,5,2552,5,2582,3,2614,1,2827,1,2928,2,2931,3,2936,1,2938,5,2979,7,2987,2,2990,1,2993,1,2999,16,3016,2,3049,15,3067,1,3073,2,3112,10,3127,5,3158,2,3161,2,3385,2,3390,1,3455,3,3515,3,3527,1,3574,1,3579,2,3583,9,3593,1,3595,13,3616,1,3640,10,3651,2,3658,1,3667,2,3670,1,3672,2,3679,1,3681,3,3686,8,3695,3,3699,1,3705,2,3740,18,3759,2,3763,1,3769,1,3771,1,3775,1,3779,1,3782,3,3802,3,3954,4,4139,1,4307,1,4323,2,4328,1,4372,2,4471,3,4477,4,4484,1,4486,1,4494,1,4496,1,4498,1,4500,1,4502,4,4509,5,4523,1,4571,5,4580,1,4586,1,4588,1,4590,1,4593,8,4603,2,4619,7,4640,1,4646,3,4650,4,4660,5,4674,4,4679,1,4683,1,4691,1,4696,12,4995,1,5001,4,5006,1,5186,3,5241,1,5243,2,5246,2,5249,3,5254,3,5258,2,5261,1,5284,28,5315,2,5319,2,5324,3,5328,2,5338,3,5342,2,5349,1,5354,1,5357,2,5360,2,5363,1,5366,13,5386,2,5391,3,5399,3,5652,2,5657,1,5659,1,5661,1,5670,7,5736,2,5761,3,5768,1,5773,12,5820,11,5841,20,5875,6,5882,2,6130,1,6161,6,6168,2,6172,2,6312,3,6352,1,6354,1,6365,1,6367,1,6369,2,6580,1,6586,1,6886,1,7128,2,7132,1,7134,1,7136,5,7238,2,7424,1,7441,1,7592,2,7596,2,7629,3,7633,1,7655,3,7714,4,7742,1,7759,11,7785,1,7791,24,8092,2,8096,3,8196,1,8234,2,8242,4,8247,7,8255,6,8263,1,8307,16,8333,25,8359,3,8364,4,8369,1,8372,2,8375,1,8377,4,8397,2,8401,9,8643,1,8650,1,8652,1,9127,1,9137,1,9153,1,9174,2,9181,1,9187,1,9193,3,9198,7,9206,3,9211,1,9213,2,9219,2,9224,2,9227,5,9238,3,9243,4,9260,15,9285,1,9289,1,9295,3,9300,2,9303,9,9522,1,9524,2,9529,2,9620,1,9721,1,9738,3,9755,2,9794,1,9802,1,9806,1,9811,2,9815,1,9822,1,9824,4,9829,1,9831,1,9834,2,9838,2,9843,1,9846,5,9870,1,9891,1,9904,1,9909,1,9913,4,9920,2,9925,2,9928,3,9939,1,9942,3,9947,1,9952,1,9956,6,9963,1,9967,1,9969,1,9972,4,9977,5,9991,3,10010,5,10017,1,10019,1,10024,5,10031,2,10036,1,10046,3,10071,2,10076,1,10082,1,10084,3,10089,1,10109,3,10285,1,10288,2,10291,1,10375,9,10424,2,10433,1,10435,12,10451,7,10492,1,10500,12,10513,6,10520,1,10525,1,10545,3,10550,3,10555,4,10561,15,10579,7,10587,1,10615,11,10627,1,10630,2,10667,2,10856,3,10860,3,10864,5,10872,4,10878,3,10884,1,10947,9,10961,4,10966,4,10971,4,10978,1,10980,3,10987,6,11024,18,11044,1,11046,2,11050,1,11082,8,11091,4,11118,8,11130,1,11153,4,11354,1,11357,2,11361,3,11365,7,11396,1,11398,2,11402,1,11427,1,11430,2,11433,1,11440,23,11468,6,11476,5,11483,4,11488,3,11493,1,11516,13,11530,2,11533,1,11536,8,11559,2,11572,10,11586,3,11617,4,11625,1,11627,1,11647,2,11948,1,11975,1,11979,3,11983,7,12007,2,12016,3,12020,13,12034,6,12051,9,12068,4,12088,2,12094,1,12097,4,12106,4,12123,6,12178,4,12390,1,12410,15,12434,2,12437,4,12443,1,12457,9,12474,11,12497,2,12500,2,12504,2,12510,1,12838,2,12842,1,12853,10,12873,2,12876,6,12886,15,12902,1,12904,1,12907,7,12919,4,12924,2,12928,2,12937,2,13146,1,13149,1,13160,2,13163,3,13167,12,13187,23,13214,1,13220,1,13225,13,13241,5,13255,2,13258,3,13264,4,13269,3,13273,3,13494,2,13520,4,13529,6,13543,3,13556,1,13560,2,13564,1,13567,2,13573,1,13579,2,13582,5,13642,1,13691,1,13700,2,13741,2],"p":[[2.392,154.501,12.974],[-2.392,154.501,12.974]]},{"id":"gwc","n":"Greater wing (cerebral surface)","t":"Wing","w":"Cerebral surface of the greater wing.","x":"Floor of the middle cranial fossa that cradles the temporal lobe. Contains the foramina rotundum, ovale and spinosum.","f":[211,1,416,1,450,1,457,3,462,3,469,2,472,2,475,1,481,4,486,5,493,9,503,11,515,6,673,1,701,16,720,4,729,1,731,1,733,2,739,2,745,1,747,22,770,1,773,4,780,2,784,2,787,1,789,1,791,1,910,1,947,3,966,7,977,2,982,2,987,6,994,1,1003,2,1007,3,1012,4,1018,13,1035,2,1039,1,1042,1,1044,13,1060,4,1067,22,1090,9,1100,2,1103,2,1106,6,1113,1,1203,2,1206,2,1224,9,1242,6,1254,2,1258,9,1270,5,1276,1,1281,11,1293,14,1320,13,1334,3,1338,7,1349,6,1357,7,1385,1,1388,2,1391,2,1394,2,1397,1,1399,1,1401,19,1424,19,1511,4,1516,2,1545,11,1578,3,1588,4,1594,9,1610,4,1617,1,1621,6,1638,1,1716,15,1732,8,1754,3,1758,1,1760,38,1824,3,1900,18,1919,3,1925,2,1934,1,1957,5,1996,4,2030,1,2095,8,2155,8,2164,2,2168,1,2174,1,2176,1,2179,1,2227,1,2229,1,2239,27,2267,4,2287,2,2292,32,2431,20,2452,1,2454,3,2458,4,2463,2,2500,9,2545,5,2582,3,2614,2,2660,6,2686,9,2705,1,2707,1,2710,4,2747,3,2751,2,2755,1,2758,1,2760,1,2772,1,2780,4,2786,1,2788,12,2801,1,2803,1,2928,1,2979,10,2990,14,3005,10,3049,19,3112,10,3158,5,3236,3,3242,1,3244,12,3290,2,3294,1,3297,16,3334,5,3345,3,3350,6,3516,1,3574,1,3579,2,3582,10,3593,1,3595,11,3607,1,3640,10,3651,2,3657,2,3663,1,3667,2,3670,1,3672,3,3679,1,3681,3,3686,12,3699,1,3740,18,3759,2,3763,2,3766,1,3769,3,3802,15,3818,1,3821,4,3826,2,3838,9,3867,22,3909,1,3913,19,3933,7,4307,1,4323,7,4332,3,4358,2,4362,1,4471,3,4477,4,4484,1,4486,2,4489,1,4496,1,4498,1,4500,1,4502,4,4509,5,4523,1,4571,6,4580,2,4586,3,4590,1,4593,8,4603,3,4607,2,4610,2,4613,1,4640,1,4646,8,4674,10,4723,25,4800,30,4839,2,4845,1,4874,28,4904,3,4908,3,5338,6,5350,1,5366,1,5384,4,5414,5,5463,12,5491,2,5500,1,5508,2,5514,1,5524,1,5527,2,5530,8,5541,1,5566,2,5841,1,5850,1,5871,2,5875,4,5880,1,5890,4,5916,2,8338,1,8340,9,8397,4,8406,2,8409,1,8420,2,8427,3,8447,4,8454,3,8460,1,8465,1,8507,2,8510,3,8515,2,8971,3,8977,3,8983,1,9127,1,9137,1,9174,2,9178,2,9181,1,9184,2,9187,2,9193,3,9238,9,9281,5,9320,19,9391,26,9423,2,9430,2,9439,1,9446,1,9466,8,9475,2,9480,4,9486,17,9709,1,9721,1,9736,4,9794,1,9800,1,9802,1,9806,1,9811,2,9815,1,9822,1,9824,4,9829,1,9834,2,9838,2,9843,1,9846,5,9891,1,9896,2,9899,1,9904,1,9907,1,9909,1,9913,4,9920,2,9925,2,9928,3,9939,1,9942,3,9947,2,9952,1,9956,6,9963,1,9967,1,9969,1,9972,10,10010,5,10017,1,10019,1,10024,5,10031,3,10035,2,10071,3,10076,5,10082,8,10091,1,10095,1,10099,5,10133,9,10184,26,10230,31,10424,9,10436,11,10451,3,10492,1,10500,21,10545,4,10550,26,10615,11,10665,5,10710,1,10717,12,10754,7,10763,2,10769,11,10809,2,10812,16,10830,4,10835,2,10947,9,10963,2,10966,3,10973,2,11024,24,11082,7,11118,5,11153,4,11220,1,11230,1,11245,1,11249,1,11260,7,11282,2,11299,1,11334,5,11340,3,11344,3,11402,1,11430,1,11516,31,11553,1,11572,10,11617,4,11647,2,11688,1,11709,2,11737,5,11783,1,11793,2,11796,1,11798,12,11878,19,11903,9,11916,23,12007,6,12051,9,12063,1,12088,2,12106,4,12123,6,12178,6,12185,2,12191,3,12202,6,12269,1,12271,20,12301,2,12309,43,12354,5,12434,7,12474,3,12497,1,12504,3,12509,7,12517,2,12522,18,12541,2,12561,1,12564,1,12566,5,12573,3,12578,15,12649,24,12681,1,12685,51,12873,1,12876,2,12899,2,12902,1,12917,6,12936,11,12951,2,12954,2,12958,23,12984,12,13002,6,13009,20,13032,7,13040,2,13045,2,13050,2,13057,1,13059,3,13067,3,13071,1,13073,1,13075,7,13241,1,13245,1,13261,1,13263,13,13280,1,13282,4,13290,1,13292,1,13296,1,13298,1,13301,4,13307,1,13312,1,13315,11,13328,5,13334,5,13344,1,13347,1,13349,2,13353,4,13359,2,13362,2,13366,13,13380,2,13383,2,13387,3,13394,5,13403,9,13543,2,13578,9,13588,1,13591,1,13593,2,13596,3,13600,2,13604,17,13623,2,13626,3,13717,1,13719,7,13728,1,13736,1,13764,2,13768,14,13783,1],"p":[[2.955,152.27,11.851],[-2.955,152.27,11.851]]},{"id":"carot","n":"Carotid sulcus","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along each side of the body.","x":"Holds the internal carotid artery as it passes through the cavernous sinus.","f":[3160,1,3246,1,3249,7,3305,1,3307,1,3310,3,3745,2,3748,4,3756,1,3759,2,3765,2,3802,26,3838,9,3867,22,3918,2,3922,1,3924,8,4640,9,4651,1,4674,10,4723,25,4800,30,4868,1,4875,4,4880,14,4895,8,4904,1,4908,1,4910,1,5384,2,5414,5,5463,15,5527,1,5530,6,5537,2,5542,10,5555,3,5567,1,5577,1,5871,2,5890,11,5915,8,5924,2,6384,1,7841,2,7870,1,8399,2,8420,6,8427,3,8447,23,8508,4,8513,10,8526,1,8528,3,9281,5,9320,19,9391,26,9468,4,9482,3,9486,15,9502,1,10013,2,10018,2,10022,1,10026,1,10028,1,10071,8,10080,24,10133,9,10184,26,10230,8,10239,1,10241,11,10617,4,10665,5,10717,2,10720,9,10754,4,10771,9,10812,2,10815,2,10820,1,11262,1],"p":[[1.374,152.556,11.254],[-1.374,152.556,11.254]]},{"id":"rostrum","n":"Sphenoidal rostrum","t":"Crest","w":"Median ridge on the front of the body.","x":"Articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer, helping form the nasal septum.","f":[6135,1,6142,3,6205,1,6237,4,6242,5,6271,1,6274,2,6322,3,6519,1,6524,1,6526,2,6529,4,6540,9,6553,2,6592,1,6595,2,6599,1,6610,19,6641,3,6646,5,6653,4,6659,6,6666,6,6706,6,6714,9,6730,1,6732,1,6748,2,6781,1,6783,1,6785,2,6791,13,6813,5,6819,1,6823,5,6832,3,6843,1,7086,2,7090,1,7093,23,7153,2,7157,7,7180,4,7186,3,7192,18,7252,3,7259,1,7636,7,7658,8,7667,3,8145,1],"p":[[-0.005,152.66,13.413]]},{"id":"platL","n":"Lateral pterygoid plate","t":"Plate","w":"Broad lateral plate of the pterygoid process.","x":"Lateral pterygoid muscle arises from its outer surface and medial pterygoid from its inner surface; both help move the mandible.","f":[1603,6,1972,2,1975,11,1987,1,2005,3,2019,1,2021,3,2027,3,2031,2,2037,11,2049,2,2052,2,2055,1,2067,6,2075,2,2078,7,2087,2,2404,6,2411,1,2473,2,2478,1,2487,4,2492,4,2519,1,2528,1,2593,1,2595,1,2804,5,2833,9,2862,32,2898,3,2903,1,2907,3,2957,13,3026,15,3079,1,3082,3,3086,1,3366,2,3409,2,3416,6,3423,1,3431,7,3446,1,3636,2,3958,20,3980,3,4003,2,4006,4,4012,9,4140,18,4159,1,4161,1,4166,23,4195,4,4201,1,4374,2,4378,1,4385,3,4390,2,4393,2,4405,1,4407,9,4420,7,4548,1,4550,1,4552,2,4557,2,4561,1,5087,1,8656,1,8664,3,8668,2,8671,3,8675,13,8690,11,8715,1,8727,1,8826,2,8836,2,8840,3,8846,8,8855,5,8865,1,8867,2,9013,6,9020,3,9031,1,9039,3,9050,1,9054,5,9060,2,9067,1,9155,1,9159,4,9531,2,9538,2,9546,1,9570,1,9621,14,9638,1,9640,3,9658,2,9757,5,9766,7,9871,1,9876,1,9878,3,10270,7,10278,1,10305,5,10314,8,10323,2,10326,2,10330,3,10335,6,10343,3,10394,13,10467,11,10530,1,10896,1,10899,19,10920,1,10922,1,11009,3,11013,1,11097,3,11562,5,11593,2,11599,1,11601,3,11633,1,11636,1,11638,1,11657,1,11663,2,11666,2,11669,1,11672,5,11678,1,11684,1,12114,1,12116,4,12121,2,12136,5,12143,2,12150,1,12152,19,12174,1,12176,2],"p":[[2.151,149.787,13.299],[-2.151,149.787,13.299]]},{"id":"platM","n":"Medial pterygoid plate","t":"Plate","w":"Narrow medial plate of the pterygoid process.","x":"Forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Ends below in the pterygoid hamulus.","f":[2804,1,2809,5,2834,1,2836,1,2838,3,2842,5,2849,6,2856,6,2894,3,2899,3,2952,1,3356,18,3392,3,3396,2,3400,2,3403,5,3411,5,3419,1,3421,12,3434,1,3436,14,3482,2,3940,1,3978,4,3983,1,3985,1,3987,6,3996,5,4005,2,4008,1,4010,2,4016,1,4018,1,4020,47,4068,2,4073,11,4203,2,4207,5,4220,13,4238,4,4243,2,4389,1,4401,1,4416,2,4427,2,4569,1,5007,40,5086,1,5089,5,5095,1,5097,12,8101,15,8133,4,8653,3,8657,8,8666,2,8670,1,8674,1,8688,3,8693,1,8698,1,8701,51,8814,12,8835,1,8860,1,8862,2,8869,27,8898,1,8901,2,9042,2,9068,5,9503,15,9533,5,9539,6,9547,1,9550,6,9558,32,9593,7,9663,6,9674,1,9678,2,10261,10,10277,2,10293,13,10310,4,10315,3,10322,4,10328,2,10332,2,10892,1,10894,5,10901,1],"p":[[1.377,150.204,13.374],[-1.377,150.204,13.374]]},{"id":"hamulus","n":"Pterygoid hamulus","t":"Process","w":"Hook at the lower end of the medial pterygoid plate.","x":"Tensor veli palatini glides around it to tense the soft palate and open the auditory tube when you swallow.","f":[2952,1,2955,1,3394,10,3406,3,3459,2,3463,3,3467,6,3958,29,3991,7,3999,6,4007,3,4011,1,4013,2,4017,1,4019,2,4140,54,4195,3,4374,12,4387,3,5007,23,5033,1,5035,2,5038,2,5086,16,5103,1,5189,1,8101,15,8133,4,8653,40,8694,1,8696,2,8700,1,8814,57,8997,39,9037,3,9041,1,9531,5,9538,3,9543,8,9552,6,9560,2,9621,17,9640,13,9654,4,10292,2,10384,2,10387,2],"p":[[1.219,149.089,13.071],[-1.219,149.089,13.071]]},{"id":"gwo","n":"Greater wing (orbital surface)","t":"Wing","w":"Orbital surface of the greater wing.","x":"Forms the lateral wall of the orbit. Bounded above by the superior orbital fissure.","f":[348,1,352,2,357,1,521,1,524,8,535,1,584,1,587,6,598,1,615,4,621,5,801,1,803,12,860,25,896,1,898,3,930,1,934,1,943,2,961,1,963,1,1114,3,1132,27,1182,2,1186,3,1191,2,1219,3,1443,15,1471,1,1484,1,1486,9,1496,6,1525,11,1561,2,1565,1,1798,17,1818,6,1827,4,1843,1,1845,2,1848,6,1856,1,1858,6,1865,17,1884,1,1887,1,1890,1,1894,1,1896,4,1944,1,1947,3,2324,8,2333,12,2346,12,2365,1,2367,37,2412,3,2419,12,2451,1,2453,1,2457,1,2462,2,2469,3,2814,7,2823,2,2827,2,2895,1,2897,1,2901,2,2905,2,2908,1,2910,24,2937,2,2940,2,2971,8,2989,1,3004,1,3374,2,3377,1,3381,11,3447,1,3449,1,3455,3,3482,34,3517,1,3543,36,3580,2,3606,1,3660,2,3665,2,3671,1,3947,2,3950,8,4234,2,4237,1,4242,1,4247,31,4284,1,4286,1,4299,1,4304,1,4431,31,4463,3,4467,1,4469,2,4474,2,4492,3,4512,1,4911,2,4953,1,4955,1,4959,1,4962,1,4984,1,4986,10,4997,2,5005,2,5109,1,5192,1,5195,2,5206,1,5594,7,5602,13,5617,3,5623,2,5651,1,8012,3,8018,10,8029,9,8045,1,8073,3,8078,5,8095,1,8100,1,8638,13,8652,1,8896,1,8899,2,8904,3,8908,7,9078,4,9085,2,9088,13,9113,1,9116,2,9119,6,9518,1,9521,10,9620,1,9666,1,9676,20,9697,1,9699,4,9722,2,9725,11,9740,1,9779,15,9808,2,9813,9,9831,1,9837,1,9846,1,9933,5,9941,1,10282,2,10285,7,10328,2,10334,1,10341,2,10344,26,10375,1,10378,3,10407,17,10433,3,10451,1,10454,2,10483,9,10493,7,10837,7,10845,5,10853,1,10855,18,10874,11,10918,2,10921,1,10924,5,10933,14,10956,8,10965,2,10968,5,10978,4,10983,5,10990,1,10992,1,11020,4,11347,2,11351,22,11374,8,11383,15,11399,3,11403,6,11411,8,11420,1,11422,3,11440,21,11462,6,11471,2,11474,2,11479,19,11503,3,11509,6,11559,1,11939,10,11951,2,11960,4,11972,8,11981,3,11986,7,11995,1,12005,2,12017,4,12023,17,12042,1,12068,1,12359,3,12363,1,12365,1,12372,19,12409,2,12413,1,12416,2,12419,4,12457,2,12460,1,12462,1,12464,2,12477,2,12480,2,12736,1,12739,1,12745,11,12757,5,12763,3,12768,1,12770,1,12777,17,12799,19,12826,17,12853,2,12857,4,12887,1,12889,1,12891,3,12896,2,12904,1,12907,1,13082,2,13085,10,13102,4,13107,4,13116,2,13122,1,13124,1,13127,1,13133,3,13137,13,13157,21,13187,3,13193,1,13197,1,13225,1,13412,5,13419,1,13423,2,13426,5,13437,2,13445,2,13449,5,13460,4,13465,1,13495,1],"p":[[2.884,152.849,13.993],[-2.884,152.849,13.993]]},{"id":"fo","n":"Foramen ovale","t":"Foramen","w":"Large oval foramen in the greater wing.","x":"Mandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery and the lesser petrosal nerve pass through it.","f":[1624,1,1626,1,2105,1,2107,4,2117,1,2119,2,2123,1,2125,2,2156,7,2164,2,2168,1,2173,2,2176,4,2229,1,2241,2,2244,21,2266,5,2314,1,2636,12,2649,1,2652,1,2656,1,2658,4,2666,20,2687,6,2694,1,2705,1,2707,3,2711,3,2746,18,2789,1,2791,1,2794,1,2798,1,3180,3,3184,1,3186,1,3197,15,3213,23,3239,3,3243,1,3245,2,3251,5,3259,1,3267,1,3272,1,3275,4,3283,7,3292,2,3303,1,3305,3,3333,6,3346,1,3350,1,3354,2,3829,1,3831,3,3838,2,3841,1,3867,9,3878,5,3914,5,10184,4,10208,2,10247,1,10664,1,10673,2,10676,34,10711,8,10725,2,10728,1,10735,10,10751,1,10754,4,10760,2,10764,1,10767,2,10771,6,10778,1,10809,5,10815,1,10819,9,10833,1,10835,2,11191,1,11202,2,11206,11,11218,2,11221,9,11231,14,11246,3,11250,10,11261,2,11265,1,11280,2,11298,13,11334,1,11337,2,11341,1,11344,3,11703,3,11707,1,11710,13,11725,2,11729,1,11731,11,11767,1,11769,2,11782,1,11791,4,11796,1,11798,12,11863,1,11872,3,11876,21,11922,1,11930,1,12191,1,12193,1,12202,4,12207,1,12277,4],"p":[[2.26,151.84,11.07],[-2.26,151.84,11.07]],"h":1},{"id":"fr","n":"Foramen rotundum","t":"Foramen","w":"Round foramen in the base of the greater wing.","x":"Carries the maxillary nerve (V2) from the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.","f":[2997,1,3059,8,3119,1,3121,1,3492,2,3498,1,3505,10,3543,16,3560,8,3570,2,3576,3,3581,1,3583,7,3595,1,3601,1,3603,3,3607,1,3640,20,3662,3,3667,4,3672,6,3679,1,3681,3,3686,12,3752,1,3754,2,3758,1,3767,3,3771,1,4274,15,4291,3,4295,3,4299,1,4302,6,4323,1,4447,4,4452,1,4454,12,4474,4,4483,1,4492,3,4498,1,4500,1,4502,1,4512,1,4571,1,4573,2,4590,1,5206,1,8925,1,8939,6,8947,9,9113,1,9115,7,9123,2,9686,3,9690,1,9692,1,9694,6,9716,13,9730,2,9733,3,9782,12,9808,4,9813,2,9818,1,9821,1,9825,3,9829,1,9831,1,9834,1,9846,5,9891,1,9914,2,9921,1,9926,1,9928,4,9939,2,9942,14,9972,10,10023,1,10029,4,10034,3,10410,2,10413,1,10420,1,10424,1,10427,2,10431,1,10483,9,10495,1,10497,6,10504,9,10514,1,10548,22,10571,5],"p":[[1.59,152.83,12.61],[-1.59,152.83,12.61]],"h":1},{"id":"sof","n":"Superior orbital fissure","t":"Fissure","w":"Gap between the lesser and greater wings.","x":"Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic (V1) and abducens (VI) nerves and the superior ophthalmic vein enter the orbit here.","f":[1821,7,1831,11,1909,1,1912,1,1914,10,1925,3,1930,3,1934,3,1940,1,1942,2,1963,4,2000,3,2331,2,2334,5,2343,6,2358,4,2368,5,2391,2,2395,8,2433,1,2435,18,2454,3,2458,5,2466,1,2506,4,2511,1,2514,1,2550,2,2553,4,2585,1,2819,10,2921,7,2929,2,2933,3,2937,2,2940,3,2979,10,2990,28,3058,11,3073,2,3122,1,3124,8,3374,18,3450,8,3498,1,3502,15,3518,10,3582,8,3595,11,3607,3,3612,4,3640,1,3645,1,3658,1,3686,8,3696,2,3705,2,3774,2,3782,3,3941,9,3953,4,4087,5,4094,10,4105,7,4113,3,4117,6,4125,1,4137,1,4299,1,4302,6,4321,1,4323,1,4334,13,4348,5,4362,4,4368,1,4370,1,4494,1,4498,1,4500,1,4502,1,4512,1,4514,1,4517,2,4525,3,4532,5,4538,10,4590,1,4619,1,4660,1,4913,5,4919,1,4921,1,4927,6,4935,3,4941,2,4969,5,5005,1,5047,1,5050,1,5059,5,5065,1,5074,4,5079,4,5137,1,8063,2,8067,2,8089,3,8613,1,8619,2,8622,14,8647,5,8760,4,8765,24,8796,7,8804,6,8972,5,8979,1,8986,1,8989,1,8992,4,9125,1,9130,2,9133,2,9139,14,9518,4,9523,8,9600,6,9608,3,9613,1,9616,4,9716,16,9733,3,9741,2,9744,9,9754,1,9825,3,9829,1,9831,1,9834,1,9840,1,9844,1,9846,17,9864,1,9866,1,9869,1,9972,4,9978,4,9992,2,10048,1,10279,13,10356,1,10358,1,10360,1,10364,3,10368,8,10379,2,10383,1,10420,1,10424,27,10453,2,10457,1,10500,3,10504,17,10525,1,10555,1,10561,1,10572,4,10578,10,10626,3,10630,3,10841,13,10855,9,10865,6,10875,2,10879,2,10946,16,10965,1,10969,2,10973,4,10978,9,11029,9,11041,8,11050,1,11088,7,11123,8,11383,1,11386,4,11391,1,11393,2,11397,2,11400,1,11402,1,11406,1,11408,1,11411,1,11416,1,11420,1,11422,18,11516,2,11524,9,11534,13,11549,2,11552,4,11582,1,11584,2,11588,1,11621,7,12009,2,12012,1,12060,6,12090,3,12095,2],"p":[[1.91,153.67,13.02],[-1.91,153.67,13.02]],"h":1}],"ethmoid":[{"id":"cg","n":"Crista galli","t":"Crest","w":"Triangular midline crest rising above the cribriform plate.","x":"Attachment of the falx cerebri, the dural fold that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.","f":[3396,4,3402,10,3448,1,3450,2,3454,15,3516,26,3589,12,3637,3,4057,6,4064,5,4071,4,4128,24,4184,18,4239,1,4241,1,4243,9,4311,1,4314,1],"p":[[-0.118,154.136,15.713]]},{"id":"cribL","n":"Cribriform plate","t":"Plate","w":"Sieve-like roof of the nasal cavity, one on each side of the crista galli.","x":"Perforated by olfactory nerve (I) filaments. A blow to the head can fracture it and cause cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and loss of smell (anosmia).","f":[557,1,562,1,595,1,598,2,634,1,688,2,714,4,728,2,756,3,760,2,775,1,778,13,840,2,843,1,1074,1,1083,7,1092,1,1094,1,1097,3,1103,1,1117,4,1123,3,1127,1,1158,1,1160,1,1199,10,1214,3,1220,1,1223,1,1225,2,1229,1,1231,2,1240,20,1303,1,1309,37,1411,11,1805,1,1807,1,1810,2,1824,1,1826,1,1891,1,1897,1,1899,4,1904,1,1909,1,1919,20,1964,1,1966,1,1968,9,1993,1,1996,1,1998,16,2030,5,2061,20,2118,7,2163,1,2165,2,2187,1,2189,1,2195,8,2677,1,2682,1,2684,5,2700,11,2718,4,2734,2,2737,1,2758,2,2787,8,2796,4,2818,14,2843,4,2887,1,3014,1,3439,3,3443,3,3504,12,3574,15,3616,1,3618,1,3623,1,3625,1,3651,1,3658,1,3668,12,3681,1,3690,10,3715,19,3735,3,3740,1,3797,4,3802,1,4987,1,5062,13,5084,1,5087,1,5090,7,5122,17,5148,6,5178,1,5182,18,5248,2,5261,10,5297,1,5301,1,5334,1,5336,4,5366,7,5421,6,5551,2,5554,3,5846,3,5850,1,5952,10,5963,3,5969,2,5975,2,5981,1,5983,2,5989,1,5992,2,5996,1,6001,2,6031,9,6054,15,6075,13,6092,26,6123,17,6149,13,6189,8,6263,1,6278,3,6439,1,6443,7,6451,3,6455,2,6464,1,6551,1,6553,18,6573,4,6581,1,6583,3,6587,4,6594,6,6665,28,6710,17,6738,31,6772,12,6795,13,6815,14,6850,10,6894,3,6898,3,6974,1,6976,2,6981,1,6985,2,7020,1,7028,1,7031,5,7068,8,7114,2,7170,2,7173,2,7184,6,7200,7,7214,3,7285,1,7287,1],"p":[[0.7,153.436,15.0],[-0.7,153.436,15.0]]},{"id":"perp","n":"Perpendicular plate","t":"Plate","w":"Thin midline plate descending from the cribriform plate.","x":"Forms the upper part of the bony nasal septum with the vomer.","f":[2392,1,2394,1,2397,1,2400,2,2405,1,2414,10,2443,1,2445,2,2449,15,2470,1,2472,1,2491,1,2504,3,2596,3,2665,1,2669,4,2697,1,2713,2,2723,3,2768,4,2775,3,2803,2,2806,2,2812,6,2834,9,2848,9,2858,12,2890,3,2896,1,2900,1,2903,3,2908,1,2910,2,3091,6,3104,2,3107,8,3117,4,3127,18,3146,1,3150,6,3157,7,3165,3,3169,1,3171,5,3177,1,3179,2,3186,1,3188,6,3195,7,3203,1,3205,4,3210,30,3243,1,3246,10,3257,8,3267,12,3285,16,3302,1,3305,8,3316,8,3328,3,3333,1,3336,1,3339,2,3342,1,3370,3,3381,1,3387,1,3412,6,3425,2,3433,6,3469,1,3471,4,3485,19,3542,4,3548,2,3551,3,3555,3,3559,9,3569,5,3601,3,3605,1,3608,4,3640,5,3687,3,3705,10,3742,8,3755,1,3863,47,3912,5,3921,7,3938,3,3996,15,4012,5,4018,2,4021,1,4023,5,4029,20,4078,13,4092,14,4107,3,4114,13,4152,17,4170,1,4172,10,4202,2,4205,3,4210,1,4214,5,4252,1,4254,7,4266,2,4269,6,4315,2,4319,3,4325,9,4353,10,4364,2,4367,5,4387,2,4393,16,4421,6,4428,13,4443,1,4449,1,4454,7,4470,9,4481,3,4485,3,4498,15,4518,3,4522,1,4529,4,4538,3,4543,2,4555,1,4559,2,4566,1,4568,11,4597,2,4602,9,4612,2,4640,3,4644,6,4651,1,4655,9,4667,10,4679,2,4684,1,4690,1,4692,6,4699,2,4702,7,4712,17,4747,16,4764,11,4779,4,4786,1,4790,2,4796,1,4798,14,4823,1,4825,15,4912,1,4915,1,4917,2,4928,14,4943,2,4950,1,4952,15,4968,16,5014,24,5041,8,5051,1,5053,1,5055,4,5060,2,5097,1,5102,14,5157,3,5161,11,5202,28,5271,15,5304,25,5342,15,5358,2,5378,14,5393,12,5407,2,5410,1,5416,1,5428,1,5432,1,5437,6,5444,1,5447,1,5450,12,5469,2,5473,1,5476,2,5485,2,5503,1,5509,2,5515,10,5526,3,5532,1,5542,1,5558,5,5576,3,5580,9,5596,6,5610,1,5612,1,5616,2,5620,17,5651,2,5655,4,5661,34,5698,2,5706,23,5730,2,5805,34,5897,11,5909,15,5927,1,5933,11,5946,1,6003,8,6026,1,6040,7,6203,1,6209,1,6211,1,6213,2,6249,5,6261,2,6264,4,6270,2,6291,1,6293,3,6354,1],"p":[[0.0,151.8,15.0]]},{"id":"orbital","n":"Orbital plate (lamina papyracea)","t":"Plate","w":"Thin lateral plate of the labyrinth (lamina papyracea).","x":"Forms most of the medial wall of the orbit and separates it from the ethmoid air cells; infection can spread into the orbit through it.","f":[27,2,41,1,47,2,53,17,71,1,73,10,88,1,91,1,94,3,98,7,106,1,113,2,116,18,148,1,157,2,165,3,169,6,176,2,181,12,203,1,230,1,232,3,241,1,255,4,262,2,274,1,276,1,281,2,291,2,294,2,299,1,305,2,309,1,321,1,327,4,332,2,335,2,338,1,340,3,348,2,352,20,374,25,405,6,412,2,415,2,422,2,426,1,429,1,444,6,457,4,462,4,470,1,473,1,483,2,527,5,582,7,681,1,718,4,723,1,725,3,730,1,734,1,737,14,755,1,759,1,764,1,766,1,768,2,774,4,780,1,794,4,803,3,807,1,809,18,835,5,842,1,844,9,900,1,902,7,911,7,928,2,1025,1,1030,1,1219,10,1230,2,1282,4,1287,2,1294,15,1396,1,1402,1,1410,1,2163,1,2195,1,7005,1,7010,4,7060,1,7108,1,7129,1,7171,2,7199,1,7216,3,7277,3,7290,1,7292,1,7332,1,7335,2,7338,1,7363,1,7374,4,7382,2,7385,3,7416,3,7463,1,7484,1,7495,1,7499,2,7516,1,7518,10,7532,1,7542,4,7548,6,7559,2,7571,2,7576,1,7613,3,7617,1,7621,1,7625,1,7627,15,7646,1,7650,4,7656,1,7658,1,7664,1,7668,1,7671,4,7679,2,7682,11,7698,18,7723,1,7725,17,7743,1,7746,6,7753,14,7768,6],"p":[[1.5,152.3,15.0],[-1.5,152.3,15.0]]},{"id":"labyr","n":"Ethmoidal labyrinth (air cells)","t":"Labyrinth","w":"Mass of air cells on each side.","x":"The ethmoid sinuses drain into the nose. The superior and middle nasal conchae project from the medial surface, warming and humidifying inspired air.","f":[515,1,524,1,526,1,577,1,579,3,680,1,696,2,701,1,707,3,733,1,735,1,762,2,771,3,872,1,881,1,892,5,899,1,901,1,927,1,965,1,977,5,985,1,988,12,1002,8,1012,10,1023,2,1028,2,1033,1,1104,1,1108,6,1135,3,1166,1,1168,2,1175,4,1182,2,1185,2,1209,5,1217,2,1233,7,1260,4,1265,2,1268,7,1276,6,1353,1,1380,1,1382,2,1386,1,1389,7,1397,5,1403,3,1407,3,1424,1,1439,2,1442,18,1486,2,1503,2,1506,1,1508,1,1513,3,1517,12,1541,1,1543,1,1742,1,1853,2,1858,1,1862,6,1869,4,1874,4,1912,5,1945,12,1978,3,1982,1,1989,3,2021,9,2049,12,2091,1,2101,17,2128,6,2140,1,2142,3,2151,5,2158,1,2211,2,2214,1,2216,14,2231,1,2264,4,2270,15,2286,5,2292,1,2295,9,2305,2,2344,2,2347,1,2349,26,2376,9,2390,1,2673,4,2715,3,2726,1,2740,9,2772,4,2777,10,2805,13,2837,6,2850,2,2853,3,2857,4,2862,23,2890,5,2896,1,2900,1,2903,3,2908,1,2911,19,2931,56,2988,4,2995,3,3022,1,3027,30,3059,2,3062,9,3643,1,3705,3,3742,1,3745,1,3750,2,3753,1,3757,3,3768,1,3772,1,3804,5,3810,16,5116,1,5172,3,5233,1,5235,2,5287,2,5329,2,5357,9,5395,3,5414,2,5417,2,5486,1,5488,1,5491,1,5493,1,5496,1,5498,1,5500,3,5504,11,5525,1,5548,1,5550,1,5566,1,5569,7,5593,1,5595,1,5921,12,5944,2,5947,1,5950,2,6011,15,6027,4,6047,7,6069,6,6088,4,6118,5,6140,9,6162,27,6197,1,6199,10,6210,3,6215,22,6239,10,6254,1,6256,1,6260,1,6291,4,6296,15,6314,1,6321,1,6326,27,6495,3,6499,6,6506,17,6524,4,6529,3,6534,5,6600,26,6629,1,6632,2,6635,1,6641,1,6643,1,6645,20,6693,2,6696,8,6705,2,6727,6,6734,1,6736,1,6769,3,6784,11,6808,7,6829,4,6834,16,6860,9,6873,7,6882,3,6901,7,6909,1,6913,10,6925,1,6933,1,6935,37,6989,16,7008,2,7041,16,7059,1,7086,5,7092,4,7099,5,7106,1,7118,11,7131,2,7135,1,7138,13,7153,1,7155,1,7160,4,7165,5,7175,9,7190,1,7192,2,7195,4,7219,28,7293,5,7299,1,7301,1,7305,14,7323,1,7325,3,7331,1,7334,1,7337,1,7339,3,7343,1,7346,2,7378,2,7384,1,7424,1,7452,1,7455,1,7461,1,7465,3,7471,1,7479,1,7485,2,7488,1,7491,1,7501,12,7536,3,7546,1,7563,2,7579,1,7592,1,7616,1,7641,5,7647,1],"p":[[0.8,151.7,15.0],[-0.8,151.7,15.0]]}],"vomer":[{"id":"ala","n":"Ala of vomer","t":"Ala","w":"Wing-like upper posterior part.","x":"Articulates with the rostrum of the sphenoid.","f":[0,1,187,88,278,1,280,1,283,17,302,4,322,4,1234,2,1237,1,1284,11,1296,11,1319,30,1373,25,1429,24,1487,24,1531,17,1556,3,1562,4,1760,1,1763,3,1770,24,1795,44,1841,61,1920,6,1945,12,1982,1,1990,9,2030,1,2035,1,2050,51,2104,1,2107,28,2137,3,2141,6,2148,10,2162,2,2166,1,2174,1],"p":[[0.0,151.33,12.818]]},{"id":"postb","n":"Posterior border (free edge)","t":"Border","w":"Free posterior border.","x":"Separates the two posterior nasal apertures (choanae).","f":[275,7,298,25,325,26,1513,1,1518,1,1527,1,1548,1,1550,7,1558,4,1566,29,1957,37,1998,52,2103,1,2106,1,2132,2,2135,16,2152,1,2156,44],"p":[[0.0,150.4,12.118]]},{"id":"infb","n":"Inferior border (articulates with palate)","t":"Border","w":"Lower border.","x":"Articulates with the palatine processes of the maxillae and palatine bones.","f":[4,1,13,6,21,3,26,9,41,9,58,1,62,2,73,1,75,4,81,1,83,2,95,6,168,1,364,1,373,1,380,1,420,12,433,4,460,43,505,6,529,19,565,18,609,17,628,2,658,27,713,24,777,23,827,24,852,1,897,16,914,3,983,25,1041,30,1072,2,1124,26,1200,26,1262,19,1307,8,1349,1,1351,4,1356,4,1361,1,1363,2,1604,1,1608,1,1610,1,1613,1,1615,3,1627,4,1634,1],"p":[[0.0,149.795,15.0]]},{"id":"antb","n":"Anterosuperior border (septal cartilage groove)","t":"Border","w":"Anterosuperior border.","x":"Grooved to receive the septal cartilage and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.","f":[1,111,113,1,116,1,118,1,351,307,660,4,668,2,671,2,676,1,684,1,688,1,692,1,695,1,697,1,700,6,1595,42],"p":[[0.0,150.8,17.237]]},{"id":"vbody","n":"Body of vomer (nasal septum)","t":"Body","w":"Thin plate in the midline.","x":"Forms the posteroinferior part of the nasal septum. Deviation of the septum can obstruct breathing.","f":[112,1,114,2,117,1,123,1,125,16,142,1,150,4,155,7,166,2,169,18,686,2,711,1,738,2,762,2,765,3,770,1,772,1,800,5,812,2,851,1,853,7,861,1,864,4,913,1,917,23,941,3,952,2,955,1,1008,6,1071,1,1074,7,1082,7,1092,17,1110,6,1150,22,1177,2,1226,12,1240,2,1281,13,1295,1,1315,1,1317,2,1329,1,1368,1,1637,6,1644,2,1649,1,1653,3,1657,1,1659,1,1664,1,1671,2,1674,1,1676,4,1684,1,1686,1,1692,7,1706,1,1713,1,1716,1,1718,2,1722,3,1726,2,1737,1,1740,1,1744,1,1759,1,1761,1,1766,7,1791,3,1795,1,1797,3,1805,1,1807,5,1813,1],"p":[[0.0,150.7,14.8]]}],"humerus":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of humerus","t":"Head","w":"Smooth rounded proximal end, facing medially, superiorly and a little backward.","x":"Forms the ball of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint with the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. Covered with hyaline cartilage. The shallow socket gives huge mobility but makes the shoulder the most commonly dislocated large joint (usually anteroinferior).","f":[0,178,179,2,184,1,187,1,189,1,192,1,194,1,203,7,211,2,237,1,241,115,360,414,851,3,855,2,858,2,863,2,868,5,874,1,876,1,919,10,930,20,951,4,957,1,959,3,967,4,976,2,985,342,1419,2,1422,4,1429,2,1451,11,1471,1,1473,1,1484,325,1874,1,1877,3,1883,1,1885,1,1887,1,1889,1,1892,1,1894,2,1898,8,1942,12,1969,14,1984,1,1990,7,2000,3,2006,1,2008,2,2013,2,2018,1,2029,1,2043,44,2088,50,2139,8,2148,176,2395,3,2400,6,2409,5,2416,6,2435,15,2467,14,2499,21,2522,11,2534,1,2536,1,2538,10,2550,14,2565,191,2892,8,2901,7,2910,1,2912,2,2930,43,2979,7,2993,13,3008,7,3019,2,3022,4,3027,6,3042,5,3051,270,3732,7,3740,28,3771,3,3776,1,3783,24,3821,17,3839,2,3844,1,3848,1,3850,1,3852,1,3856,214,4547,8,4557,6,4567,53,4627,19,4648,207,5172,52,5233,427,6367,29,6397,9,6407,6,6418,2,6422,1,6424,3,6435,38,6478,49,6528,2,6531,159,7529,5,7538,6,7546,4,7569,2,7582,3,7602,42,7664,1,7667,44,7712,6,7720,42,7763,151,8706,5,8712,2,8715,3,8720,26,8750,4,8759,28,8789,4,8795,1,8799,1,8801,3,8813,1,8823,238],"p":[[15.8,133.0,7.2]]},{"id":"anat","n":"Anatomical neck","t":"Neck","w":"Shallow groove just below the head, where the articular surface ends.","x":"The glenohumeral joint capsule attaches here. Marks the old growth-plate (epiphyseal) line. Fractures here are rare compared with the surgical neck.","f":[178,1,181,3,185,2,188,1,190,2,193,1,195,8,210,1,213,24,238,3,356,4,774,77,854,1,857,1,860,3,865,3,873,1,875,1,877,42,929,1,950,1,955,2,958,1,962,5,971,5,978,7,1327,92,1421,1,1426,3,1431,20,1462,9,1472,1,1474,10,1815,20,1836,1,1838,1,1841,33,1875,2,1880,3,1884,1,1886,1,1888,1,1890,2,1893,1,1896,2,1906,36,1954,15,1983,1,1985,5,1997,3,2003,3,2007,1,2010,3,2015,3,2019,10,2030,13,2087,1,2138,1,2147,1,2351,8,2364,17,2382,1,2385,2,2388,2,2393,2,2398,2,2406,3,2414,2,2422,13,2450,17,2481,18,2520,2,2533,1,2535,1,2537,1,2548,2,2564,1,2836,9,2846,3,2876,4,2881,1,2900,1,2908,2,2911,1,2914,11,2926,4,2973,6,2986,7,3006,2,3015,4,3021,1,3026,1,3033,9,3047,4,3710,1,3712,2,3718,2,3722,10,3739,1,3768,3,3774,2,3777,6,3807,14,3838,1,3841,3,3845,3,3849,1,3851,1,3853,3,4529,1,4533,3,4540,4,4545,2,4555,2,4563,4,4620,7,4646,2,5151,2,5159,2,5163,9,5224,8,6324,1,6332,4,6344,20,6396,1,6406,1,6413,5,6420,2,6423,1,7476,1,7484,2,7495,26,7524,5,7534,4,7544,2,7550,19,7571,11,7586,4,8690,1],"p":[[16.5,130.5,7.2]]},{"id":"gt","n":"Greater tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Lateral bump below the head; the most lateral point of the shoulder bony contour.","x":"Three rotator cuff tendons insert on its facets from top to bottom: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor (SIT). Gives the shoulder its rounded profile under the deltoid. Its crest receives pectoralis major.","f":[6323,1,6331,1,6338,6,6364,3,6427,8,6475,3,7415,1,7422,2,7427,1,7429,7,7438,5,7451,3,7455,5,7463,1,7465,10,7478,6,7486,9,7521,3,7577,1,7585,2,7588,14,7644,20,7665,2,7711,1,7718,2,7762,1,8646,1,8651,1,8653,2,8660,46,8711,1,8714,1,8718,2,8746,4,8754,5,8787,2,8793,2,8796,3,8800,1,8804,9,8814,9],"p":[[19.4,130.0,6.2]]},{"id":"lt","n":"Lesser tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Smaller anterior bump below the head, medial to the intertubercular sulcus.","x":"Subscapularis, the fourth rotator cuff muscle, inserts here. The crest of the lesser tubercle (medial lip of the groove) receives teres major. Mnemonic: Lesser tubercle = Lone muscle, subscapularis; the other three (SIT) go on the greater tubercle.","f":[1472,1,1475,9,1870,3,1917,2,1920,22,1954,15,1983,1,1985,5,1997,3,2003,3,2007,1,2010,3,2015,3,2019,10,2030,13,2087,1,2138,1,2147,1,2340,1,2350,1,2359,5,2379,14,2427,8,2450,17,2481,18,2520,2,2533,1,2535,1,2537,1,2548,2,2564,1,2791,1,2806,4,2815,7,2827,9,2849,27,2880,12,2922,8,2973,6,2986,7,3006,2,3015,4,3021,1,3026,1,3033,9,3047,4,3687,1,3692,2,3707,3,3715,3,3808,3,3853,1,3855,1,4510,1,4518,1,4520,1,4522,1,4532,1],"p":[[16.9,129.8,9.0]]},{"id":"itg","n":"Intertubercular sulcus","t":"Groove","w":"Vertical groove on the anterior surface between the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital groove).","x":"Holds the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii in a synovial sheath, held in place by the transverse humeral ligament. Latissimus dorsi inserts on its floor, pectoralis major on its lateral lip, teres major on its medial lip (\"lady between two majors\"). Bicipital tendinitis causes shoulder pain.","f":[4523,3,4538,1,5121,1,5125,2,5129,2,5132,3,5138,8,5150,1,5154,5,6254,1,6262,1,6273,6,6281,1,6285,5,6293,11,6306,8,6317,6,6326,1,6329,2,7341,1,7358,1,7362,1,7366,6,7374,5,7382,12,7398,1,7401,13,7416,6,7424,2,7443,6,7450,1,8578,1,8580,1,8583,1,8587,3,8592,2,8597,8,8606,10,8618,1,8621,5,8630,3,8644,2,9618,1,9620,4,9628,1,9634,2,9641,4,9656,2,9660,1],"p":[[18.8,127.0,8.8]]},{"id":"surg","n":"Surgical neck","t":"Neck","w":"Narrowing below the tubercles where the head blends into the shaft.","x":"The most commonly fractured part of the proximal humerus, especially in older people after a fall. The axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery wind around it, so fractures here can damage them (deltoid weakness, loss of sensation over the regimental-badge area).","f":[3602,12,3615,4,3620,1,3623,5,3629,3,4386,74,4461,16,4478,3,5036,1,5043,2,5046,6,5053,49,5104,1,6225,1,6227,1,6232,18,6252,5,7317,63,7381,13,8581,35,8617,9,9624,61,9686,2,9690,1,10392,1,10394,1,10399,4,10404,2,10407,1,10409,1,10411,13],"p":[[18.9,125.0,7.0]]},{"id":"delt","n":"Deltoid tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Roughened V-shaped area on the lateral shaft, about halfway down.","x":"Insertion of the deltoid. Mnemonic: the tuberosity is named for its muscle.","f":[9583,1,10189,1,10194,2,10198,1,10205,1,10216,1,10222,2,10229,2,10233,2,10241,5,10256,1,10262,1,10264,2,10268,7,10279,19,10305,20,10333,7,10341,12,10359,4,10371,2,10876,2,10884,1,10887,1,10895,2,10900,1,10903,4,10908,1,10910,14,10935,6,10946,2,10951,7,10964,3,10972,6,10983,13,10999,5,11006,5,11012,3,11022,10,11033,11,11049,6,11063,6,11070,2,11412,6,11421,1,11425,2,11429,3,11437,2,11441,5,11447,3,11454,2,11460,2,11470,1,11757,2,11761,2,11765,4,11770,1,11781,2],"p":[[20.8,117.0,6.5]]},{"id":"radgr","n":"Radial groove (spiral groove)","t":"Groove","w":"Oblique spiral groove running across the posterior shaft from medial-upper to lateral-lower (spiral groove).","x":"The radial nerve and the deep brachial (profunda brachii) artery lie in it between the heads of triceps. A midshaft humeral fracture can injure the radial nerve and cause wrist drop.","f":[7322,1,8541,1,8546,1,8557,2,8581,1,8584,1,8590,1,9547,1,9552,1,9556,2,9561,3,9567,6,9576,7,9585,12,9600,5,9609,4,9625,1,10192,2,10197,1,10200,3,10210,2,10217,2,10224,3,10231,2,10235,5,10246,10,10257,4,10266,2,10275,3,10298,5,10325,1,10353,1,10898,2,10907,1,10924,7,10932,2,10941,2,10948,3,10958,4,10967,3,11424,1,11428,1,11434,3,11439,2,11446,1,11450,4,11457,3,11462,8,11471,8,11481,2,11763,2,11771,1,11774,7,11784,13,11798,4,12285,1,12289,1,12291,4,12302,5,12309,1,12311,1,12314,4,12320,4,12325,5,12331,8,12345,6,12353,6,12805,1,12813,2,12818,4,12828,4,12834,18,12853,27,12882,6,13336,3,13340,3,13358,1,13360,4,13369,7,13377,16,13396,1,13399,1,13401,3,13405,3,13409,1,13808,1],"p":[[19.2,116.5,5.0]]},{"id":"troch","n":"Trochlea","t":"Articular surface","w":"Spool-shaped medial part of the condyle at the elbow.","x":"Articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna in a hinge that allows flexion and extension only. Mnemonic: Trochlea = Tr for the Trochlear notch of the ulna; it is the spool the ulna hinges on.","f":[5660,67,5732,1,5737,11,5756,81,5847,1,5853,1,5855,49,5910,56,5970,1,5977,11,5993,23,6690,199,6890,57,6948,23,6978,5,6984,1,6986,2,6989,11,7004,3,7009,2,7012,15,7914,284,8199,15,8232,2,8235,4,8240,1,8242,1,9061,118,9180,9,9190,24,9232,3,9236,1,9239,1,9242,1,9245,1,9247,1,9692,144,9869,10,10424,47,10473,2,10484,17,10502,1,10506,3,10532,9,10542,2,10574,1,10585,2,11080,3,11086,1,11097,1,11157,11,11201,2,11204,2],"p":[[20.4,104.8,7.0]]},{"id":"capit","n":"Capitulum","t":"Articular surface","w":"Rounded lateral part of the condyle, on the front-lower end.","x":"Articulates with the head of the radius. Faces forward and down, so the radial head contacts it mainly as the elbow flexes. Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitulum affects young throwers and gymnasts.","f":[10471,2,10475,9,10501,1,10503,3,10509,23,10541,1,10544,28,10584,1,10587,31,10667,2,10672,3,10677,4,10684,3,11093,3,11099,4,11104,53,11168,33,11208,25,11246,23,11302,1,11307,2,11310,1,11313,1,11490,1,11493,4,11498,1,11502,1,11506,1,11509,18,11532,29,11567,29,11608,32,11668,1,11670,1,11672,2,11675,3,11679,3,11684,1,11847,1,11849,3,11854,1,11856,3,11863,3,11871,1,11897,16,11914,5,11920,10,11967,36,12047,25,12107,26,12162,1,12164,5,12171,2,12180,1,12182,1,12189,1,12382,6,12392,2,12406,1,12408,50,12500,34,12561,19,12591,23,12637,3,12651,4,12656,3,12660,4,12906,3,12912,1,12914,3,12920,5,12926,1,12930,3,12939,2,12951,17,12999,21,13021,6,13030,19,13060,38,13103,29,13153,3,13159,7,13169,4,13176,3,13181,3,13456,2,13461,4,13466,1,13550,2,13554,1,13559,1,13561,1,13565,1,13567,1,13569,15,13606,1,13611,1,13613,3,13617,12,13651,1,13656,3,13667,4,13672,1,13675,3],"p":[[22.8,105.2,8.5]]},{"id":"medep","n":"Medial epicondyle","t":"Epicondyle","w":"Prominent medial projection above the trochlea; the \"funny bone\" side.","x":"Common flexor origin: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris (golfer's elbow = medial epicondylitis). The ulnar collateral ligament attaches here. The ulnar nerve passes behind it.","f":[3321,281,4070,31,4110,4,4116,2,4119,1,4122,1,4127,259,4867,1,4875,1,4902,111,5014,11,5837,10,5848,5,5854,1,5904,6,5966,4,5971,6,6016,6,6034,7,6046,8,6056,2,6066,2,6087,1,6889,1,6971,2,7027,2,7086,1,7088,2],"p":[[18.1,105.9,7.0]]},{"id":"latep","n":"Lateral epicondyle","t":"Epicondyle","w":"Smaller lateral projection above the capitulum.","x":"Common extensor origin: extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris (tennis elbow = lateral epicondylitis), plus supinator and anconeus. The radial collateral ligament attaches here.","f":[12261,2,12266,2,12586,4,12624,3,12628,1,12630,2,12688,2,12762,2,12771,2,12774,1,12776,1,12784,7,12792,2,12796,2,13099,1,13101,2,13132,21,13156,3,13166,3,13173,3,13179,2,13184,7,13194,1,13196,6,13211,2,13214,12,13228,20,13256,11,13268,1,13270,3,13274,9,13286,1,13290,15,13306,1,13308,1,13311,1,13315,1,13318,1,13586,1,13616,1,13629,22,13652,4,13659,7,13673,2,13678,90,13770,4,13776,1,13799,1,13801,1,13864,2,13870,7,13887,1,13891,109],"p":[[23.7,106.7,7.0]]},{"id":"coronf","n":"Coronoid fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Small depression on the anterior surface above the trochlea.","x":"Receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is fully flexed. Mnemonic: Coronoid fossa in front for the Coronoid process.","f":[7082,1,8276,12,8292,2,8298,1,8301,6,8332,1,8334,1,8336,5,8342,32,8377,19,8400,2,9292,46,9342,4,9349,1,9351,1,9354,1,9360,2,9376,47,9426,13,9442,3,9892,21,9914,5,9920,2,9925,2,9934,1,9936,1,9939,1,9945,1,10000,13,10033,26,10092,15,10116,1,10118,1,10731,3,10740,3],"p":[[20.5,106.8,7.2]]},{"id":"radf","n":"Radial fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Small depression on the anterior surface above the capitulum, lateral to the coronoid fossa.","x":"Receives the rim of the radial head in full flexion.","f":[10052,2,10055,4,10105,2,10635,1,10637,1,10639,16,10656,8,10666,1,10670,1,10675,2,10731,57,10810,24,10844,2,11306,1,11344,13,11358,1,11360,1,11372,9,11389,1],"p":[[21.5,106.9,7.2]]},{"id":"olecf","n":"Olecranon fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Deep depression on the posterior surface above the trochlea.","x":"Receives the olecranon of the ulna in full extension, which stops the elbow from hyperextending. The thin bone between the olecranon and coronoid fossae can be perforated (supratrochlear foramen) in some people.","f":[8229,2,8245,30,8323,8,9220,1,9224,1,9226,5,9249,43,9364,12,9423,3,9439,3,9837,30,9879,13,9973,27,10013,20,10059,33,10107,9,10572,2,10575,6,10618,13,10691,40,10788,22,10834,8,11233,2,11236,2,11240,1,11242,2,11245,1,11269,32,11314,30,11361,11,11381,6,11391,1,11597,1,11599,2,11602,1,11640,18,11685,16,11713,8,11729,2,12133,5,12139,5,12145,3,12152,1,12190,1,12192,1,12194,5,12248,1],"p":[[20.8,107.0,5.6]]},{"id":"ulng","n":"Groove for ulnar nerve","t":"Groove","w":"Shallow groove on the back of the medial epicondyle (sulcus for the ulnar nerve).","x":"The ulnar nerve runs here, superficial and unprotected, which is why striking the \"funny bone\" gives a tingling shock down the little finger side. Chronic compression is cubital tunnel syndrome.","f":[3329,2,3332,3,3341,1,3343,3,3350,6,3388,5,3402,2,3408,1,3411,3,3415,22,3453,5,3483,1,3486,4,3492,4,3555,1,3558,3,3562,1,3568,1,4134,6,4147,4,4156,4,4164,7,4172,2,4224,29,4265,21,4325,22,4368,1,4372,1,4375,2,4902,1,4904,2,4907,6,4929,7,4964,2,4990,8,5009,4,5014,2,5018,1,5022,1,5837,5,5845,1,5848,2,5904,3,5966,2,6016,4,6034,5,6046,11,6059,3,6064,1,6071,1,6889,3,6903,2,6908,1,6945,2,6971,2,7027,2,7086,4],"p":[[18.6,106.4,5.4]]},{"id":"msr","n":"Medial supracondylar ridge","t":"Ridge","w":"Sharp ridge running from the medial epicondyle up the lower medial shaft (medial supracondylar ridge).","x":"Origin of the humeral head of pronator teres; the medial intermuscular septum attaches along it.","f":[6059,7,6072,15,6090,13,7097,3,7101,8,7111,20,7132,1,7134,106,7241,9,7252,1,7254,1,8403,3,8410,2,8413,1,8416,4,8422,10,8436,4,8443,9,8453,1,8456,3,8460,5,8466,11,8478,2,8481,1,8484,3,9464,1,9468,1,9476,3,9485,1,9491,1,9502,1],"p":[[18.8,111.0,6.0]]},{"id":"lsr","n":"Lateral supracondylar ridge","t":"Ridge","w":"Ridge running from the lateral epicondyle up the lower lateral shaft (lateral supracondylar ridge).","x":"Origin of brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus. The radial nerve pierces the lateral intermuscular septum in the lower arm. Supracondylar fractures are the typical elbow fracture of children.","f":[10189,1,10194,2,10896,1,10900,1,10903,19,10923,1,10928,2,10934,4,10940,1,11429,1,11437,1,11439,34,11474,9,11772,13,11786,16,12287,1,12290,14,12305,54,12807,1,12816,1,12819,3,12824,4,12829,23,12853,35,13325,4,13332,78,13752,1,13756,1,13759,1,13768,47],"p":[[22.2,112.0,6.0]]}],"femur":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of femur","t":"Head","w":"Smooth ball at the upper end, facing medially, up and forward.","x":"Fits deeply into the acetabulum of the hip bone, forming a stable ball-and-socket joint. About two-thirds of a sphere and covered with cartilage except at the fovea. Blood supply: the medial circumflex femoral artery through retinacular vessels, so a displaced femoral neck fracture risks avascular necrosis of the head.","f":[4532,102,5314,636,6824,456,7741,2,7744,2,7749,6,7756,3,7762,2,7766,5,7777,25,7803,1,7808,2,7815,31,7847,1,7854,219,8661,4,8666,5,8687,24,8721,28,8751,1,8754,2,8757,1,8766,37,8804,156,9388,3,9406,10,9417,6,9424,8,9434,3,9440,2,9445,11,9470,30,9515,22,9541,2,9544,4,9555,1,9569,23,9593,15,9609,1,9611,1,9613,68,9982,1,10015,5,10046,20,10068,1,10101,19,10129,4,10135,2,10146,1,10160,7,10168,5,10178,65,10952,2,10970,4,10976,1,10978,2,10982,1,10986,3],"p":[[6.924,81.998,9.309]]},{"id":"fovea","n":"Fovea capitis","t":"Pit","w":"Small pit just below the centre of the head (fovea capitis).","x":"Attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres), which carries a small artery to the head in children. No cartilage here.","f":[4532,1,4534,3,4540,1,4555,39,4602,28,4631,1,5439,2,5442,1,5473,4,5478,3,5484,2,5489,1,5491,3,5554,11,5681,3,5686,3,5690,1,5692,1,5694,1],"p":[[5.86,81.446,9.529]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of femur","t":"Neck","w":"Constricted segment between the head and the trochanters; angled about 125 degrees to the shaft.","x":"The commonest site of hip fracture in older people (osteoporosis). The neck angle (angle of inclination) is smaller in coxa vara and greater in coxa valga. Contains the retinacular vessels feeding the head.","f":[7725,16,7743,1,7746,3,7755,1,7759,3,7764,2,7771,6,7802,1,7804,4,7810,5,7846,1,7848,6,8601,4,8608,11,8621,1,8623,38,8665,1,8671,16,8711,10,8749,2,8752,2,8756,1,8758,8,8803,1,9352,36,9391,15,9416,1,9423,1,9432,2,9437,3,9442,3,9456,14,9500,15,9537,2,9548,1,9550,2,9564,1,9915,3,9920,1,9922,60,9983,32,10020,26,10066,2,10069,2,10097,1,10563,1,10566,306,10873,19,10896,1,10906,1,10935,1,10946,1,10955,2,11322,1,11324,1,11329,2,11334,3,11342,1,11347,4,11355,20,11384,159,11680,1,11730,1,11804,2,11939,3,11945,1,11957,3,11961,1],"p":[[9.5,79.2,9.0]]},{"id":"gt","n":"Greater trochanter","t":"Trochanter","w":"Large lateral projection above the shaft; palpable at the side of the hip.","x":"Gluteus medius and minimus insert on its lateral surface; piriformis and the obturator internus and gemelli insert on its upper/medial surface, and obturator externus in the trochanteric fossa. Trochanteric bursitis causes lateral hip pain.","f":[11166,1,11170,4,11190,1,11192,1,11195,5,11221,1,11223,2,11299,3,11351,1,11614,1,11616,1,11618,1,11624,8,11633,28,11664,4,11672,2,11675,4,11683,21,11707,1,11709,1,11711,18,11731,1,11733,71,11806,11,11818,1,11820,1,11823,1,11838,8,11847,1,11849,47,11901,1,11904,1,11908,3,11912,1,11914,25,11942,3,11947,1,11949,8,11962,2,11965,41,12028,1,12039,273,12328,1,12330,2,12341,300,12644,1,12646,1,12653,1,12656,546],"p":[[13.5,80.0,8.0]]},{"id":"lt","n":"Lesser trochanter","t":"Trochanter","w":"Smaller cone-shaped projection on the posteromedial side below the neck.","x":"Insertion of iliopsoas, the major hip flexor. Avulsion in adolescents occurs with forceful hip flexion. Mnemonic: Lesser trochanter = Lone iliopsoas.","f":[7661,25,7687,7,7697,2,7701,1,7704,21,8204,123,8328,2,8331,5,8338,1,8340,3,8344,3,8371,46,8442,72,8515,1,8517,2,8520,3,8524,1,8528,1,8532,1,8542,25,8570,2,8574,1,8583,1,9120,1,9132,5,9138,1,9141,20,9162,10,9183,13,9197,7,9209,14,9224,1,9226,1,9228,2,9247,12,9260,13,9293,18,9319,1,9321,1,9836,1,9838,1,9847,4],"p":[[8.8,75.3,7.8]]},{"id":"trf","n":"Trochanteric fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Deep pit on the medial side of the greater trochanter, behind the neck.","x":"Insertion of obturator externus.","f":[9884,2,9890,2,9896,10,9911,2,9915,6,9928,1,10379,18,10402,28,10431,6,10438,3,10442,43,10488,38,10529,31,10566,3,10573,1,11138,3,11147,25,11173,1,11178,18,11198,19,11219,13,11235,4,11241,5,11248,14,11263,2,11266,1,11271,3,11279,2,11283,7,11291,1,11294,2,11298,6,11305,1,11307,1,11309,1,11312,2,11315,1,11319,1,11322,27,11358,2,11361,1,11363,1,11365,2,11638,1,11661,1,11668,5,11674,1,11676,3,11687,1,11704,1,11729,3,11735,1,11737,1],"p":[[10.8,79.0,7.4]]},{"id":"itl","n":"Intertrochanteric line","t":"Line","w":"Ridge on the anterior surface running from the greater trochanter down to the lesser trochanter.","x":"Attachment of the iliofemoral ligament (the strongest hip ligament, Y ligament of Bigelow) and the upper fibres of vastus medialis. It marks where the anterior hip capsule attaches.","f":[9330,1,9346,2,9879,1,9892,3,9906,5,10485,1,10487,1,10526,1,10565,1,11350,1,11374,1,11679,5,11685,2,11802,1,11804,4],"p":[[10.4,78.3,10.3]]},{"id":"itc","n":"Intertrochanteric crest","t":"Crest","w":"Prominent ridge on the posterior surface joining the two trochanters.","x":"Quadratus femoris attaches to its quadrate tubercle. The capsule attaches to the posterior neck only about halfway along it, so the lateral part of the neck lies outside the capsule.","f":[8512,2,8545,3,8560,3,8564,1,8574,1,9262,10,9293,18,9319,1,9321,3,9847,9,9857,8,9866,13,9880,12,9896,1,9898,1,9901,3,10378,7,10386,3,10392,5,10402,83,10488,10,10501,3,10507,3,10513,4,10518,8,10555,2,11148,12,11161,3,11165,4,11178,18,11197,20,11219,13,11235,3,11242,2,11250,7,11263,3,11269,1,11299,2,11637,4,11653,4,11659,2,12063,2,12081,9,12091,1,12117,3,12121,5,12127,7,12135,3],"p":[[11.0,78.5,7.0]]},{"id":"linea","n":"Linea aspera","t":"Ridge","w":"Roughened ridge down the middle of the back of the shaft; the only prominent ridge on the femur.","x":"Attachment of adductors longus, brevis and magnus, the short head of biceps femoris, vastus medialis and lateralis, and intermuscular septa. Its medial and lateral lips diverge above and below. Mnemonic: Linea aspera = \"rough line\", the main muscle-attachment site on the back.","f":[4023,1,4026,1,4031,2,4040,1,4476,1,4480,3,4485,1,4490,3,5236,2,5243,4,5251,2,5254,9,5264,8,5273,1,5278,2,5291,1,6720,1,6724,1,6728,1,6731,8,6740,9,6750,7,6759,5,6767,8,6780,3,6789,3,6800,3,6808,2,7512,1,7517,1,7520,2,7529,1,7531,1,7538,12,7551,9,7563,6,7570,18,7596,6,7608,1,7610,6,7632,1,7635,2,8100,2,8103,1,8106,1,8108,3,8112,13,8129,1,8131,4,8140,5,8149,3,8156,2,8162,4,8996,4,9001,5,9011,1,9014,2,9021,1,9027,7,9040,4,9045,7,9058,4,9064,2,9067,3,9071,2,9085,3,9093,5,9111,1,9113,4,9714,1,9724,2,9731,4,9739,4,9749,1,9756,2,9759,2,9763,8,9776,9,9789,5,9799,1,10256,1,10263,2,10274,3,10279,3,10288,3,10292,2,10303,9,10317,4,10324,6,10334,5,10343,6,10997,7,11011,7,11024,4,11031,1,11036,7,11049,4,11057,4,11066,1,11069,1,11543,1,11545,3,11554,3,11558,1],"p":[[10.1,62.0,8.1]]},{"id":"glut","n":"Gluteal tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Roughened lateral continuation of the linea aspera below the greater trochanter.","x":"Insertion of the lower fibres of gluteus maximus; the upper fibres insert into the iliotibial tract.","f":[9030,4,9040,1,9043,1,9051,1,9749,1,9756,2,9759,2,9763,8,9776,4,9781,4,9793,1,10274,2,10279,4,10288,3,10292,2,10303,9,10317,4,10324,6,10334,5,10342,8,10351,5,10358,2,10363,1,10997,7,11011,7,11024,4,11031,1,11036,7,11049,4,11057,4,11065,7,11075,17,11093,8,11106,18,11127,2,11543,1,11545,4,11550,1,11554,5,11565,2,11570,4,11578,3,11586,3,11590,1,11592,2,12012,1],"p":[[11.2,72.0,8.1]]},{"id":"pect","n":"Pectineal line","t":"Line","w":"Short ridge running from the lesser trochanter down to the linea aspera (pectineal line).","x":"Pectineus inserts on it.","f":[8157,1,8162,4,8174,3,8181,2,8184,1,8194,1,9045,1,9047,1,9049,1,9058,4,9064,6,9071,17,9092,10,9106,12,9124,1,9132,3,9136,3,9141,1,9146,1,9150,11,9789,3,9800,1,9802,1],"p":[[9.0,73.5,8.0]]},{"id":"medc","n":"Medial condyle","t":"Condyle","w":"Medial lower end of the femur, larger and extending lower.","x":"Articulates with the medial tibial plateau. Its greater length compensates for the angled femoral shaft so the knee joint line stays level. The medial collateral and cruciate ligaments attach nearby.","f":[25,28,55,3,59,2,63,19,83,3,87,6,95,5,101,1,105,3,111,2,114,30,151,1,160,9,209,3,213,29,331,1,334,9,344,8,363,3,367,17,453,1,458,4,466,1,469,25,506,1,514,5,522,2,526,1,555,10,570,1,572,2,577,1,579,17,606,1,612,1,630,3,634,2,640,1,645,1,648,1,650,1,652,1,668,71,740,27,768,32,808,1,813,3,817,1,821,67,892,10,903,25,929,2,938,38,981,57,1040,1,1046,1,1048,1,1050,5,1056,204,1262,1,1264,1,1272,3,1279,29,1326,26,1359,49,1418,8,1429,2,1432,2,1443,200,1644,35,1705,29,1762,27,1791,1,1795,1,1797,3,1802,4,1807,1,1809,2,1815,8,1827,23,1856,10,1873,6,1880,8,1901,2,1910,21,1933,3,1951,2,1954,1,1961,1,1965,61,2027,4,2032,3,2041,1,2095,1,2097,8,2106,50,2157,3,2163,1,2190,3,2196,3,2202,4,2207,4,2214,1,2217,1,2219,1,2224,1,2249,2,2278,5,2285,1,2292,2,2318,1,2320,3,2334,1,2336,3,2340,13,2363,14,2378,2,2388,1,2393,2,2396,2,2402,4,2411,4,2416,15,2437,13,2452,8,2467,42,2514,2,2520,2,2526,1,2555,60,2619,3,2623,17,2658,19,2709,11,2751,19,2780,2,2784,2,2835,1,2837,2,2855,2,2868,1,2870,2,2896,1,2903,1,2906,2,2932,1,2935,1,2940,1,2976,8,2986,1,3069,1,3071,1,3097,2,3105,1],"p":[[5.4,41.5,8.5]]},{"id":"latc","n":"Lateral condyle","t":"Condyle","w":"Lateral lower end of the femur, broader in front.","x":"Articulates with the lateral tibial plateau. Its anterior projection stops the patella dislocating laterally.","f":[2836,1,2839,16,2857,11,2869,1,2872,24,2897,6,2904,2,2908,24,2933,2,2936,4,2941,23,2970,1,2973,1,2984,2,2987,35,3070,1,3072,3,3099,2,3141,16,3159,21,3183,12,3201,5,3210,2,3215,11,3241,6,3255,1,3261,9,3272,1,3274,1,3281,1,3283,1,3285,4,3298,2,3301,3,3305,2,3322,12,3341,3,3363,8,3373,2,3376,4,3385,1,3388,1,3396,1,3405,32,3467,13,3510,9,3533,6,3620,156,3777,8,3786,1,3789,1,3791,1,3806,11,3818,4,3824,1,3827,2,3834,1,3840,2,3847,1,3850,1,3853,1,3857,3,3865,4,3871,1,3873,3,3877,8,3886,4,3891,4,3896,1,3898,1,3900,3,3904,4,3909,14,3933,22,3976,1,4000,3,4051,200,4253,10,4279,5,4285,10,4296,5,4303,3,4308,7,4316,1,4319,3,4326,2,4332,1,4336,2,4342,3,4347,4,4353,17,4377,36,4421,6,4435,5,4634,124,4759,1,4761,16,4778,3,4782,35,4826,26,4853,4,4859,39,4899,20,4920,39,4960,3,4964,6,4971,3,4977,29,5029,25,5113,2,5116,26,5149,27,5182,12,5198,3,5202,1,5205,1,5950,21,5972,1,5974,20,6000,20,6021,2,6024,2,6068,6,6092,1,6129,26,6156,2,6280,1,6282,17,6301,3,6396,1,6398,1,6403,4,6409,3,6416,1,6507,19,6528,10,6540,3,6548,1,6578,44,6623,1,6634,4,6647,3,7429,1,7476,1,7478,1,7481,3],"p":[[9.8,41.5,8.5]]},{"id":"pats","n":"Patellar surface","t":"Surface","w":"Smooth groove on the front between the condyles (trochlear groove, patellar surface).","x":"The patella slides in it during knee flexion and extension. Patellofemoral pain arises from poor tracking over it.","f":[1642,2,1690,1,1692,1,1697,8,1749,13,1826,1,1854,2,1899,2,2191,1,2193,13,2251,27,2353,10,2431,6,2450,2,2460,7,2509,5,2529,1,2533,4,2612,11,2625,2,2628,6,2640,18,2677,32,2720,31,2770,10,2782,2,2786,1,2791,1,2794,2,2933,6,2964,12,3022,47,3075,22,3101,4,3108,7,3119,1,3265,1,3323,1,3325,8,3379,2,3437,30,3480,30,3519,14,3539,35,3575,2,3730,1,3753,5,3775,2,3795,11,3923,10,3955,21,3977,23,4003,4,4192,1,4194,2,4216,6,4250,3,4263,16,4370,7,4413,8,4427,8,4440,1,4903,1,4949,8,5005,7,5054,27,5089,1,5143,4,5148,1,5177,5,5194,2,5197,1,5204,1],"p":[[7.6,46.0,10.2]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Intercondylar fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Deep notch between the condyles at the back (intercondylar fossa).","x":"The anterior cruciate ligament attaches to the medial surface of the lateral condyle; the posterior cruciate ligament attaches to the lateral surface of the medial condyle. Mnemonic: ACL attaches Anterior on the tibia, Lateral on the femur.","f":[1966,1,1968,1,1972,1,2100,6,2348,2,2555,5,2562,4,2567,3,2583,10,2600,12,2634,6,2658,2,2661,16,2710,1,2717,3,2754,1,2756,1,2758,2,2761,9,2781,1,2836,8,2845,2,2848,3,2859,37,2904,28,2939,25,2976,46,3069,6,3097,4,3105,1,3153,3,3163,2,3237,1,3239,2,3244,8,3255,2,3259,2,3292,1,3298,25,3347,4,3363,16,3385,1,3388,1,3405,4,3411,6,3419,4,3425,8,3467,3,3475,3,3479,1,3510,2,3513,2,3533,3],"p":[[7.3,44.5,6.0]]},{"id":"pop","n":"Popliteal surface","t":"Surface","w":"Flat triangular area on the back of the lower shaft above the condyles (popliteal surface).","x":"Forms the floor of the popliteal fossa; the popliteal artery lies directly on it, so supracondylar fractures can tear the artery.","f":[2525,1,2537,4,2554,1,2796,6,2809,7,2821,2,2824,2,2828,4,3116,3,3121,1,3123,5,3579,2,3583,3,3589,4,3598,10,3610,1,4009,1,4011,2,4020,5,4026,2,4031,2,4037,4,4042,2,4443,6,4453,3,4462,2,4465,4,4476,1,4480,7,4489,5,5206,3,5212,5,5219,5,5227,5,5233,5,5243,4,5251,2,5254,9,5264,1,5266,4,6667,1,6675,1,6685,1,6687,1,6693,2,6701,1,6705,4,6710,2,6714,3,6719,2,6724,1,6728,1,6731,8,6740,4,7500,2,7505,1,7512,1,7517,1,7521,2,8081,1],"p":[[7.6,51.0,6.5]]},{"id":"medep","n":"Medial epicondyle","t":"Epicondyle","w":"Bump on the medial side of the medial condyle.","x":"Attachment of the tibial (medial) collateral ligament, which resists valgus stress. Injured in the \"unhappy triad\" along with the ACL and medial meniscus.","f":[0,25,282,1,394,2,397,6,408,26,435,19,527,2,531,24,565,13,579,4,584,4,589,1,591,1,596,36,633,19,653,15,888,7,932,1,976,3,980,1,1009,1,1012,1,1038,8,1047,1,1049,1,1052,1,1054,2,1408,2,1422,2,1426,3,1431,1,1434,3],"p":[[3.5,44.0,8.0]]},{"id":"latep","n":"Lateral epicondyle","t":"Epicondyle","w":"Bump on the lateral side of the lateral condyle.","x":"Attachment of the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament. The popliteus tendon arises just below it.","f":[6362,2,6368,1,6373,2,6376,6,6446,1,6452,13,6541,2,6545,5,6554,1,6584,5,6593,2,6596,32,6635,1,6637,1,6639,4,6651,1,6654,2,7288,1,7293,1,7295,4,7301,13,7315,172],"p":[[11.3,44.0,8.0]]},{"id":"addt","n":"Adductor tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump on the upper edge of the medial epicondyle.","x":"Insertion of the vertical (hamstring) part of adductor magnus. A useful palpable landmark on the medial knee.","f":[1901,2,1904,2,1907,3,2516,4,2527,2,2530,1,2541,3,2545,4],"p":[[4.6,47.4,8.0]]}],"scapula":[{"id":"glen","n":"Glenoid cavity","t":"Fossa","w":"Shallow pear-shaped socket on the lateral angle.","x":"Articulates with the head of the humerus; deepened by the fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum. Only about a third the area of the humeral head, hence the shoulder's mobility and instability.","f":[2441,25,2467,7,2478,11,2491,4,2496,1,2499,3,2504,4,2510,1,2558,20,2579,7,2588,6,2597,4,2606,3,2612,2,2616,4,2624,1,2634,2,2644,6,2661,11,2676,3,2682,3,2719,13,2734,2,2740,1,2744,3,2750,2,2753,1,2756,5,2767,2,2780,1,2791,2,2805,8,2817,7,2833,10,2853,2,2866,16,2886,9,2901,2,2906,1,2912,4,2917,3,2921,2,2925,2,2929,2,2932,2,2956,1,2968,1,2973,2,2985,2,2991,3,3002,1,3011,1,3021,12,3054,8,3064,1,3067,4,3072,1,3075,7,3088,7,3098,2,3104,1,3107,7,3115,2,3118,4,3126,2,3143,1,3185,1,3193,2,3204,4,3213,2,3220,3,3232,2,3248,2,3256,5,3269,6,3276,1,3289,15,3305,5,3317,5,3323,2,3329,1,3331,4,3336,1,3340,2,3344,2,3356,1,3374,1,3384,1,3413,2,3428,1,3433,1,3443,3,3454,1,3458,3,3477,1,3483,4,3497,4,3513,1,3516,1,3518,2,3558,10,3570,1,3573,2,3580,4,3585,1,3591,7,3599,1,3601,2,3604,1,3608,9,3620,3,3630,2,3647,1,3649,2,3669,1,3688,1,3701,2,3710,1,3718,2,3723,1,3727,2,3736,3,3742,4,3749,1,3782,21,3808,1,3810,2,3813,1,3817,5,3823,3,3828,6,3835,2,3839,2,3851,1,3860,3,3865,1,3869,1,3883,1,3897,3,3908,3,3917,1,3929,2,3932,3,3939,1,3980,2,3983,5,3991,1,3993,2,4002,1,4005,1,4022,2,4025,1,4028,9,4040,2,4043,2,4047,3,4053,3,4059,4,4076,4,4081,2,4085,2,4101,2,4112,4,4123,4,4135,3,4143,1,4252,2,4256,4,4261,6,4270,2,4274,1,4278,6,4292,5,4308,7,4319,2,4336,4,4354,2,4360,1,4370,1,4550,1,4557,4,4564,3,4569,3,4573,5,4581,7,4596,5,4604,2,4609,3,4614,5,4621,1,4650,2,4661,1,4951,1,4955,1,4957,1,4962,4,4967,3,4972,3,4979,3,4983,1,4985,6,4994,1,4996,2,5441,1,5452,1,5457,2,5460,1,5467,1,5473,2,5481,1],"p":[[16.0,133.2,5.4]]},{"id":"cor","n":"Coracoid process","t":"Process","w":"Hook-shaped projection arching forward from the upper neck (\"raven's beak\").","x":"Attachment of pectoralis minor (medial border), coracobrachialis and the short head of biceps brachii (tip, the conjoint tendon), and the coracoclavicular, coracoacromial and coracohumeral ligaments. It is a palpable landmark below the lateral clavicle.","f":[3746,3,3754,10,3768,1,3940,1,3942,8,3953,3,3962,4,4144,10,4156,3,4161,2,4165,3,4169,4,4178,1,4180,1,4361,1,4371,3,4378,4,4383,4,4390,3,4394,5,4400,7,4410,8,4435,30,4471,22,4652,2,4660,1,4662,1,4671,6,4688,2,4692,4,4700,2,4704,1,4707,26,4736,40,4777,30,4808,1,4816,32,4851,28,4995,1,4998,3,5010,7,5031,11,5050,5,5059,7,5077,4,5089,2,5092,7,5100,1,5104,19,5125,24,5150,32,5183,15,5202,24,5230,20,5253,27,5281,36,5442,5,5453,1,5459,1,5461,4,5468,2,5475,6,5482,15,5506,15,5542,3,5594,1,5599,11,5611,4,5616,53,5671,26,5698,8,5711,2,5717,9,5731,27,5765,25,5791,1,5891,1,5893,1,5897,9,5908,11,5920,11,5936,3,6037,2,6041,2,6045,5,6051,32,6084,32,6118,12,6132,1,6134,21,6157,21,6183,20,6313,1,6318,3,6423,9,6434,24,6459,33,6494,8,6503,4,6509,9,6521,7,6529,11,6543,19,6570,16,6788,6,6795,5,6803,9,6813,21,6835,36,6872,2,6876,7,6885,13,6902,16,6924,4,6936,5,6942,1,7164,2,7171,11,7188,56,7246,8,7255,6,7264,29,7300,10,7313,2,7321,4,7538,1,7545,3,7549,6,7558,7,7566,46,7613,18,7633,18,7653,7,7664,6,7672,13,7686,1,7945,3,7955,4,7962,5,7972,9,7985,8,7997,17,8015,35,8058,6,8070,6,8080,12,8292,1,8297,5,8308,8,8321,5,8330,5,8336,5,8346,4,8364,7,8381,24,8407,9,8632,1,8636,1,8641,6,8652,5,8665,4,8681,10,8710,19,8732,15,8749,2,8995,1,8997,1,9007,2],"p":[[13.1,133.4,9.9]]},{"id":"acr","n":"Acromion","t":"Process","w":"Flat expanded lateral end of the spine, forming the point of the shoulder.","x":"Articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint; deltoid and trapezius attach to it. With the coracoacromial ligament it forms a roof over the supraspinatus tendon, the site of subacromial impingement.","f":[0,142,149,1,153,1,156,135,300,1,305,1,323,4,329,102,432,3,437,17,455,117,574,2,580,2,583,118,707,83,792,7,800,1,802,1,804,13,824,1,830,68,901,6,911,4,921,2,926,1,933,10,952,1,954,65,1021,1,1031,1,1048,3,1055,1,1057,2,1076,2,1080,45,1127,2,1135,1,1140,2,1151,8,1175,2,1178,56,1235,1,1240,4,1250,5,1262,5,1274,5,1291,1,1293,2,1310,4,1315,49,1366,6,1375,4,1384,8,1403,13,1431,1,1433,1,1435,3,1451,64,1518,9,1532,7,1543,4,1554,16,1587,36,1645,72,1721,7,1734,6,1743,3,1751,5,1766,4,1771,4,1776,21,1808,122,1933,12,1951,5,1969,2,1980,2,1983,15,2021,3,2025,79,2114,16,2135,11,2155,3,2167,10,2200,2,2205,48,2254,15,2279,1,2281,19,2315,1,2317,1,2319,15,2336,2,2348,1,2350,2,2355,32,2410,2,2413,1,2415,26,2523,2,2528,5,2534,15,2550,1,2552,3,2681,1,2691,1,2694,1,2697,1,2699,2,2704,2,2714,2,2847,1],"p":[[16.5,135.4,5.4]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spine of scapula","t":"Spine","w":"Prominent ridge crossing the upper third of the posterior surface; palpable.","x":"Divides the posterior surface into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. Trapezius attaches to its upper edge and the posterior deltoid to its lower edge. Its root at the medial border lies at the level of the T3 spinous process.","f":[2209,3,2220,3,2226,1,2348,1,2350,2,2355,4,2362,4,2367,1,2376,1,2410,1,2415,3,2421,2,2425,3,2434,2,2523,2,2528,6,2542,4,2553,2,2675,1,2681,1,2689,2,2694,3,2701,3,2708,1,2711,1,2804,1,2815,2,2829,4,2852,1,2864,2,2990,1,3000,2,3008,3,3015,6,3203,1,3212,1,3216,4,3228,4,3242,5,3431,2,3437,6,3449,5,3457,1,3472,3,3476,1,3699,2,3707,3,3714,4,3721,2,3892,5,3903,5,3913,4,3922,1,3924,1,4099,2,4107,5,4119,4,4130,5,4139,1,4331,2,4334,2,4345,3,4349,5,4357,3,4366,4,4620,1,4636,1,4644,6,4658,2,4666,5,4680,1,4683,1,4686,1,5004,2,5007,3,5028,3,5048,2,5058,1,5068,1,5071,1,5074,3,5500,1,5503,3,5536,6,5565,4,5583,2,5591,3,5597,1,5946,6,5975,2,5990,3,6009,6,6025,3,6349,1,6360,1,6379,2,6387,2,6397,1,6725,2,6746,2,6756,1,6767,2,7092,3,7104,1,7118,1,7125,2,7444,1,7453,3,7476,5,7492,3,7506,2,7800,3,7811,2,7822,1,7830,2,8200,2,8205,4,8517,1,8527,2,8538,3,8544,5,8875,1,8889,2,9131,1,9135,4,9145,4,9154,1,9332,3,9338,2,9511,2,9516,2,9525,2,9528,1,9549,1,9553,2,9696,3,9703,2,9723,1,9886,2,9891,2,9910,4,10189,1,10197,3,10216,2,10379,1,10386,1,10389,2,10394,7,10403,2,10562,1,10565,2,10570,4,10575,1,10578,2,10722,1,10724,1,10729,12,10742,6,10750,4,10757,2,10867,2,10876,11,10890,5,10896,2,10899,5,10906,1,11023,1,11036,11,11048,1,11050,4,11055,5,11160,1,11163,1,11165,1,11172,3,11176,2,11179,4,11184,8,11326,7,11335,7,11344,3,11349,1,11478,1,11480,2,11483,5,11491,1,11495,1,11603,1,11606,1,11609,3,11613,4,11618,3,11625,6,11763,3,11767,1,11770,5,11776,1,11779,5,11785,1,11788,5,11901,3,11905,6,11913,1,11918,3,11922,2,11925,2,11928,1,12037,3,12041,4,12046,2,12050,1,12052,3,12056,3,12060,2,12179,5,12185,2,12189,2,12193,3,12197,1,12200,4,12306,1,12308,2,12311,6,12318,1,12321,1,12324,1,12326,1,12422,1,12425,3,12432,3,12440,2],"p":[[10.0,133.0,1.5]]},{"id":"supf","n":"Supraspinous fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Hollow on the back above the spine.","x":"Origin of supraspinatus, which starts abduction of the arm (first 15 degrees). The suprascapular nerve and artery cross its upper part.","f":[4809,1,4812,4,4848,3,4868,1,4870,9,5198,1,5200,2,5226,4,5250,3,5275,6,5286,2,5289,9,5300,2,5304,1,5308,9,5706,5,5713,4,5726,5,5750,1,5756,9,5776,1,5778,2,5782,10,6130,2,6133,1,6155,2,6176,7,6191,1,6193,9,6518,3,6528,1,6540,3,6562,8,6585,2,6875,1,6883,2,6898,4,6918,6,6928,2,6931,1,6933,3,6941,1,7261,2,7293,7,7310,3,7319,1,7631,2,7651,2,7660,4,8014,1,8050,8,8067,1,8069,1,8341,3,8356,2,8359,1,9220,1,9396,2,9401,3,9406,3,9413,3,9417,3,9569,2,9575,3,9593,4,9598,5,9604,3,9734,1,9744,1,9755,8,9768,4,9773,1,9776,5,9782,2,9788,2,9925,1,9928,1,9931,2,9934,3,9942,5,9951,2,9954,1,9961,4,9966,4,9971,1,9977,4,9985,5,9991,3,10000,4,10007,3,10011,3,10022,9,10036,6,10050,11,10063,10,10074,1,10078,2,10081,2,10084,3,10090,1,10230,2,10234,4,10239,2,10242,2,10246,3,10251,1,10258,4,10268,10,10286,1,10293,3,10297,2,10411,6,10418,2,10422,1,10424,2,10432,15,10459,4,10582,4,10590,1,10592,1,10594,2,10598,3,10604,2,10608,4,10620,3,10624,5,10630,1,10764,3,10768,2,10771,13,10788,3,10793,1,10905,3,10910,1,10913,4,10918,1,10921,1,10923,1,10925,7,10934,3,11058,2,11062,1,11064,3,11068,1,11071,2,11075,1,11077,1,11080,5,11088,4,11190,2,11195,1,11199,5,11206,3,11213,3,11220,3,11345,8,11354,2,11358,3,11364,10,11376,2,11379,1,11383,5,11397,1,11494,4,11499,1,11504,2,11508,3,11512,1,11525,3,11636,1,11639,4,11644,8,11654,3,11659,3,11664,1,11796,1,11799,2,11802,2,11805,7,11817,5,11823,1,11925,1,11928,2,11932,3,11936,5,11942,5,11961,1,12059,3,12064,7,12075,3],"p":[[8.8,134.0,1.8]]},{"id":"inff","n":"Infraspinous fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Large hollow on the back below the spine.","x":"Origin of infraspinatus (lateral rotation) and, along the lateral border, teres minor and teres 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fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Broad concave anterior (costal) surface.","x":"Origin of subscapularis. The scapula glides on the thoracic wall over serratus anterior; \"winged scapula\" results from long thoracic nerve injury.","f":[4652,2,4897,1,4902,6,4910,1,4999,2,5011,6,5031,12,5050,2,5335,5,5344,1,5352,6,5362,10,5374,5,5380,2,5387,1,5389,4,5398,4,5403,1,5405,10,5418,12,5432,7,5442,5,5453,1,5459,1,5461,4,5469,1,5475,6,5485,12,5506,18,5542,8,5569,6,5585,3,5814,3,5822,1,5825,1,5831,1,5835,4,5840,3,5845,3,5850,6,5860,5,5868,18,5888,2,5891,3,5897,9,5908,26,5936,7,5952,10,5977,9,5993,9,6015,1,6227,1,6232,1,6237,4,6244,4,6254,1,6258,3,6263,3,6268,4,6273,4,6279,3,6285,2,6290,9,6300,6,6312,3,6318,7,6327,3,6332,2,6335,3,6350,3,6361,9,6381,4,6389,3,6398,4,6593,1,6606,1,6609,1,6614,2,6617,4,6623,3,6630,1,6632,3,6636,3,6640,2,6643,4,6651,2,6655,2,6665,1,6668,8,6679,4,6684,20,6708,5,6718,4,6727,5,6748,4,6757,4,6770,1,6966,2,6969,1,6971,2,6974,1,6976,2,6979,1,6982,2,6985,1,6989,2,6993,3,6997,2,7001,3,7007,7,7018,7,7030,4,7036,5,7043,7,7051,6,7058,4,7064,4,7078,4,7097,5,7105,7,7119,1,7127,1,7138,3,7338,4,7344,9,7354,1,7356,1,7359,2,7367,2,7371,3,7377,1,7379,5,7387,2,7390,9,7400,1,7405,2,7408,2,7412,2,7418,7,7426,3,7439,2,7446,1,7456,4,7481,3,7495,6,7509,2,7710,1,7713,3,7718,6,7725,2,7728,2,7733,2,7736,1,7739,7,7747,4,7752,6,7761,5,7767,5,7774,1,7777,1,7779,1,7781,1,7789,1,7795,1,7803,2,7823,2,7833,1,8120,8,8131,1,8133,1,8135,2,8138,2,8141,1,8143,2,8146,11,8160,2,8164,3,8168,3,8175,1,8189,1,8209,1,8419,1,8430,2,8433,1,8437,1,8440,2,8445,2,8449,1,8451,1,8453,2,8456,1,8460,2,8464,2,8467,6,8474,2,8477,2,8484,1,8513,1,8520,2,8529,2,8765,1,8774,2,8778,3,8785,1,8787,2,8791,1,8800,1,8802,4,8807,1,8810,12,8824,3,8833,2,8837,1,8848,1,8860,1,8865,2,8872,1,8883,1,8902,1,9032,1,9034,1,9038,7,9047,5,9053,2,9056,1,9058,1,9063,3,9069,3,9073,9,9084,3,9089,1,9092,3,9096,1,9098,1,9106,1,9120,2,9139,1,9149,1,9156,1,9252,4,9258,4,9264,4,9270,2,9274,2,9278,1,9280,8,9289,5,9295,2,9299,5,9305,1,9347,1,9442,3,9446,1,9450,1,9453,1,9455,1,9458,1,9461,3,9466,1,9471,5,9477,6,9484,1,9486,1,9488,2,9506,2,9518,2,9530,3,9535,2,9551,1,9624,2,9629,2,9633,1,9635,1,9637,2,9641,3,9645,6,9652,6,9659,2,9662,1,9664,1,9667,1,9669,2,9686,1,9689,2,9699,3,9705,1,9709,1,9718,1,9721,1,9724,1,9811,2,9814,3,9818,3,9822,4,9828,4,9833,7,9841,1,9843,2,9846,1,9849,1,9857,2,9871,1,9881,1,9893,2,9900,2,9905,1,10114,2,10117,9,10129,6,10139,6,10147,1,10149,2,10152,1,10154,4,10159,2,10178,1,10192,1,10200,1,10202,1,10208,1,10213,3,10319,7,10327,5,10333,3,10337,3,10341,2,10344,2,10348,5,10354,2,10358,1,10360,2,10364,2,10387,1,10493,4,10498,2,10501,2,10504,2,10508,2,10511,3,10515,2,10518,2,10521,5,10528,1,10532,1,10534,3,10538,1,10551,1,10563,2,10567,3,10574,1,10657,2,10661,2,10666,1,10669,3,10673,4,10681,1,10683,3,10688,5,10694,3,10698,4,10809,9,10819,6,10826,1,10829,2,10833,2,10838,1,10841,1,10843,1,10846,1,10848,1,10850,4,10855,2,10887,3,10969,1,10972,7,10980,4,10985,1,10987,3,10994,1,10996,1,10999,1,11001,4,11007,1,11009,2,11012,2,11016,2,11028,1,11047,1,11049,1,11120,7,11128,1,11130,1,11132,6,11139,2,11146,2,11150,1,11153,2,11166,1,11175,1,11178,1,11183,1,11254,4,11259,6,11266,3,11272,1,11275,2,11279,1,11282,1,11284,1,11286,1,11288,1,11292,2,11296,1,11298,3,11307,1,11309,1,11312,1,11315,1,11333,2,11422,2,11425,11,11440,1,11444,1,11446,1,11451,2,11456,1,11458,4,11466,1,11471,1,11488,3,11542,4,11551,1,11553,5,11559,2,11562,3,11566,1,11569,1,11572,1,11576,2,11579,3,11586,1,11589,2,11594,1,11598,1,11605,1,11607,2,11612,1,11617,1,11621,4,11687,1,11693,6,11703,2,11706,2,11711,2,11715,1,11718,1,11729,2,11732,1,11736,2,11739,1,11742,3,11746,3,11750,2,11753,1,11775,1,11777,2,11784,1,11786,2,11838,1,11840,2,11846,6,11853,2,11856,1,11858,2,11867,2,11871,3,11875,1,11879,4,11885,1,11887,3,11892,3,11897,1,11904,1,11911,2,11914,4,11921,1,11924,1,11976,1,11984,5,11990,2,11995,1,11997,2,12004,1,12006,5,12013,1,12015,2,12019,1,12021,1,12025,2,12029,1,12035,1,12040,1,12045,1,12048,2,12051,1,12055,1,12095,1,12103,14,12118,1,12120,2,12124,3,12130,1,12133,1,12136,1,12139,1,12142,1,12145,1,12150,1,12153,2,12156,2,12161,1,12163,4,12170,2,12174,1,12187,2,12191,2,12196,1,12198,2,12227,1,12236,5,12243,9,12253,4,12259,1,12261,1,12263,1,12271,3,12275,2,12278,1,12281,2,12284,2,12289,3,12294,2,12305,1,12310,1,12317,1,12319,2,12322,2,12329,5,12336,2,12340,1,12350,1,12354,1,12359,4,12365,9,12377,2,12381,2,12384,1,12390,2,12393,1,12396,2,12402,1,12404,1,12406,1,12408,2,12416,2,12424,1,12428,3,12438,2,12442,5,12451,3,12455,3,12468,1,12470,3,12475,1,12478,6,12485,8,12494,2,12498,1,12501,3,12506,1,12508,1,12510,1,12515,7,12526,1,12528,3,12533,1,12536,1,12542,5,12550,2,12554,1,12558,5,12570,2,12588,5,12598,3,12603,3,12607,6,12614,3,12618,3,12624,1,12628,1,12630,1,12633,3,12639,1,12641,1,12643,1,12645,4,12650,5,12658,1,12671,1,12674,2,12677,5,12686,3,12692,3,12698,1,12700,2,12704,8,12715,3,12722,1,12724,1,12726,1,12729,2,12735,8,12744,4,12750,2,12754,3,12758,2,12761,1,12769,1,12772,1,12776,1,12779,2,12782,2,12789,3,12796,2,12803,2,12808,4,12814,3,12825,1,12827,3,12833,1,12838,3,12843,3,12849,3,12855,2,12859,1,12861,1,12863,1,12869,3,12873,1,12876,2,12879,2,12886,2,12892,6,12900,3,12904,1,12906,1,12910,1,12915,2,12924,1,12934,3,12942,5,12948,2,12951,1,12953,1,12956,1,12964,2,12970,1,12975,2,12979,1,12981,1,12983,1,12988,3,12994,4,13000,1,13003,1,13010,1,13014,2,13020,1,13022,3,13035,3,13041,1,13043,1,13046,1,13054,2,13062,7,13076,2,13081,1,13087,1,13089,1,13091,2,13101,1,13103,2,13106,1,13110,2,13120,1,13122,2,13126,2,13135,1,13137,1,13147,3,13154,1,13160,4,13166,2,13169,1,13174,1,13187,1,13192,2,13196,4,13204,2,13210,3,13217,1,13220,1,13226,1,13232,2,13238,2,13241,4,13246,1,13249,2,13253,1,13256,1,13261,1,13274,4,13282,1,13287,4,13296,1,13298,5,13304,1,13316,2,13320,1,13324,2,13333,2,13338,1,13340,1,13344,1,13353,1,13355,1,13358,1,13369,2,13372,2,13380,1,13385,1,13401,4,13408,3,13416,4,13421,1,13424,6,13432,4,13437,2,13440,1,13442,2,13445,2,13459,2,13465,2,13469,3,13474,3,13479,2,13482,1,13487,1,13491,5,13503,1,13517,1,13525,1,13528,2,13535,1,13543,1,13549,1,13551,1,13563,1,13573,1,13581,1,13587,4,13596,3,13601,3,13607,2,13611,4,13617,6,13624,2,13627,2,13633,3,13640,3,13644,1,13649,10,13660,3,13667,1,13669,3,13679,4,13686,4,13692,1,13697,2,13707,3,13714,2,13721,2,13725,2,13731,1,13735,3,13741,1,13744,1,13750,1,13757,2,13763,1,13766,6,13775,3,13780,5,13788,3,13792,1,13794,2,13797,4,13802,3,13806,2,13809,1,13812,1,13815,1,13820,2,13825,1,13830,1,13832,3,13836,22,13859,4,13864,2,13868,6,13875,1,13877,5,13884,4,13891,7,13899,6,13907,4,13912,4,13917,7,13925,4,13932,2,13935,5,13941,6,13948,1,13950,2,13953,5,13961,13,13976,2,13979,1,13981,5,13988,2,13991,3,13997,2],"p":[[9.5,126.0,2.5]]},{"id":"medb","n":"Medial (vertebral) border","t":"Border","w":"Long border nearest the vertebral column (vertebral border).","x":"Levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and rhomboid major attach along it from above downward; serratus anterior attaches along its anterior lip. It lies parallel to the spine, from rib 2 to rib 7.","f":[10435,1,10445,1,10605,1,10609,3,10618,1,10626,3,10630,2,10634,1,10773,23,10797,1,10924,21,11077,1,11080,22,11199,5,11205,23,11358,44,11504,31,11636,1,11638,42,11790,2,11796,1,11799,34,11920,1,11922,2,11925,5,11931,4,11936,31,12044,1,12046,2,12049,39,12181,6,12189,2,12193,31,12299,6,12306,4,12311,33,12410,50,12531,44,12655,63,12785,4,12790,40,12907,43,13009,1,13011,3,13015,32,13115,1,13121,1,13124,44,13233,1,13235,2,13238,1,13240,1,13243,1,13245,1,13247,2,13251,46,13335,3,13339,1,13342,2,13346,7,13356,3,13362,2,13365,4,13370,64,13481,1,13483,4,13488,3,13495,8,13504,13,13518,104,13691,1,13693,145,13862,4,13867,133],"p":[[7.0,126.0,0.0]]},{"id":"latb","n":"Lateral (axillary) border","t":"Border","w":"Thick border running from the glenoid down to the inferior angle (axillary border).","x":"Teres minor and teres major arise from it; the long head of triceps arises from the infraglenoid tubercle at its top.","f":[3782,6,3789,5,3798,2,3801,2,3975,13,3990,1,3993,3,4190,32,4224,1,4493,28,4525,1,4879,20,4900,1,4902,6,4909,2,5317,30,5349,1,5352,6,5362,9,5374,4,5380,2,5792,35,6203,40,6244,2,6587,16,6604,8,6614,2,6617,4,6945,30,6976,2,6979,1,6982,1,7325,28,7692,24,7717,7,7725,1,8094,34,8416,32,8449,1,8451,1,8453,2,8751,38,8791,1,9015,37,9221,47,9271,1,9420,28,9450,1,9453,1,9455,1,9607,24,9633,1,9635,1,9790,23,9814,3,9820,1,10091,22,10114,2,10119,1,10299,15,10315,6,10470,14,10485,5,10493,2,10636,19,10657,2,10798,15,10815,2,10945,25,10972,7,11102,13,11116,2,11119,6,11228,22,11251,14,11266,1,11402,22,11425,11,11535,23,11559,2,11562,2,11680,28,11711,2,11833,22,11856,1,11859,1,11967,27,11995,1,12088,31,12120,2,12224,33,12261,1,12344,30,12377,1,12460,33,12494,2,12579,1,12582,20,12603,3,12607,2,12610,1,12735,2,12738,1,12740,2,12744,3],"p":[[11.8,124.5,2.6]]},{"id":"inf_ang","n":"Inferior angle","t":"Angle","w":"Lowest point of the scapula where the medial and lateral borders meet.","x":"Teres major attaches here and latissimus dorsi often attaches a slip. It lies at the level of the seventh rib or T7 spine, a landmark for rib counting and auscultation of the lungs.","f":[12088,11,12100,1,12109,1,12224,28,12253,1,12344,28,12373,1,12375,1,12378,1,12460,36,12575,41,12718,39,12830,43,12950,35,13047,43,13168,54,13223,1,13297,49,13350,2,13434,66,13502,2,13622,97,13721,2,13838,66,13905,2,13910,1],"p":[[9.2,120.2,0.0]]},{"id":"ssn","n":"Suprascapular notch","t":"Notch","w":"Notch on the superior border at the base of the coracoid (suprascapular notch).","x":"Bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament. The suprascapular nerve passes below the ligament and the suprascapular artery above it (\"Army over the bridge, Navy under\"). Entrapment causes weakness of abduction and lateral rotation.","f":[7533,2,7862,3,7875,26,7911,8,7920,6,7934,1,7944,1,8219,1,8221,2,8224,5,8230,20,8262,11,8572,22,8603,9,8627,5,8910,2,8913,10,8926,7,8960,13,8994,1,9177,44,9367,7,9375,3,9379,18,9398,16,9415,2,9560,4,9565,1,9567,2,9571,2,9574,1,9578,1,9581,1,9585,1],"p":[[10.535,133.365,4.763]]},{"id":"supang","n":"Superior angle","t":"Angle","w":"Upper medial corner of the scapula.","x":"Levator scapulae inserts here. At the level of T2 vertebra.","f":[9606,1,9734,1,9742,5,9748,42,9925,166,10233,66,10415,55,10586,50,10768,30,10911,34,11069,33,11195,33,11356,46,11504,31,11652,1,11654,6,11661,3,11665,15,11827,1,11829,1,11832,1],"p":[[8.2,134.3,2.6]]},{"id":"supb","n":"Superior border","t":"Border","w":"Short thin edge between the superior angle and the coracoid.","x":"Omohyoid originates from it near the suprascapular notch.","f":[8631,1,8922,1,8926,1,8928,1,8931,2,8960,6,8967,6,8994,1,9194,7,9202,1,9204,10,9215,6,9378,1,9387,1,9389,3,9396,24,9575,1,9578,3,9582,2,9586,1,9588,19,9738,1,9740,1,9744,4,9749,4,9755,5,9762,4,9767,3],"p":[[9.8,134.0,4.0]]},{"id":"igt","n":"Infraglenoid tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Roughened area just below the glenoid cavity.","x":"Origin of the long head of triceps brachii.","f":[3290,1,3295,1,3299,4,3558,7,3566,2,3571,3,3587,1,3782,21,3806,3,3812,1,3814,3,3975,13,3990,6,3999,8,4008,13,4024,1,4190,21,4215,2,4221,1,4225,18,4246,3,4493,14,4511,2,4516,1,4519,2,4523,17,4547,1,4879,8,4888,1,4896,2,4902,6,4909,2,4913,6,4920,5,4928,2,4931,1,5317,8,5333,12,5352,6,5362,10,5374,5,5380,2,5383,13,5399,3,5792,9,5804,1,5813,10,5825,1,5831,1,5835,4,5840,3,5845,3,5850,2,5853,3,5862,1,6227,1,6229,1,6237,3,6244,4,6254,1,6258,2,6263,3,6268,3,6273,2,6279,1],"p":[[14.3,129.8,4.6]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of scapula","t":"Neck","w":"Slight constriction around the glenoid cavity.","x":"The suprascapular and axillary nerves lie close to it. Neck fractures usually involve the coracoid or acromion too.","f":[2198,2,2202,1,2204,1,2345,2,2349,1,2353,1,2404,6,2412,1,2518,5,2525,3,2622,1,2637,1,2643,1,2652,2,2657,1,2672,4,2679,2,2685,4,2690,1,2761,3,2766,1,2769,1,2777,1,2779,1,2781,1,2789,1,2793,12,2813,3,2825,4,2843,2,2916,1,2920,1,2923,2,2927,2,2931,1,2934,3,2938,8,2953,3,2957,1,2961,3,2966,2,2969,4,2975,10,2987,4,2994,6,3003,5,3012,2,3034,7,3103,1,3105,2,3114,1,3117,1,3122,4,3128,1,3131,2,3137,6,3158,1,3164,2,3171,4,3177,8,3186,7,3195,9,3208,5,3215,5,3223,2,3231,1,3234,2,3250,5,3266,3,3326,1,3335,1,3337,3,3342,2,3346,2,3350,6,3365,1,3367,7,3380,4,3385,1,3387,1,3389,1,3392,21,3415,13,3429,4,3434,9,3446,8,3455,1,3461,3,3478,5,3487,10,3511,2,3578,1,3588,3,3598,1,3600,1,3605,1,3617,3,3623,2,3626,4,3632,1,3634,13,3648,1,3651,18,3670,18,3689,12,3703,5,3709,1,3711,2,3714,2,3717,1,3724,1,3729,7,3739,3,3750,2,3804,1,3809,1,3822,1,3827,1,3834,1,3837,2,3841,10,3853,7,3863,2,3866,3,3870,13,3884,11,3900,4,3918,1,3931,1,3935,4,3941,1,3951,2,3957,1,3997,1,4007,1,4027,1,4037,3,4042,1,4045,2,4050,3,4056,3,4063,13,4080,1,4083,2,4087,14,4103,3,4116,2,4154,2,4159,2,4220,1,4222,3,4243,2,4250,1,4260,1,4267,3,4272,2,4275,3,4284,8,4297,11,4315,4,4321,10,4340,5,4356,1,4362,2,4374,1,4382,1,4388,1,4515,8,4524,8,4538,1,4540,1,4548,1,4563,1,4567,2,4572,1,4578,3,4588,8,4601,3,4606,3,4612,2,4619,1,4622,14,4654,4,4663,1,4677,2,4681,1,4690,2,4696,4,4702,2,4898,22,4921,1,4923,3,4940,3,4950,1,4954,1,4960,2,4970,2,4975,4,4982,1,4984,1,4992,1,5017,6,5043,4,5055,1,5066,1,5081,2,5091,1,5099,1,5101,3,5355,3,5359,38,5400,1,5402,1,5415,1,5430,2,5439,2,5447,5,5454,3,5465,2,5470,1,5472,1,5524,1,5526,4,5548,7,5575,6,5590,1,5610,1,5615,1,5827,23,5851,1,5854,6,5865,3,5886,2,5890,1,5894,3,5906,2,5919,1,5940,3,5956,6,5977,10,5993,16,6015,9,6029,1,6039,2,6043,2,6050,1,6244,49,6295,5,6305,7,6315,3,6324,7,6332,2,6335,3,6350,3,6361,9,6381,4,6389,4,6398,9,6413,3,6621,3,6625,79,6708,5,6718,4,6727,5,6748,4,6757,4,6770,1,6778,1,6786,1,6984,51,7036,5,7043,5,7051,3,7058,3,7064,2,7078,3,7097,3,7105,5,7119,1,7127,1,7138,3,7154,2,7361,1,7363,40,7405,1,7495,1,7509,2,7517,2,7523,2,7737,2,7740,17,7758,2,7761,3,7767,1,8145,2,8148,10,8160,1,8466,1,8469,3,8819,1],"p":[[13.2,131.5,4.5]]}],"mandible":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of mandible (condyle)","t":"Head","w":"Oval articular surface on top of the condylar process.","x":"Fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, with an articular disc between: the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Allows hinging and gliding. Lateral pterygoid inserts on the neck just below it. A fall on the chin often fractures the condylar neck.","f":[31,7,75,2,80,14,136,1,139,2,144,18,185,3,220,1,222,9,244,11,266,4,272,2,421,2,424,1,426,2,429,12,444,31,484,26,517,12,532,1,537,19,1044,3,1048,8,1064,24,1098,14,1124,11,1146,31,1729,3,1773,1,1775,19,1845,5,1874,9,1887,1,1891,22,2453,27,2492,37,2543,34,2581,3,2586,3,2590,39,3163,66,11025,13,11651,14,11671,53,11732,13,11747,2,11750,41,11794,7,11803,29,12441,32,12521,7,12549,13,12565,5,12571,22,13033,6,13047,14,13071,14,13101,11,13126,1,13128,5,13134,28,13500,1,13511,18,13536,27,13571,24,13602,13,13620,1,13623,21,13696,3,13700,4,13720,19,13749,18,13776,15,13834,5,13840,2,13853,14,13894,9,13905,6,13912,2,13915,2,13918,3,13958,6,13993,2,13996,1],"p":[[4.006,151.517,10.328],[-4.006,151.517,10.328]]},{"id":"mneck","n":"Neck of mandible","t":"Neck","w":"Constricted area under the head.","x":"Pterygoid fovea on its front surface receives the lateral pterygoid muscle, which pulls the head forward to open the mouth. Condylar neck fractures are common mandibular fractures.","f":[0,31,38,37,77,3,94,42,137,2,141,3,162,23,188,32,221,1,231,13,255,11,270,2,274,1,339,2,343,13,362,2,365,35,407,14,423,1,425,1,428,1,481,3,510,1,512,5,529,3,533,4,998,9,1012,13,1028,16,1047,1,1112,2,1115,9,1135,11,1692,4,1713,16,1751,1,1753,20,1774,1,1822,5,1828,3,1833,12,1851,1,1853,21,1883,4,1888,3,2449,4,2487,5,2529,14,2577,4,2584,2,2589,1,11667,4,11724,8,11745,2,11749,1,11791,3,11801,2,12383,10,12421,20,12493,1,12497,24,12528,21,12562,3,12570,1,12984,1,12986,4,12998,12,13015,18,13066,1,13070,1,13086,1,13088,13,13112,14,13127,1,13133,1,13432,7,13440,18,13465,26,13497,3,13501,10,13570,1,13595,7,13615,5,13621,2,13645,11,13660,1,13662,1,13664,32,13699,1,13709,11,13739,2,13742,7,13767,9,13791,43,13839,1,13842,11,13867,27,13903,2,13911,1,13914,1,13917,1,13921,37,13964,29,13995,1,13997,3],"p":[[4.692,150.212,10.855],[-4.692,150.212,10.855]]},{"id":"cor","n":"Coronoid process","t":"Process","w":"Thin triangular projection at the front of the ramus.","x":"Temporalis inserts on its tip and medial surface, a powerful jaw-closing muscle. Masseter fibres also reach it. Mnemonic: Coronoid = temporalis, Condylar = lateral pterygoid.","f":[556,88,645,55,702,27,733,28,772,31,815,1,818,7,826,4,831,2,835,2,839,2,843,2,1177,6,1184,92,1339,5,1348,1,1350,55,1433,9,1451,5,1464,7,1478,2,1481,8,1504,2,1508,4,1982,5,2026,1,2028,6,2078,1,2080,1,2097,1,2099,1,2113,1,11177,1,11832,58,11974,2,11978,3,11982,31,12045,2,12048,10,12069,6,12086,8,12101,3,12106,7,12127,2,12593,64,12667,82,12755,1,12757,28,12792,9,12806,1,12808,12,12825,15,12843,10,12854,4,12859,4,13162,99,13264,4,13270,8,13279,2],"p":[[3.917,149.838,13.948],[-3.917,149.838,13.948]]},{"id":"mnotch","n":"Mandibular notch","t":"Notch","w":"Concave edge between the coronoid process and the condylar process (sigmoid notch).","x":"The masseteric nerve and vessels pass through it from the infratemporal fossa to the masseter. Local anaesthetic landmark.","f":[293,4,301,5,314,17,341,2,816,1,825,1,830,1,833,2,837,2,841,2,867,23,898,30,933,20,960,16,981,12,1512,1,1524,4,1539,16,1580,2,1610,4,1634,5,2164,8,2179,3,2242,3,2277,1,2284,2,11288,3,12146,1,12148,3,12163,18,12193,9,12216,2,12219,4,12263,8,12272,1,12853,1,12858,1,12863,2,12872,16,12896,10,12924,12,12945,6,12965,1,12968,3,13268,2,13278,1,13295,10,13320,12,13340,13,13359,23,13394,1,13397,21,13439,1],"p":[[3.992,149.526,12.231],[-3.992,149.526,12.231]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of mandible","t":"Angle","w":"Junction of the lower border of the body with the posterior border of the ramus (gonion).","x":"Masseter inserts on its lateral surface and medial pterygoid on its medial surface (a muscular sling). One of the commonest mandibular fracture sites, especially with an unerupted third molar.","f":[1532,1,1555,12,1568,2,1571,4,1582,24,1614,14,1629,1,1641,16,1665,15,1696,3,1700,2,2172,2,2175,1,2182,17,2245,8,2286,15,2320,16,2342,18,2361,2,2810,1,2817,4,2858,14,2874,1,2961,5,2991,9,3002,1,3016,19,3075,2,3078,1,3477,1,3494,1,10847,5,10878,2,10934,1,10936,2,10948,4,10967,3,11265,1,11267,4,11278,3,11291,3,11387,14,11426,15,11458,16,11475,2,11488,2,11491,3,11497,3,11501,2,11505,3,11509,4,11514,1,12158,1,12160,1,12181,5,12187,4,12192,1,12202,11,12223,13,12273,22,12307,17,12338,9,12348,3,12352,6,12360,1,12906,12,12936,8,12951,8,12971,1],"p":[[3.631,145.999,11.594],[-3.631,145.999,11.594]]},{"id":"ramus","n":"Ramus of mandible","t":"Ramus","w":"Vertical part rising from the body to the coronoid and condylar processes.","x":"Masseter covers its lateral surface and medial pterygoid its medial surface. The mandibular foramen opens on its medial side and the parotid gland wraps around its posterior border.","f":[275,18,297,4,306,8,331,3,356,2,400,1,403,2,803,1,845,1,847,5,853,9,890,8,928,5,953,7,976,5,993,5,1007,5,1025,3,1056,5,1062,1,1088,4,1503,1,1521,3,1577,3,1606,4,1628,1,1630,3,1657,5,1680,6,1699,1,1702,10,1732,15,1794,9,1804,1,1807,1,2128,1,2150,5,2162,2,2166,1,2168,1,2176,3,2199,44,2244,1,2253,33,2301,19,2336,6,2360,1,2363,17,2381,66,2448,1,2480,7,2780,1,2799,4,2811,6,2821,37,2872,2,2875,86,2966,25,3000,2,3003,13,3035,40,3077,1,3079,84,3466,2,3469,3,3473,2,3480,14,3495,6,3734,1,3736,1,10352,1,10612,2,10626,2,10629,11,10641,8,10812,2,10824,8,10837,10,10852,26,10880,54,10935,1,10938,10,10952,15,10970,55,11251,7,11271,7,11281,10,11294,93,11401,25,11441,17,11474,1,11477,11,11490,1,11494,3,11500,1,11503,2,11508,1,11513,1,11515,136,11665,2,12146,1,12163,1,12165,2,12213,3,12218,2,12236,28,12265,2,12295,10,12306,1,12324,10,12347,1,12351,1,12358,2,12361,18,12393,22,12473,7,12481,1,12840,1,12866,1,12868,3,12893,3,12919,1,12921,3,12944,1,12959,5,12972,11,12990,8,13010,5,13039,8,13063,1,13065,1,13281,1,13283,2,13286,2,13290,3,13294,1,13305,15,13332,8,13353,6,13382,12,13418,9,13458,3,13491,4,13529,3,13533,1],"p":[[3.48,147.809,11.607],[-3.48,147.809,11.607]]},{"id":"body","n":"Body of mandible","t":"Body","w":"Horizontal, horseshoe-shaped part that carries the teeth.","x":"Has an alveolar process above (tooth sockets) and a base below. Houses the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels in the mandibular canal. Fractures often involve the body near the mental foramen or canine root.","f":[1442,2,1456,1,1471,6,1489,5,1496,6,1520,1,1913,11,1925,6,1987,6,2034,6,2083,8,2100,6,2114,6,2629,25,2655,2,2658,1,2663,8,2681,12,2698,1,2712,6,2757,3,2775,2,3229,78,3308,15,3329,1,3331,3,3358,3,3388,4,3433,4,3447,5,3501,112,3614,8,3627,2,3632,8,3656,1,3681,4,3714,3,3721,6,3728,1,3730,1,3737,199,3941,2,3948,1,3952,2,3955,1,3958,5,3989,7,3997,1,4004,3,4010,269,4280,2,4284,3,4289,18,4308,3,4324,3,4330,2,4334,1,4336,2160,6498,8,6510,9,6520,1,6527,19,6548,2,6555,9,6565,1,6570,1,6577,17,6595,1,6606,8,6616,4,6623,1,6627,11,6639,2,6642,2,6645,1,6647,25,6677,5,6684,1,6686,3,6690,5,6697,1,6701,5,6709,6,6716,1,6723,3,6728,5,6734,7,6742,6,6750,2,6754,4,6759,4,6771,2,6785,3,6800,6,6809,1,6820,12,6872,2,6878,4,6911,3,6915,1,6917,8,6941,1,6943,2,6955,1,6964,1,6967,2,6985,1,6988,5,7000,1,7004,3,7008,2,7019,3,7028,2,7044,2,7048,1,7054,2,7058,2,7061,1,7069,1,7072,2,7082,2673,9757,30,9790,2,9795,225,10022,1,10025,2,10029,1,10034,6,10067,6,10075,1,10078,2,10082,144,10228,17,10247,6,10258,2,10278,2,10313,7,10328,12,10341,1,10353,114,10473,1,10496,5,10538,2,10590,5,10600,6,10625,1,10649,48,10700,2,10703,7,10719,9,10738,4,10765,3,10794,2,11038,14,11053,1,11055,2,11059,1,11062,1,11069,1,11071,12,11109,10,11129,8,11179,4,11204,8,11221,4,11890,1,12013,1,12058,3,12075,7,12094,4,12113,8,12132,1,12137,1],"p":[[1.384,145.83,15.883],[-1.384,145.83,15.883]]},{"id":"alv","n":"Alveolar process","t":"Process","w":"Upper border of the body that holds the 16 lower tooth sockets (alveoli).","x":"Gradually resorbs after tooth loss. Sockets are separated by interalveolar septa; the buccinator attaches along the outer alveolar margin near the molars.","f":[1276,2,1279,1,1405,3,1409,2,1415,1,1417,2,1916,9,1929,40,1993,1,2629,4,2636,1,2638,8,2651,12,2671,10,2693,5,2701,1,3233,5,3251,11,3277,7,3296,16,3323,1,3329,2,3334,2,3337,21,3361,4,3366,2,3369,1,3372,1,3501,2,3505,2,3509,8,3531,10,3546,12,3563,8,3575,21,3605,4,3610,2,3614,1,3640,3,3737,3,3741,29,3775,21,3800,19,3824,14,3846,18,3868,16,3887,1,3890,2,3894,2,3898,1,3901,1,4016,1,4019,1,4021,1,4024,32,4061,46,4118,13,4134,19,4157,22,4183,11,4201,13,4216,15,4235,1,4239,1,4243,1,4245,3,4249,1,4254,2,4257,1,4336,2,4358,1,4360,3,4365,2,4368,1,4370,45,4482,1,4484,2,4488,2,4493,24,4518,34,4559,16,4579,41,4628,43,4677,17,4696,10,4708,4,4720,2,4785,19,4810,1,4812,56,4892,21,4934,41,4982,28,5012,13,5033,23,5065,12,5083,24,5109,11,5123,1,5125,5,5138,17,5158,1,5166,21,5191,34,5229,16,5246,25,5276,11,5290,13,5311,9,5331,7,5343,1,5349,24,5374,3,5378,47,5439,2,5442,26,5475,26,5511,21,5537,15,5555,10,5577,4,5598,5,5607,39,5649,1,5651,1,5653,3,5657,19,5688,17,5709,12,5728,7,5738,4,5778,3,5782,4,5797,94,5917,3,5921,21,5949,11,5964,5,5978,10,6015,1,6017,5,6034,68,6110,39,6181,10,6195,7,6203,6,6229,11,6256,83,6348,2,6352,41,6410,7,6425,7,6443,2,6448,13,6484,1,6487,7,6527,19,6548,2,6555,9,6565,1,6570,1,6577,17,6595,1,6623,1,6627,11,6639,2,6643,1,6645,1,6647,25,6686,3,6701,5,6735,6,6759,4,6820,12,6872,2,6878,4,6911,3,6915,1,6917,8,6964,1,6967,2,6985,1,6988,5,7004,3,7008,2,7028,2,7061,1,7082,9,7098,76,7194,1,7196,58,7266,13,7287,9,7312,10,7339,83,7434,1,7439,53,7521,15,7540,6,7558,13,7594,1,7596,3,7604,114,7758,20,7788,12,7804,8,7825,15,7882,2,7886,52,7950,24,7995,8,8006,8,8020,10,8050,7,8092,1,8097,6,8104,42,8150,3,8154,4,8159,36,8205,26,8240,22,8267,11,8285,16,8314,11,8356,6,8389,3,8394,50,8449,2,8452,33,8495,30,8529,19,8555,21,8580,12,8598,8,8623,9,8651,1,8654,2,8668,37,8711,2,8714,39,8756,19,8781,48,8830,20,8855,15,8874,25,8910,9,8926,1,8928,16,8950,8,8975,1,8977,41,9064,1,9066,3,9071,54,9192,25,9224,23,9250,14,9272,32,9306,18,9328,17,9349,10,9361,17,9382,1,9385,2,9390,1,9393,1,9428,5,9455,1,9457,1,9460,1,9463,1,9465,47,9514,34,9562,18,9581,23,9610,26,9644,23,9669,17,9689,1,9696,1,9698,4,9704,2,9800,22,9829,32,9862,21,9888,13,9908,13,9924,24,9950,21,9974,1,9984,1,10084,6,10096,11,10114,14,10139,18,10163,12,10180,22,10205,1,10207,2,10210,2,10214,4,10223,1,10353,4,10363,8,10382,14,10401,17,10434,25,10465,2,10469,2,10482,4,10487,9,10505,2,10515,2,10518,2,10537,1,10651,4,10669,13,10686,17,10710,9,10728,10,10742,1,10747,2,10756,1,10758,1,11047,8,11056,15,11082,25,11108,1,11119,1,11121,1,11137,1,11891,15,11912,1,11916,1],"p":[[1.665,146.062,16.319],[-1.665,146.062,16.319]]},{"id":"mf","n":"Mental foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Opening on the lateral surface of the body below the second premolar.","x":"Transmits the mental nerve and vessels (terminal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, V3) to supply the skin of the chin and the lower lip. Point of the mental nerve block. Mnemonic: M for Mental, M for lip and chin sensation.","f":[3737,1,3740,1,4010,22,4033,2,4036,1,4059,4,4067,1,4338,33,4417,77,4809,1,4874,18,4924,10,9018,58,9129,65,9428,1,9433,33,9467,10,9513,1,9796,6,9804,1,9806,1,9827,1],"p":[[2.164,145.032,16.305],[-2.164,145.032,16.305]]},{"id":"mprot","n":"Mental protuberance","t":"Protuberance","w":"Triangular bony bulge in the midline of the chin.","x":"The mandibular symphysis (fused in the first year of life) lies behind it. Depressor anguli oris and platysma attach to the base; mentalis attaches on the chin eminence above.","f":[5155,2,5159,6,5167,2,5373,1,5375,1,5377,1,5380,1,5426,4,5431,8,5440,2,5471,1,5646,3,5650,1,5652,1,5654,6,5676,1,5678,10,5705,1,5862,1,5891,30,5942,7,6102,8,6114,2,6126,1,6129,2,6149,32,6191,2,6194,1,6339,13,6354,4,6362,2,6366,1,6393,17,6417,1,6419,6,6494,33,6603,24,6629,1,6634,1,6639,2,6642,1,6644,1,6677,9,6690,11,6763,47,6925,33,6962,3,6968,1,6993,8,7010,12,7091,7,7174,22,7200,2,7203,3,7210,1,7254,12,7279,6,7286,1,7422,17,7444,2,7450,1,7456,1,7492,29,7536,4,7556,2,7673,1,7675,2,7679,1,7682,1,7684,1,7718,46,7778,10,7802,1,7938,8,7947,5,7974,4,7979,3,7986,3,7990,3,8198,1],"p":[[-0.208,144.095,17.688]]},{"id":"mtub","n":"Mental tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Pair of small bumps on each side of the mental protuberance.","x":"Depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli oris attach near them.","f":[4868,2,4872,2,5156,2,5187,2,5225,4,5425,6,5432,2,5468,7,5501,1,5503,2,5508,2,5646,2,5676,3,5680,3,5684,1,5687,1,5705,2,5902,1,7978,1,7982,4,7989,2,7993,2,8195,5,8201,2,8231,9,8265,2,8485,8,8494,1,8525,4,8705,1,8753,1],"p":[[1.366,143.908,16.819],[-1.366,143.908,16.819]]},{"id":"mdf","n":"Mandibular foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large opening on the medial surface of the ramus.","x":"The inferior alveolar nerve (V3) and artery enter here to run in the mandibular canal, supplying the lower teeth. The inferior alveolar nerve block is given here before dental work on the lower jaw.","f":[2199,31,2231,1,2253,6,2260,15,2276,1,2301,2,2825,12,2838,2,2842,2,2883,74,2970,1,2972,19,3011,1,10861,1,10863,3,10868,5,10890,44,10943,1,10946,2,10960,1,11294,73,11372,2,11401,24,11441,1,11443,1,11445,2,11449,1,11453,1,12236,8,12245,3,12250,1],"p":[[3.581,147.872,11.982],[-3.581,147.872,11.982]]},{"id":"lingula","n":"Lingula of mandible","t":"Process","w":"Tongue-shaped bony spur at the anterior edge of the mandibular foramen.","x":"Attachment of the sphenomandibular ligament. A guide for the nerve block: the needle is placed just above it.","f":[2199,9,2209,15,2226,1,2257,1,2825,9,2835,1,2842,2,2883,68,2953,1,2973,6,2980,4,2985,5,10861,1,10864,2,10868,1,10871,2,10890,41,10943,1,10946,2,11294,60,11356,1,11401,3,11405,5,11411,1,11414,1,11445,1],"p":[[3.444,147.778,12.051],[-3.444,147.778,12.051]]},{"id":"myl","n":"Mylohyoid line","t":"Line","w":"Oblique ridge on the medial surface of the body running forward and down.","x":"Mylohyoid, which forms the floor of the mouth, arises along it. Divides the sublingual fossa above from the submandibular fossa below.","f":[2824,3,3466,2,3481,8,3490,1,3497,1,3499,2,3726,5,3732,1,3734,3,3961,2,3990,8,4000,1,4004,6,4293,14,4308,3,4330,2,4334,2,4707,1,4723,5,4733,1,4753,16,4776,9,5120,3,5130,8,5327,4,5340,3,5344,5,5574,3,5590,1,5592,6,5606,1,5770,9,5781,1,5791,8,6008,7,6016,3,6021,1,6033,1,6222,2,6225,2,6228,1,6254,2,7592,1,7595,1,7824,1,7870,4,7875,2,7879,6,8047,3,8085,12,8313,1,8343,1,8349,8,8375,4,8381,9,8392,2,8622,1,8641,1,8644,1,8646,5,8652,2,8656,3,8660,8,8927,1,8945,5,8958,9,8968,6,9379,2,9394,10,9405,1,9416,12,9711,2,9734,7,9742,1,9757,17,9775,3,9781,3,9790,2,9795,1,10038,2,10067,6,10074,2,10077,5,10316,3,10329,1,10332,11,10345,2,10352,1,10622,1,10625,10,10638,1,10641,1,10644,5,10837,1,10839,2,10854,2,10857,5,10891,1,10893,1],"p":[[1.928,145.937,14.229],[-1.928,145.937,14.229]]},{"id":"subf","n":"Submandibular fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Hollow on the medial surface below the mylohyoid line.","x":"Lies against the submandibular gland.","f":[2776,1,2786,12,3360,1,3389,1,3391,1,3433,4,3447,5,3457,4,3462,4,3603,1,3620,2,3637,3,3681,4,3714,3,3721,5,3866,2,3885,2,3912,5,3932,4,3958,5,3989,1,4214,2,4231,3,4260,2,4293,1,4673,4,4694,2,4706,1,4723,1,5060,5,5077,6,5107,2,5320,8,5338,2,5582,2,5585,1,5587,3,5591,1,5603,3,8362,2,8366,1,8372,3,8377,1,8379,3,8392,1,8613,1,8615,7,8632,9,8642,4,8659,1,8903,7,8919,7,8944,1,8959,1,9305,1,9325,3,9345,4,9359,2,9378,1,9667,2,9686,3,9710,1,9712,1,9739,1,9757,1,9971,2,9993,4,10015,4,10034,5,10068,1,10203,2,10228,3,10247,5,10278,2,10313,7,10328,4,10334,1,10496,3,10538,2,10590,5,10599,8,10617,4,10814,6,10821,3,10832,1,11235,2],"p":[[2.32,145.188,14.177],[-2.32,145.188,14.177]]},{"id":"slf","n":"Sublingual fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Hollow on the medial surface above the mylohyoid line near the midline.","x":"Lies against the sublingual gland.","f":[5331,1,5545,2,5548,2,5555,1,5558,1,5560,3,5577,4,5598,4,5718,1,5728,1,5732,3,5738,4,5778,3,5782,4,5797,2,5952,1,5955,2,5958,2,5964,3,5968,1,5978,10,6015,1,6019,3,6190,1,6195,7,6203,6,6229,11,6413,2,6425,3,6429,2,6443,2,6450,11,6484,1,7274,1,7278,1,7292,2,7295,1,7313,1,7316,4,7530,1,7540,6,7558,13,7594,1,7596,3,7788,3,7792,5,7798,1,7804,8,7825,15,7883,1,8006,2,8020,9,8050,7,8092,1,8097,6,8268,1,8285,5,8291,3,8314,11,8356,6,8389,3,8598,1,8623,4,8651,1,8926,1],"p":[[0.934,145.656,16.476],[-0.934,145.656,16.476]]},{"id":"mpt","n":"Medial pterygoid tuberosity (roughness)","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Roughened area on the medial surface of the angle.","x":"Insertion of medial pterygoid, which elevates the jaw together with masseter.","f":[2193,1,2195,2,2198,1,2248,5,2291,1,2294,7,2327,1,2332,4,2357,1,2359,1,2361,2,2369,2,2387,1,2389,2,2394,2,2400,5,2410,1,2413,4,2422,2,2819,2,2822,2,2861,20,2961,11,2991,20,3012,1,3016,44,3061,3,3075,41,3117,1,3119,2,3133,19,3494,1,3498,1,10849,3,10853,1,10878,11,10934,8,10944,2,10948,40,10989,2,10993,2,11000,17,11018,1,11387,14,11426,2,11429,12,11442,1,11458,13,11473,4,11489,17,11507,1,11515,13,11530,11,11542,2,11563,6,11573,3,11582,11,11595,9,11608,4,12273,1],"p":[[3.432,146.811,11.201],[-3.432,146.811,11.201]]},{"id":"genial","n":"Mental (genial) spines","t":"Spines","w":"Small bony points on the posterior surface of the symphysis (mental spines or genial tubercles).","x":"Genioglossus (upper spines) and geniohyoid (lower spines) attach here. Mnemonic: Genio- names the muscles that attach to the chin (geneion).","f":[5964,2,5978,4,5983,5,6014,1,6017,2,6021,1,6190,1,6195,4,6201,1,6203,6,6226,1,6228,12,6254,2,6425,7,6443,18,6484,3,6689,1,6701,8,6729,1,6731,11,7001,2,7005,1,7007,1,7009,1,7022,8,7049,2,7056,6,7269,1,7271,2,7274,1,7287,9,7309,1,7312,10,7540,1,7558,3],"p":[[-0.301,145.437,16.764],[0.301,145.437,16.764]]},{"id":"digf","n":"Digastric fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Shallow depression on the lower border near the midline.","x":"Origin of the anterior belly of digastric.","f":[4917,1,4919,3,4980,1,5225,1,5227,1,5245,1,5271,1,5274,2,5288,1,5468,5,5501,10,5532,5,5552,3,5678,1,5705,4,5721,7,5735,3,5742,3,5748,2,5751,1,5891,10,5902,1,5904,1,5942,7,5960,4,5969,9,5988,4,5994,2,6022,2,6025,2,6102,1,6149,9,6159,14,6191,4,6202,1,6209,10,6240,2,6244,1,6341,1,6393,17,6417,8,6432,10,6461,7,6469,2,6606,1,6610,1,6612,1,6677,5,6684,1,6690,5,6697,1,6709,6,6716,1,6742,4,7000,1,7019,3,7044,2,7072,1,7174,3,7181,2,7254,12,7279,8,7296,9,7322,9,7492,20,7513,2,7516,4,7536,4,7546,12,7571,3,7575,4,7580,3,7601,1,7718,8,7727,2,7730,11,7778,10,7800,4,7812,12,7840,4,7845,3,7850,1,7852,4,7857,1,7938,3,7974,5,7982,3,8003,3,8014,6,8030,14,8057,2,8060,4,8195,2,8231,7,8239,1,8262,5,8278,7,8301,1,8305,4,8485,3,8525,3,8548,7,8577,2,8775,2],"p":[[0.791,143.611,16.819],[-0.791,143.611,16.819]]}],"temporal bone":[{"id":"squ","n":"Squamous part","t":"Part","w":"Thin, flat scale forming the side wall of the skull above the ear.","x":"Anterior part of the temporal fossa. Its inner surface is grooved by the middle meningeal artery branches; a blow to the thin pterion region (squamous temporal, sphenoid, parietal, frontal junction) can tear them, causing epidural haematoma.","f":[5560,1,5564,3,5569,4,5575,1,5579,1,5582,1,5587,1,5591,3,5595,3,5601,2,5604,1,5606,1,5608,1,5619,1,5623,3,5630,1,6380,8,6395,1,6397,1,6402,7,6417,5,6429,10,6448,1,6457,10,6473,4,6487,1,6489,4,6515,1,6517,1,6522,2,6530,2,6538,1,6545,1,6575,2,6578,1,6584,1,6628,1,6631,1,7530,3,7542,1,7545,5,7551,2,7567,2,7570,5,7580,2,7583,4,7590,6,7598,6,7622,4,7666,3,7698,4,7737,1,7739,1,8729,2,8732,2,8763,2,8769,3,8775,2,8789,4,8794,1,8798,4,8803,6,8810,1,8836,3,8843,1,8884,1,8927,1,8933,1,8993,1,9024,3,9029,2,9037,1,9039,3,9044,3,9425,1,9427,6,9451,1,9471,1,9473,12,9515,3,9528,6,9560,1,9563,15,9579,4,9587,1,9590,8,9630,1,9633,6,9677,1,9680,1,9856,3,9860,3,9864,4,9870,5,9878,1,9880,1,9883,4,9891,4,9900,2,9915,5,9930,2,9943,4,9959,6,9971,1,9984,5,10107,2,10113,5,10119,4,10145,1,10148,9,10169,1,10171,3,10176,13,10191,2,10194,18,10213,17,10233,9,10249,1,10252,1,10254,15,10272,1,10274,2,10283,3,10291,1,10295,3,10307,10,10318,3,10323,2,10333,2,10336,1,10341,1,10346,1,10349,2,10380,1,10409,6,10435,6,10467,1,10501,5,10526,1,10528,4,10549,1,10603,3,10646,3,10652,2,10659,1,10661,6,10673,16,10690,2,10693,12,10706,1,10708,3,10712,4,10722,2,10729,1,10731,7,10740,4,10751,8,10760,1,10767,1,10773,6,10783,2,10787,5,10795,1,10799,2,10803,1,10818,6,10825,4,10830,2,10833,6,10844,8,10853,1,10876,1,10878,1,10880,1,10886,1,10888,1,10951,1,10966,1,10974,1,10990,1,10994,5,11012,1,11014,1,11016,4,11021,2,11029,1,11035,3,11039,9,11056,1,11062,1,11065,4,11070,2,11073,1,11077,1,11079,6,11095,8,11104,1,11108,6,11116,5,11123,2,11126,22,11150,19,11170,38],"p":[[6.471,153.819,9.294]]},{"id":"petr","n":"Petrous part","t":"Part","w":"Dense wedge pointing inward and forward from between the sphenoid and occipital bones.","x":"The hardest bone of the body. Houses the middle ear and inner ear (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals), the carotid canal, and the internal acoustic meatus.","f":[0,2481,2506,4,2513,33,2574,37,2615,1,2618,1,2622,3,2626,314,2941,2,2958,6,2965,32,2998,32,3032,31,3068,22,3094,2,3097,7,3105,3,3126,13,3140,3,3265,1,3273,1,3280,1,3287,2,3293,36,3330,6,3337,1,3398,1,3402,27,3431,9,3441,9,3471,15,3488,26,3517,55,3577,22,3600,1,3602,1,3605,1,3613,15,3630,2,3633,25,3659,9,3674,12,3693,25,3719,1,3721,5,3727,2,3730,1,4416,1],"p":[[2.809,151.065,9.543]]},{"id":"zyg","n":"Zygomatic process","t":"Process","w":"Slender arch projecting forward from the squamous part.","x":"Joins the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch. Masseter arises from its lower border; the temporal fascia attaches to its upper border. Its root has the articular tubercle in front of the mandibular fossa.","f":[4723,3,4787,2,4794,1,4829,1,4837,1,4851,1,4874,1,5559,2,5570,3,5575,1,5619,1,5623,2,5630,1,5657,4,5688,8,5700,1,5706,5,5713,1,5715,26,5745,7,5769,1,6370,10,6573,5,6598,3,6605,25,6634,20,6658,1,6660,1,7400,128,7553,14,7619,3,7638,28,7689,11,7715,4,7722,2,7735,1,7737,1,8503,226,8734,29,8777,12,8814,22,8854,30,8907,1,8909,1,8911,1,8913,1,8915,1,8920,1,9790,66],"p":[[5.668,151.197,12.789]]},{"id":"sty","n":"Styloid process","t":"Process","w":"Long thin spike projecting down and forward from the underside.","x":"Origin of stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus and styloglossus, plus the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments. The facial nerve exits the skull just behind its base at the stylomastoid foramen. A long styloid process can cause Eagle syndrome. Mnemonic: three muscles with \"stylo-\" in the name.","f":[2407,3,2414,1,2481,32,2516,4,2522,3,2546,28,2577,5,2583,1,2611,11,3108,19,3143,153,3297,1,3299,1,3301,5,3341,64,3406,10,3419,1,3426,5,3450,19,3880,14,3930,44,3975,4,3980,4,4035,77,4169,11,4181,3,4188,4,4193,1,4195,6,4935,6,4942,1,4945,2,4948,2,4952,2,5033,2,5037,3],"p":[[3.974,149.491,9.792]]},{"id":"mast","n":"Mastoid process","t":"Process","w":"Rounded cone behind the ear, palpable on the skull base.","x":"Insertion of sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis and longissimus capitis. Contains mastoid air cells connecting to the middle ear, so ear infections (otitis media) can spread to cause mastoiditis. The digastric muscle arises from the mastoid notch medial to it.","f":[4557,1,4559,2,4602,2,4625,1,4653,1,4656,1,4660,2,4716,3,5212,3,5217,1,5219,2,5222,2,5251,6,5361,6,5409,2,5412,8,5434,8,5455,6,5462,13,5476,5,5483,25,5510,3,5515,3,5520,5,5528,2,5546,11,6087,13,6101,2,6129,18,6172,10,6220,19,6243,15,6261,10,6273,5,6281,3,6286,27,6325,2,7034,14,7049,7,7062,5,7094,23,7131,20,7174,3,7191,13,7219,4,7233,3,7242,8,7255,3,7260,1,7262,3,7267,1,8008,7,8016,5,8023,4,8033,21,8082,14,8110,51,8168,23,8217,5,8256,8,8316,6,8329,1,8351,1,9224,10,9236,2,9243,8,9252,1,9266,11,9283,10,9333,16,9381,6,9388,1,9485,1,9536,1,10023,1,10025,1,10027,2,10054,1,10086,3,10090,1],"p":[[5.023,150.365,7.172]]},{"id":"eam","n":"External acoustic meatus","t":"Meatus","w":"Canal leading from the outside to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).","x":"About 2.5 cm long; the outer third is cartilage and the inner two thirds bone. Lined with skin that makes cerumen. Pulling the auricle back and up straightens the canal for otoscopy in adults.","f":[5026,1,5081,2,5086,1,5089,5,5934,1,5943,4,5948,3,6008,13,6053,1,6863,2,6872,1,6875,1,6924,3,6928,2,6932,12,6979,1,6982,1,6986,1,6988,15,7857,3,7890,2,7894,1,7897,2,7900,1,7903,2,7914,1,7916,19,7974,2,7983,1,7992,12,9080,1,9117,16,9136,1,9179,32,9212,3,9253,1,9257,1,9261,1],"p":[[5.223,151.447,8.89]]},{"id":"iam","n":"Internal acoustic meatus","t":"Meatus","w":"Opening on the posterior surface of the petrous part, inside the cranial cavity.","x":"Carries the facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) and the labyrinthine artery. Acoustic neuromas (schwannomas) grow here and cause hearing loss and tinnitus.","f":[544,2,549,1,576,2,824,1,865,9,875,13,920,55,999,23,1210,62,1273,1,1324,119,1493,92,1615,1,1617,2,1846,3,1879,11,1929,1,1933,3,1937,2,2229,1,2272,1,2276,1],"p":[[2.485,152.03,8.878]]}],"occipital bone":[{"id":"fm","n":"Foramen magnum","t":"Foramen","w":"Large oval opening in the base of the skull.","x":"Transmits the spinal cord continuous with the medulla, the meninges, the vertebral arteries, the spinal part of the accessory nerve (XI) and the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. Herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through it (Chiari malformation or raised pressure) compresses the brainstem. Mnemonic: \"foramen magnum = great hole\".","f":[3854,2,3902,3,4340,1,4347,1,4361,9,4380,3,4396,14,4412,2,4418,1,4420,12,4435,11,4456,6,4464,2,4480,1,4778,1,4799,12,4815,2,4819,1,4822,1,4824,1,4827,1,4829,7,4837,1,4844,8,4853,1,4855,2,4862,1,4864,3,4868,29,4900,51,4952,1,4955,13,4973,1,4975,2,4978,3,4987,1,5322,1,5327,1,5382,1,5388,1,5390,1,5394,2,5445,1,5452,1,5456,1,5465,1,5473,3,5477,3,5494,5,5500,6,5512,1,5514,4,5519,3,5523,27,5552,8,5561,1,5564,1,5570,1,5881,2,5885,2,5892,1,5894,5,5912,5,5920,1,5923,1,5925,2,5928,2,5931,21,5953,12,6255,1,6260,4,6277,7,6286,22,6310,1,6312,1,6314,5,6320,1,6612,3,6617,2,6621,2,6634,1,6636,1,6638,1,6643,17,6661,11,6681,1,7005,1,7008,2,7013,2,7023,6,7032,5,7040,15,7059,1,7061,5,7068,1,7071,2,7074,1,7076,1,7380,4,7388,2,7391,1,7394,5,7410,4,7415,1,7418,18,7439,2,7742,2,7752,2,7757,2,7760,1,7763,23,7789,5,7798,2,7801,1,8136,2,8177,3,8182,1,8185,1,8191,4,8197,1,8224,1,8226,1,8231,1,8241,1,8252,1,8254,1,8276,1,8283,4,8288,3,8292,26,8320,1,8322,2,8325,2,8645,3,8650,3,8654,1,8673,12,8686,2,8690,7,8699,2,8705,10,8716,9,8727,6,8734,17,8752,9,8762,9,8772,8,8781,5,8787,1,8790,5,9203,5,9210,1,9222,3,9226,1,9244,4,9250,4,9263,32,9298,10,9309,1,9317,22,9344,8,9355,1,9361,2,9742,1,9746,2,9760,1,9780,7],"p":[[-0.261,149.936,8.864]],"h":1},{"id":"bas","n":"Basilar part","t":"Part","w":"Thick square bone in front of the foramen magnum.","x":"Fuses with the sphenoid body to form the clivus, which supports the pons and medulla. Fuses with the sphenoid about age 18-25.","f":[4726,4,4746,1,4751,1,4753,4,5271,125,5419,1,5422,9,5433,1,5453,1,5457,2,5462,3,5466,1,5470,3,5476,2,5479,1,5833,66,5908,1,5910,1,5914,3,6220,39,6260,4,6279,1,6580,39,6620,1,6622,1,6970,42,7013,2,7026,1,7353,39,7393,1,7395,1,7397,2,7692,47,7740,4,8047,151,8214,1,8219,1,8221,3,8225,1,8227,3,8236,1,8252,5,8259,4,8585,13,8609,1,8614,7,8622,1,8624,1],"p":[[-0.053,151.591,9.711]]},{"id":"cond","n":"Occipital condyle","t":"Condyle","w":"Paired oval facets on each side of the foramen magnum on the underside.","x":"Articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas (atlanto-occipital joint), which allows nodding the head (\"yes\"). The hypoglossal canal (XII) passes just above each condyle.","f":[2607,2,2653,2,2656,1,2679,2,2682,1,2688,1,2698,1,3008,1,3012,1,3018,3,3034,6,3054,6,3072,3,3076,8,3088,1,3090,9,3101,3,3105,2,3111,1,3115,1,3392,1,3394,2,3415,5,3434,9,3474,5,3486,8,3498,16,3515,5,3522,1,3525,5,3534,3,3539,2,3834,2,3838,2,3844,1,3856,7,3879,9,3905,5,3918,23,3943,29,3974,15,3991,5,3997,2,4000,6,4008,2,4013,3,4351,1,4353,1,4356,1,4370,10,4383,13,4410,12,4423,4,4446,15,4466,12,4483,9,4495,11,4509,2,4514,2,4838,1,4841,1,4852,1,4857,2,4860,2,4863,1,4897,3,4901,2,4905,1,4916,1,4934,4,4951,3,4968,2,4994,4,8704,1,8751,1,8805,1,9216,1,9228,16,9248,3,9252,11,9291,8,9302,15,9333,11,9351,10,9364,6,9374,9,9385,4,9392,3,9729,1,9733,2,9737,1,9740,2,9751,9,9775,5,9797,2,9804,49,9860,10,9871,1,9874,1,9876,7,9885,3,9889,2,9892,1,10178,4,10197,6,10226,9,10264,4,10274,15,10290,18,10311,6,10319,3,10325,1,10327,1,10330,7,10340,3,10348,1,10528,3,10536,2,10553,7,10575,2,10602,3,10609,9,10619,11,10632,4,10640,2,10649,1,10653,1,10858,1,10888,7,10914,4,10925,3,10938,6,10948,1,10955,6,10962,4,10973,1],"p":[[2.277,149.329,7.048],[-2.277,149.329,7.048]]},{"id":"squ","n":"Squamous part","t":"Part","w":"Large curved plate behind and above the foramen magnum.","x":"Forms the back of the skull. Marked outside by the nuchal lines and inside by fossae for the brain. Meets the parietal bones at the lambdoid suture.","f":[15,1,24,4,33,2,95,5,101,1,103,1,136,4,253,1,255,4,260,7,268,2,271,11,291,1,299,1,314,1,319,1,321,5,411,6,442,2,465,1,493,4,501,1,516,13,530,3,535,1,591,4,607,1,613,3,690,1,692,6,699,2,703,2,707,2,715,1,738,3,743,4,748,2,751,3,757,1,762,1,764,1,766,1,769,3,822,1,835,4,961,2,1002,2,1027,12,1050,2,1084,4,1091,4,1099,3,1105,1,1117,2,1123,2,1241,1,1243,2,1249,1,1255,3,1281,2,1287,1,1291,1,1293,2,1316,3,1401,4,1450,9,1463,2,1469,2,1472,3,1479,5,1485,3,1633,1,1637,2,1646,3,1657,4,1678,1,1680,2,1691,2,1739,2,1742,1,1749,1,1806,1,1808,4,1815,2,1821,1,1833,4,2012,1,2014,1,2019,1,2021,4,2029,6,2056,2,2063,2,2070,3,2082,1,2184,2,2188,1,2190,1,2195,1,2203,5,2212,2,2219,4,2375,1,2379,4,2385,4,2391,4,2400,6,2413,4,2425,1,2429,1,2438,3,2505,1,2509,3,2562,10,2574,1,2578,2,2582,1,2587,1,2591,3,2597,3,2601,1,2605,2,2732,2,2737,1,2742,2,2746,4,2752,4,2760,1,2764,6,2774,3,2794,1,2799,4,2806,1,2808,1,2821,1,2894,3,2902,1,2909,1,2925,2,2931,1,2937,1,2939,2,2943,4,2968,1,2979,29,3128,1,3132,2,3136,3,3143,3,3148,5,3155,1,3159,2,3168,2,3179,3,3184,3,3188,4,3226,2,3236,3,3251,2,3261,3,3271,2,3277,1,3285,2,3295,1,3299,1,3301,36,3339,2,3548,1,3551,3,3556,1,3558,1,3560,6,3568,8,3577,3,3587,1,3595,1,3600,3,3612,2,3619,1,3627,4,3643,3,3648,1,3673,1,3717,11,3730,1,3732,1,3736,2,3739,3,4026,2,4032,5,4040,18,4059,4,4065,2,4080,4,4094,2,4103,9,4120,1,4186,14,4201,2,4204,1,4206,14,4525,3,4532,1,4535,27,4570,4,4579,1,4583,2,4600,4,4610,3,4637,8,4709,10,4721,2,4724,2,5033,1,5036,9,5047,4,5052,2,5056,4,5070,1,5077,1,5084,1,5088,4,5132,8,5177,1,5191,1,5194,1,5200,3,5217,1,5223,1,5229,1,5231,2,5240,2,5245,3,5253,5,5259,2,5262,9,5587,4,5593,3,5597,1,5601,3,5617,4,5627,2,5638,1,5651,4,5750,4,5772,3,5782,3,5788,1,5790,1,5798,1,5804,1,5806,1,5809,3,5813,6,5820,13,5984,4,5989,2,5993,2,5996,3,6000,7,6009,3,6023,3,6028,1,6038,3,6048,5,6066,1,6160,2,6174,3,6180,3,6184,1,6187,1,6195,6,6204,16,6321,1,6324,1,6333,1,6337,1,6340,2,6345,2,6348,1,6351,8,6360,3,6364,5,6377,2,6389,2,6398,6,6407,3,6417,1,6463,2,6509,2,6528,1,6539,1,6546,4,6561,1,6563,1,6567,13,6691,2,6698,7,6711,7,6725,6,6734,8,6743,2,6747,1,6752,3,6762,2,6781,2,6791,4,6808,2,6814,3,6862,2,6891,3,6901,4,6915,1,6917,2,6926,3,6934,1,6947,4,6953,1,6961,9,7079,1,7082,1,7086,1,7099,7,7119,8,7135,6,7147,7,7157,8,7172,3,7182,3,7197,3,7213,6,7233,1,7278,1,7303,3,7311,1,7313,1,7317,4,7330,1,7333,5,7349,4,7448,2,7458,3,7467,2,7470,1,7473,10,7485,1,7491,1,7504,3,7514,1,7525,1,7534,1,7579,2,7654,5,7664,1,7682,3,7689,3,7810,5,7817,6,7824,3,7828,1,7831,2,7845,1,7852,5,7864,1,7906,3,7994,1,8002,1,8005,3,8019,4,8027,1,8029,18,8339,4,8347,4,8353,1,8355,5,8363,2,8367,1,8377,2,8383,3,8405,2,8414,2,8502,3,8519,1,8529,5,8535,3,8539,1,8547,3,8563,1,8567,3,8571,4,8576,1,8578,7,8823,2,8830,14,8846,3,8859,1,8867,2,8884,2,8896,3,8962,3,8997,1,9008,1,9035,7,9048,1,9051,1,9064,1,9070,3,9074,15,9090,1,9092,4,9403,2,9406,2,9413,1,9415,1,9418,22,9441,8,9453,1,9455,2,9458,1,9474,1,9481,1,9503,1,9510,6,9552,9,9617,9,9629,2,9632,1,9634,1,9637,6,9644,9,9901,1,9904,2,9907,20,9928,5,9942,3,9951,1,9958,1,9963,1,9991,4,10007,5,10082,7,10091,12,10105,2,10109,9,10357,2,10361,9,10373,9,10383,2,10391,1,10396,2,10409,1,10416,4,10429,4,10441,5,10494,11,10509,5,10515,3,10519,4,10664,4,10670,3,10678,6,10685,2,10689,2,10696,1,10699,2,10709,1,10715,2,10720,5,10732,2,10768,4,10792,2,10815,4,10822,14,10837,2,10840,11,10853,2,10987,1,10992,1,10997,1,11001,7,11010,4,11016,2,11025,1,11037,1,11040,2,11051,1,11056,2,11164,1,11177,3,11191,1,11199,2,11208,4,11222,1,11231,15,11247,7,11400,1,11402,3,11407,2,11410,1,11412,6,11422,2,11425,2,11434,3,11439,1,11445,2,11448,7,11504,1,11513,2,11516,1,11565,7,11574,2,11578,2,11581,1,11585,1,11587,3,11593,1,11597,1,11601,2,11604,1,11608,8,11794,3,11802,3,11810,4,11831,1,11833,1,11859,1,11871,2,11881,1,11942,1,11953,1,11958,1,11960,2,11967,1,11974,6,11988,2,11999,6,12007,2,12010,1,12012,4,12185,1,12187,1,12190,3,12199,3,12204,2,12207,1,12222,2,12233,1,12240,1,12277,2,12284,1,12293,1,12321,9,12335,3,12344,2,12347,4,12352,3,12356,4,12361,1,12363,4,12370,2,12383,5,12391,9,12535,2,12544,2,12563,2,12570,1,12579,2,12650,2,12718,13,12738,2,12744,1,12746,3,12750,2,12753,2,12758,1,12760,8,12780,9,12790,4,12851,1,12859,3,12865,1,12922,2,12927,3,12941,2,12973,2,13033,2,13041,1,13050,3,13061,3,13065,3,13071,1,13073,2,13136,8,13145,2,13152,1,13154,3,13162,1,13175,1,13180,1,13187,1,13190,2,13196,1,13199,1,13205,2,13211,7,13286,2,13305,4,13333,1,13376,1,13378,1,13386,1,13465,5,13521,1,13564,2,13567,2,13570,1,13579,1,13581,1,13587,2,13605,2,13610,5,13617,4,13651,1,13687,4,13727,2,13772,3,13791,2,13795,4,13800,13,13815,4,13821,4,13829,2,13834,2,13861,1,13869,1,13875,1,13887,1,13890,3,13899,1,13901,1,13903,2,13906,2,13910,2,13941,1,13943,1,13969,1,13992,1,13994,2,13997,3],"p":[[0.03,152.724,0.323]]},{"id":"lat","n":"Lateral part","t":"Part","w":"Part on each side of the foramen magnum, bearing the condyle.","x":"Contains the hypoglossal canal and the jugular process, and forms the posterior part of the jugular foramen with the temporal bone. The jugular foramen transmits CN IX, X, XI and the internal jugular vein.","f":[2,1,35,9,45,4,54,1,57,1,326,13,353,1,358,2,361,4,366,1,369,1,371,19,772,4,777,7,795,8,804,1,822,1,1126,3,1136,1,1150,1,1160,1,1162,1,1166,1,1171,1,1180,1,1190,1,1194,3,1199,1,1217,13,1235,3,1240,1,1488,1,1491,7,1500,6,1508,1,1510,1,1518,2,1521,1,1524,2,1533,2,1553,2,1559,2,1586,1,1604,2,1625,3,1634,1,1839,3,1846,1,1852,1,1854,1,1857,16,1887,10,1899,2,1911,5,1938,5,1951,6,1967,6,1978,3,1992,3,2002,7,2010,2,2224,1,2226,4,2231,4,2236,3,2267,8,2285,12,2300,7,2310,7,2324,4,2335,3,2341,2,2351,10,2362,12,2375,2,2609,6,2617,3,2621,1,2623,2,2626,1,2631,2,2644,9,2655,1,2657,8,2675,4,2681,1,2683,5,2692,6,2701,4,2707,5,2717,2,2721,2,2727,4,2732,1,3009,1,3011,1,3013,2,3016,2,3089,1,3104,1,3114,1,3121,2,3126,1,3348,3,3352,9,3391,1,3393,1,3396,3,3541,1,3545,4,3744,2,3768,7,3776,1,3778,4,3833,1,3836,2,3840,4,4016,4,4026,1,4224,2,4290,10,4349,1,4352,1,4354,2,4357,4,4516,1,4522,1,4732,1,4765,2,4794,4,4839,2,4854,1,4859,1,4970,3,4974,1,4982,5,4988,1,4998,1,5004,4,5009,1,5014,1,5480,1,5483,1,5571,1,8600,1,8638,5,8664,3,8671,2,8701,3,8725,1,8788,2,8800,5,8810,1,8818,1,9098,1,9100,2,9170,4,9214,2,9218,4,9227,1,9373,1,9391,1,9398,2,9405,1,9653,1,9655,2,9683,7,9728,1,9730,3,9735,2,9738,2,9891,1,9896,2,9900,1,10128,1,10130,7,10177,1,10182,1,10349,1,10352,1,10523,5,10532,3,10648,1,10652,1,10658,1,10662,1,10855,3,10859,2,10869,1,10872,1,10874,5,10880,2,10895,6,10918,4,10928,2,10944,4,10949,4,10966,2,10974,1,10977,1,10981,2,10985,2,11254,1,11258,2,11277,1,11279,10,11293,4,11310,14,11329,7,11339,8,11355,5,11366,2,11372,2,11380,1,11384,3,11389,3,11394,6,11616,1,11618,1,11620,2,11623,5,11630,1,11638,5,11644,1,11652,15,11675,13,11710,6,11727,4,11741,3,11746,5,11755,6,11764,5,11772,8,11781,2,11786,1,12017,2,12026,9,12045,1,12056,1,12058,1,12063,2,12068,2,12071,1,12075,2,12081,3,12105,4,12135,2,12158,1,12172,4,12182,1,12184,1,12401,5,12413,1,12419,1,12425,1,12433,1,12444,1,12450,1,12452,1,12454,1,12457,1,12459,1,12461,1,12470,1,12472,1,12476,1,12480,1,12493,1,12495,1,12514,10,12530,2,12794,3,12804,1,12812,13,12838,1,12845,1,13218,5,13225,12,13238,3,13246,1,13261,1,13263,1,13265,1,13267,3,13271,1,13625,2,13628,15,13645,3,13649,2,13912,3,13918,1,13921,1],"p":[[3.567,149.587,6.84],[-3.567,149.587,6.84]]},{"id":"eop","n":"External occipital protuberance (inion)","t":"Protuberance","w":"Midline bump on the back of the skull (inion), palpable above the neck.","x":"Attaches the ligamentum nuchae and the upper part of trapezius. Corresponds inside to the internal occipital protuberance.","f":[5752,1,6048,1,6050,3,6066,1,6160,1,6410,2,6413,5,6420,1,6463,2,6547,3,6795,1,6799,1,6803,1,6807,1,6810,16,6862,2,7219,1,7221,1,7224,2,7227,13,7278,2,7335,2,7523,2,7526,9,7579,2,7868,1,7871,2,7879,1,7881,1,7906,3,8414,1,8502,1],"p":[[-0.178,152.475,1.34]]},{"id":"eoc","n":"External occipital crest","t":"Crest","w":"Midline ridge running from the external occipital protuberance down to the foramen magnum.","x":"Attachment of the ligamentum nuchae.","f":[6702,3,6714,4,6725,2,6728,3,6735,2,6739,3,6743,2,6747,1,6754,1,6762,2,6782,1,6791,1,6793,2,7101,1,7119,1,7123,4,7135,3,7148,6,7157,4,7162,3,7172,3,7184,1,7197,3,7213,6],"p":[[-0.011,150.186,3.173]]},{"id":"iop","n":"Internal occipital protuberance","t":"Protuberance","w":"Midline bump on the inner surface where the sinus grooves meet.","x":"Marks the confluence of sinuses and the attachment of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.","f":[6013,6,6020,3,6026,2,6375,2,6380,9,6391,7,6404,3,6748,1,6751,1,6756,6,6764,17,6783,8,6796,7,6804,4,7165,1,7170,1,7176,6,7185,12,7200,13,7220,5,7226,2,7487,1,7489,2,7492,12,7507,7,7515,6,7834,1,7836,4,7842,3,7846,4,7851,1,7857,2],"p":[[-0.053,151.922,2.137]]},{"id":"ioc","n":"Internal occipital crest","t":"Crest","w":"Midline ridge from the internal occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum.","x":"The falx cerebelli attaches to it and the occipital sinus runs along it.","f":[6328,1,6350,1,6684,4,6694,4,6706,5,6718,7,6731,3,6742,1,6745,2,6749,1,7075,1,7077,2,7087,11,7106,13,7127,8,7141,6,7154,3,7167,3,7445,1,7450,1,7454,1,7472,1],"p":[[-0.011,149.988,4.26]]},{"id":"tsg","n":"Groove for transverse sinus","t":"Groove","w":"Broad groove curving laterally from the internal protuberance.","x":"Holds the transverse venous sinus, which continues as the sigmoid sinus to the jugular foramen. The tentorium cerebelli attaches along its edges.","f":[14,1,21,5,27,1,29,6,126,2,133,3,144,3,153,2,158,2,161,14,176,22,210,1,215,2,218,4,223,5,229,1,231,1,234,30,265,1,267,7,275,7,420,1,424,1,428,2,437,1,439,3,444,15,461,4,466,1,469,5,475,13,489,4,496,20,522,4,527,2,530,4,535,5,542,5,548,1,553,1,564,1,587,1,590,1,683,1,840,4,846,1,848,1,850,44,895,2,906,2,909,2,915,1,918,11,934,4,944,2,948,1,950,1,952,1,960,1,1248,1,1251,4,1258,5,1265,16,1283,1,1286,1,1289,1,1651,1,1653,4,1661,4,1670,1,1672,1,1674,1,1676,2,1679,1,2026,3,2035,7,2044,1,2046,2,2053,3,2059,2,2062,1,2390,1,2395,5,2406,7,2417,5,2426,2,2751,1,2756,4,2761,3,2770,4,2777,5,2783,3,2790,1,3146,2,3153,2,3156,3,3161,7,3170,2,3176,1,3576,1,3580,7,3588,7,3596,2,4064,1,4067,12,4562,8,4574,5,5055,1,5060,10,5071,2,5074,3,5600,1,5604,13,5621,6,5633,1,6007,2,6012,11,6026,2,6031,1,6369,8,6379,10,6391,3,6395,3,6748,1,6750,2,6755,5,6761,1,6764,12,6780,1,6783,1,6787,2,7171,1,7175,2,7180,1,7191,6,7207,3,7211,2,7483,1,7486,5,7492,12,7507,7,7516,1,7827,1,7829,2,7833,12,7846,6,7863,1,8362,1,8365,2,8368,9,8379,4,8844,2,8849,10,8860,6,9454,1,9457,1,9459,15,9933,9,9945,6,9952,1,9956,1,10382,1,10385,6,10392,4,10398,2,10401,1,10684,1,10687,2,10691,5,10697,2,10703,3,11008,2,11014,2,11018,7,11026,6,11033,1,11418,4,11424,1,11427,5,11433,1,11437,1,11443,2,11797,5,11805,5,11814,5,11820,1,11823,4,11829,2,12197,2,12202,2,12206,1,12208,5,12216,6,12228,5,12546,6,12557,6,12565,2,12854,5,12862,3,12866,2,12873,37,12911,4,12916,2,12920,1,12924,3,12932,1,13293,1,13295,1,13300,1,13309,10,13323,10,13335,33,13374,1,13377,11,13395,1,13398,2,13411,1,13416,1,13425,2,13432,2,13439,1,13441,3,13486,1,13489,1,13702,2,13707,2,13712,1,13716,2,13729,21,13752,2,13761,3,13765,3,13769,3,13775,1,13777,3,13781,10,13792,8,13802,5,13810,4,13815,2,13821,2,13824,1,13939,1,13946,4,13952,1,13955,1,13962,3,13975,5,13981,1,13983,4,13988,3,13992,8],"p":[[3.9,152.267,2.978],[-3.9,152.267,2.978]]},{"id":"cerf","n":"Cerebral (occipital) fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Hollow above the transverse groove on each side.","x":"Lodges the occipital pole of the cerebral hemisphere (occipital lobe, visual cortex).","f":[285,1,289,2,296,3,300,1,302,1,306,4,311,3,317,7,325,1,550,1,561,1,569,1,571,1,621,2,624,7,632,6,639,12,654,1,656,3,661,3,666,1,669,1,672,1,674,16,691,3,695,1,697,46,747,1,752,1,754,3,758,4,763,7,950,11,963,39,1004,20,1025,1,1030,10,1045,1,1048,1,1052,1,1054,1,1056,1,1058,2,1061,1,1063,2,1067,1,1070,14,1092,1,1095,1,1097,2,1101,4,1106,6,1117,1,1119,2,1288,1,1290,1,1292,1,1295,6,1302,8,1313,1,1315,1,1319,13,1333,11,1345,1,1349,1,1405,1,1682,5,1832,1,2065,5,2073,4,2131,1,2143,1,2153,24,2178,3,2183,2,2186,5,2192,3,2196,8,2206,1,2208,3,2212,11,2427,2,2430,3,2444,1,2448,11,2460,9,2470,6,2477,1,2482,4,2491,1,2497,1,2506,24,2532,3,2536,1,2538,7,2546,2,2552,1,2555,1,2557,5,2565,2,2569,2,2572,33,2791,3,2795,4,2803,3,2809,4,2820,1,2822,1,2825,1,2829,9,2839,1,2841,4,2846,12,2860,2,2864,1,2867,1,2871,1,2873,7,2882,12,2897,30,2928,4,2934,18,2953,31,2999,9,3170,1,3175,4,3182,2,3192,1,3203,6,3210,8,3219,1,3222,1,3225,1,3228,35,3264,3,3268,35,3317,1,3320,5,3326,15,3598,2,3603,9,3614,5,3620,1,3625,2,3632,1,3638,5,3647,14,3664,1,3670,38,3709,1,3711,2,3716,1,3726,1,3728,11,3740,2,4078,2,4084,10,4096,7,4128,2,4133,3,4138,5,4145,2,4148,2,4151,2,4155,3,4162,3,4167,2,4172,9,4183,3,4191,25,4217,3,4576,1,4580,3,4585,15,4604,6,4613,3,4621,4,4626,1,4628,9,4652,2,4655,43,4701,1,4703,2,4706,3,4712,14,5073,1,5075,1,5078,6,5085,3,5092,12,5106,1,5120,8,5131,1,5141,1,5152,1,5155,1,5160,10,5171,17,5190,1,5192,2,5195,2,5203,2,5209,2,5216,2,5223,1,5225,10,5237,9,5247,7,5258,10,5269,1,5629,4,5634,4,5639,12,5655,13,5676,1,5678,2,5681,1,5683,1,5695,1,5705,3,5709,27,5737,2,5740,2,5744,6,5754,2,5767,8,5779,6,5786,5,5793,2,5796,4,5801,3,5805,2,5809,2,5812,9,5830,3,6029,9,6041,7,6053,2,6056,5,6064,1,6067,9,6083,1,6095,1,6097,1,6099,1,6103,43,6147,2,6150,10,6162,1,6174,37,6214,1,6394,1,6404,3,6410,7,6418,10,6430,2,6433,1,6436,1,6438,1,6441,7,6452,4,6458,4,6465,5,6476,22,6499,12,6512,3,6516,3,6524,8,6533,2,6536,1,6539,2,6559,15,6795,5,6810,2,6813,1,6817,5,6823,2,6826,2,6867,5,6873,2,6877,2,6961,1,7210,1,7222,6,7231,2,7234,1,7239,3,7286,1,7289,1,7291,1,7515,10,7526,8,7535,5,7548,1,7550,1,7552,2,7564,3,7569,3,7573,3,7581,8,7590,1,7595,6,7605,1,7608,11,7620,1,7623,1,7625,2,7629,1,7632,13,7656,1,7663,1,7665,5,7682,7,7857,7,7865,24,7891,5,7901,1,7903,1,7905,1,7909,6,7927,4,7933,1,7936,2,7942,63,8019,20,8043,1,8382,1,8386,19,8407,6,8416,10,8456,1,8458,1,8460,21,8482,8,8491,9,8501,1,8505,1,8508,2,8519,4,8528,13,8542,1,8545,6,8556,1,8558,2,8564,1,8568,10,8862,1,8866,1,8869,15,8886,10,8899,11,8918,2,8927,1,8930,1,8932,5,8938,13,8952,10,8965,1,8967,2,8970,1,8980,1,8983,2,8987,3,8992,1,8994,2,8998,4,9004,2,9007,1,9009,4,9014,1,9016,3,9022,2,9027,2,9033,3,9037,28,9066,9,9083,5,9089,3,9093,2,9475,6,9482,21,9504,6,9516,3,9535,8,9544,8,9561,1,9573,1,9577,1,9580,5,9586,31,9624,29,9946,2,9949,1,9952,6,9959,4,9964,27,9995,2,10003,1,10005,2,10019,17,10037,5,10043,3,10049,28,10078,4,10087,7,10095,1,10097,10,10108,5,10114,4,10400,1,10402,7,10410,6,10420,3,10439,2,10450,1,10454,3,10459,8,10468,2,10473,1,10476,2,10479,15,10504,3,10509,14,10701,5,10708,1,10710,5,10717,3,10729,3,10734,1,10736,2,10743,1,10745,1,10747,16,10764,4,10772,30,10803,1,10805,9,10816,6,10825,1,10836,18,11036,1,11038,2,11042,6,11052,1,11055,1,11058,1,11063,16,11083,3,11088,2,11091,2,11094,1,11096,1,11102,3,11106,3,11110,2,11113,3,11119,3,11123,29,11154,1,11156,3,11160,12,11174,49,11225,1,11227,5,11243,2,11246,8,11444,1,11447,1,11465,1,11469,2,11472,2,11478,6,11485,1,11487,2,11490,3,11495,2,11498,1,11500,2,11503,1,11505,4,11510,14,11525,3,11529,19,11549,5,11555,2,11563,2,11570,3,11575,34,11613,1,11615,1,11830,1,11832,1,11834,7,11845,1,11863,3,11867,4,11885,1,11887,3,11891,3,11895,7,11903,5,11909,1,11911,1,11914,10,11925,19,11946,1,11948,8,11957,27,11985,16,12005,2,12008,9,12232,1,12234,5,12367,11,12380,1,12382,1,12393,6,12571,8,12581,1,12583,1,12585,3,12592,4,12598,2,12602,1,12604,1,12606,1,12611,8,12930,11,12943,19,12963,2,12966,7,12975,1,12977,2,12980,1,12983,6,12992,34,13028,5,13035,1,13038,1,13040,7,13048,1,13050,7,13058,1,13064,4,13070,1,13076,1,13079,4,13084,2,13088,18,13108,5,13114,2,13117,4,13147,2,13154,1,13159,1,13162,3,13167,1,13176,2,13181,4,13188,1,13192,6,13199,1,13207,2,13407,2,13414,1,13417,1,13424,1,13442,2,13457,1,13462,3,13472,35,13508,2,13516,1,13518,3,13522,1,13524,1,13526,11,13538,32,13571,8,13580,1,13582,5,13589,16,13607,6,13614,1,13616,1,13619,4,13827,1,13848,5,13855,6,13863,1,13866,3,13873,2,13876,1,13879,7,13889,1,13893,8,13902,1,13905,3,13909,2],"p":[[2.943,155.637,0.711],[-2.943,155.637,0.711]]},{"id":"cbf","n":"Cerebellar fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Hollow below the transverse groove on each side.","x":"Lodges the cerebellar hemisphere.","f":[8,1,53,1,55,1,58,1,60,6,67,1,69,2,72,23,100,1,102,1,104,3,110,16,127,9,141,1,150,1,175,1,340,1,346,4,352,1,355,1,357,1,390,1,392,19,417,25,452,1,454,1,456,1,785,1,787,1,790,2,794,1,803,1,805,17,823,12,839,1,1131,3,1135,1,1137,1,1140,1,1143,2,1146,1,1148,1,1152,5,1158,2,1161,1,1163,3,1167,4,1172,5,1181,1,1183,1,1185,5,1191,3,1203,1,1206,1,1210,3,1214,3,1230,5,1238,2,1242,1,1245,3,1250,1,1528,3,1532,1,1535,18,1555,4,1561,25,1587,17,1606,19,1628,5,1635,2,1639,7,1649,5,1943,1,1945,4,1950,1,1957,10,1973,5,1981,11,1995,7,2009,1,2013,1,2015,4,2020,1,2025,1,2329,1,2331,1,2334,1,2338,3,2343,8,2361,1,2374,1,2377,2,2383,2,2389,2,2699,2,2705,2,2712,5,2719,2,2723,4,2731,1,2734,3,2738,4,2744,2,2750,2,2758,2,3099,1,3107,4,3112,2,3116,5,3123,3,3127,1,3129,3,3134,2,3139,4,3146,2,3520,2,3530,1,3533,1,3537,2,3542,3,3549,2,3554,2,3557,1,3559,1,3566,2,3576,1,4010,1,4020,6,4028,4,4037,3,4058,1,4063,1,4523,2,4528,4,4534,1,5023,1,5029,3,5045,2,5051,1,5054,1,5586,1,5591,2,5596,1,5598,2,5988,1,5991,2,5995,1,6330,3,6338,2,6342,3,6347,1,6349,1,7453,1,7457,1,7463,4,7469,1,7809,1,7815,2,7823,1,8343,4,8351,2,8354,1,8360,2,8822,1,8828,2,9402,1,9408,1,9414,1,9440,1,9449,4,9895,1,9898,2,9902,2,9906,1,9927,1,10339,1,10344,4,10350,2,10353,4,10359,2,10370,3,10382,1,10631,1,10636,4,10642,6,10650,2,10654,4,10659,3,10663,1,10668,2,10673,5,10684,1,10687,1,10961,1,10968,5,10975,2,10978,3,10983,2,10988,4,10993,4,10998,3,11008,1,11361,1,11364,1,11368,4,11374,6,11381,3,11387,2,11392,2,11401,1,11405,2,11409,1,11411,1,11418,1,11732,2,11736,5,11744,2,11751,4,11761,3,11769,3,11780,1,11783,3,11788,6,11797,1,11799,1,12070,1,12078,3,12084,21,12109,26,12137,21,12159,13,12176,6,12183,1,12186,1,12188,2,12193,6,12406,7,12416,3,12420,5,12426,1,12428,1,12430,1,12432,1,12434,2,12437,2,12440,1,12442,2,12445,5,12451,1,12453,1,12455,2,12458,1,12462,8,12471,1,12473,1,12475,1,12479,1,12481,8,12491,1,12498,8,12509,5,12524,6,12532,3,12537,7,12798,1,12801,1,12803,1,12806,2,12809,1,12811,1,12825,13,12839,6,12846,5,12852,2,13223,2,13241,3,13247,8,13257,1,13270,1,13272,14,13288,17,13311,2,13652,2,13655,6,13662,25,13691,36,13923,2,13926,1,13928,2,13931,1,13933,6,13940,1],"p":[[4.233,150.819,5.425],[-4.233,150.819,5.425]]}],"fifth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[992,6,999,4,1005,2,1020,9,1030,1,1043,1,1047,3,1053,3,1057,5,1072,1,1099,1,1117,3,1128,1,1131,1,1136,1,1305,2,1381,2,1385,3,1557,107,1665,13,1683,4,1691,2,1694,13,1751,2,1766,5,1778,7,1973,134,2108,4,2114,4,2120,4,2146,2,2192,10,2246,6,2469,118,2589,1,2593,1,2595,5,2607,7,2653,3,2923,128,3053,8,3067,3,3081,1,3087,1,3304,92,3399,1,3407,2,3414,2,3421,1,3800,107,3916,6,3925,4,3936,4,3944,1,3947,2,4201,107,4309,4,4314,4,4321,15,4369,10,4409,3,4631,93,4727,1,4729,1,4731,2,4734,7,4744,1,4753,4,4814,11,4856,10,4912,1,4914,1,5136,203,5341,4,5347,1,5394,64,5460,4,5480,16,5498,1,5505,1,5538,13,5608,3,5793,64,5898,7,5907,1,5915,4,5921,2,5926,4,5956,1,5958,7],"p":[[0.24,130.114,5.223]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1708,3,1749,1,1790,3,1809,6,1831,2,1841,1,1843,3,1858,1,1860,3,1865,5,1875,8,1894,2,1914,1,1916,1,2107,1,2112,2,2118,2,2126,9,2136,3,2140,6,2148,27,2176,3,2180,7,2188,2,2191,1,2202,38,2252,18,2271,16,2300,2,2303,7,2312,14,2330,2,2333,15,2357,5,2587,2,2590,3,2594,1,2600,7,2614,24,2639,3,2643,4,2648,2,2651,2,2656,24,2691,3,2700,5,2707,18,2734,1,2736,3,2749,2,2752,2,2755,4,2769,8,2786,1,2788,4,2793,13,2810,1,3051,2,3061,6,3070,11,3082,5,3088,29,3119,3,3125,6,3132,1,3134,1,3136,1,3138,15,3164,1,3166,4,3396,3,3400,7,3409,5,3416,5,3422,31,3454,2,3457,1,3460,1,3462,2,3465,1,3467,17,3496,18,3907,9,3922,3,3929,7,3940,4,3945,2,3949,32,3983,3,3988,3,3992,2,3996,1,3998,4,4006,8,4022,4,4027,1,4029,1,4313,1,4318,3,4336,17,4354,2,4359,9,4379,17,4413,18,4432,1,4439,2,4442,1,4444,1,4453,13,4467,1,4470,3,4474,1,4493,1,4724,3,4728,1,4730,1,4733,1,4742,1,4746,7,4757,47,4805,6,4825,24,4866,8,4878,27,4916,3,4929,5,4935,13,4951,5,4966,1,4968,1,4972,1,4975,1,5358,2,5365,3,5369,4,5660,1],"p":[[-0.441,129.836,2.671]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[758,2,761,8,770,6,814,25,1160,1,1191,5,1198,1,1200,1,1202,1,1207,1,1232,1,1236,1,1241,1,1244,2,1250,2,1253,4,1258,13,1276,6,1286,1,1288,1,1291,7,1308,40,1351,1,1357,5,1368,3,1374,1,1376,3,1380,45,1426,7,1437,27,1468,2,1668,3,1673,2,1676,2,1694,22,1717,2,1720,3,1753,1,1778,4,1783,64,1853,31,1885,1,1887,2,1890,1,1892,2,1896,1,2096,2,2099,1,2104,1,2114,12,2150,3,2154,10,2166,4,2228,3,2234,1,2247,1,2249,4,2254,1,2256,1,2258,2,2261,2,2265,3,2269,2,2272,1,2276,1,2299,8,2310,3,2315,1,2652,1,2660,1,2710,1,4371,3,4377,2,4409,4,4719,1,4727,1,4729,1,4731,2,4734,5,4740,2,4743,3,4856,1,4858,1,4860,4,4865,1,4874,4,4912,4,4920,9,4934,1,5265,1,5310,1,5312,2,5315,10,5326,32,5362,1,5364,1,5433,5,5441,4,5451,24,5489,48,5538,66,5608,52,5661,3,5665,3,5670,1,5672,4,5678,2,5856,5,5862,3,5868,1,5902,12,5919,2,5923,3,5927,25,5957,7,5965,74,6040,4,6045,1,6051,7,6061,3,6066,1,6181,2,6184,1,6215,1,6217,1,6236,2],"p":[[1.172,129.409,3.522],[-1.172,129.409,3.522]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1464,1,1467,1,1528,3,1535,1,1555,1,1773,1,1850,2,1884,1,1886,1,1894,2,1897,2,1902,1,1904,1,1908,10,1919,5,1925,1,1927,1,1930,3,1936,8,1945,3,1949,2,1953,2,1961,4,2240,2,2287,12,2313,2,2317,3,2326,21,2348,21,2370,5,2377,11,2389,1,2391,1,2394,3,2402,2,2416,1,2604,2,2631,1,2633,2,2637,6,2644,8,2680,29,2725,32,2761,2,2764,5,2777,18,2796,2,2799,7,2808,3,2813,1,2832,1,3097,5,3103,1,3116,9,3126,2,3129,3,3133,1,3138,1,3141,1,3144,2,3153,1,3169,1,4014,1,4353,1,4356,3,4368,1,4396,13,4431,1,4433,6,4441,1,4443,1,4445,8,4466,1,4468,2,4473,1,4475,5,4481,12,4494,1,4496,4,4501,18,4522,9,4534,1,4536,1,4804,1,4813,1,4849,3,4853,3,4905,7,4948,2,4956,10,4967,1,4969,3,4973,2,4976,35,5012,11,5024,3,5028,6,5035,4,5040,1,5043,1,5045,2,5052,2,5059,1,5066,2,5076,2,5537,1,5604,4,5664,1,5668,2,5671,1,5676,2,5681,39,5721,1,5723,10,5734,5,5742,5,5751,3,5758,2,5761,2,5766,2,5775,2,5955,1,6058,3,6072,1,6075,7,6093,3,6101,1,6103,1,6109,1,6112,1,6117,3,6125,1],"p":[[0.766,129.619,2.658],[-0.766,129.619,2.658]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2783,3,2792,4,2797,2,2810,3,2822,1,2824,8,2835,4,2847,1,2849,5,2855,13,2879,6,2887,1,2889,2,2899,2,2902,5,2908,15,3114,2,3117,2,3120,5,3127,14,3142,5,3148,4,3153,151,3438,43,3482,318,3957,1,3971,5,3977,1,3981,15,3997,1,4002,6,4009,3,4013,188,4435,1,4475,13,4490,2,4494,8,4503,2,4508,2,4511,3,4518,1,4520,4,4525,1,4528,2,4531,7,4540,1,4544,16,4566,1,4569,20,4601,1,4604,14,4624,7,4981,1,5095,1],"p":[[-0.026,128.152,1.608]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[100,1,144,2,149,7,162,6,175,14,243,4,248,1,250,53,334,1,340,10,352,63,417,1,433,4,438,1,440,68,517,3,521,1,525,68,595,1,605,77,684,1,710,1,719,1,733,3,737,1,745,1,747,2,776,1,789,1,797,1,803,1,805,3,810,3,839,14,854,138,1107,7,1187,4,1203,4,1209,5,1218,2,1289,2,1298,7,1355,1,1362,6,1371,3,1433,4,1470,8,1479,1,1482,3,1486,3,1490,3,1494,1,1496,1,1499,6,1507,10,1518,1,1536,7,1544,1,1547,1,1550,3,1762,1,1771,2,1903,1,1929,1,6039,1,6046,1,6070,2,6088,2,6091,2,6099,2,6106,3,6121,4,6134,3,6138,2,6153,2,6161,2,6164,9,6180,1,6183,1,6185,10,6199,16,6219,5,6225,11,6238,17,6260,18,6283,38,6322,678],"p":[[2.208,130.014,1.857],[-2.208,130.014,1.857]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[806,1,810,1,864,1,1108,1,1210,1,1213,9,1304,1,1367,1,1371,1,1435,2,1470,1,1663,1,1665,1,1668,10,1681,2,1696,2,1700,4,1705,2,1723,2,1727,2,1730,21,1761,1,1763,3,1771,1,1773,5,1847,6,1897,6,1919,3,2091,1,2093,2,2096,9,2108,3,2113,11,2128,1,2130,16,2170,22,2240,6,2287,12,2326,4,2351,3,2365,2,2603,4,2631,1,2633,2,2636,7,2644,8,2680,29,2725,24,2777,9,2808,1,3097,5,3116,1,4297,1,4302,1,4352,1,4356,1,4358,1,4360,1,4362,5,4368,1,4400,7,4408,1,4437,2,4448,5,4488,2,4492,1,4707,1,4709,1,4711,2,4714,1,4716,1,4719,1,4722,2,4727,3,4731,11,4743,3,4747,6,4781,1,4784,2,4789,2,4793,1,4795,5,4803,2,4807,7,4849,7,4905,7,4956,8,4980,1,4982,10,5012,1,5261,2,5264,2,5267,1,5269,1,5307,12,5321,2,5325,14,5341,10,5358,3,5362,1,5364,1,5369,1,5371,1,5373,8,5382,12,5475,5,5537,1,5604,4,5681,5,5700,11,5725,1,5728,1,5875,23,5914,1,5952,4,6047,4,6072,3,6093,4,6160,2,6164,1,6168,1,6170,1,6173,8,6195,4,6201,2,6206,1,6216,1,6218,1,6224,2,6230,1,6241,1,6243,5,6251,3,6255,8,6275,1,6278,13,6294,3,6298,1],"p":[[0.89,130.972,2.94],[-0.89,130.972,2.94]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[953,11,970,1,972,3,987,5,1499,7,1513,21,1535,5,1542,3,1546,2,1549,1,1554,2,1936,8,1945,14,1961,7,2370,1,2402,3,2411,2,2416,8,2426,1,5077,3,5081,2,5734,1,5742,6,5750,21,5772,1,5775,2,6126,1,6128,4,6134,4,6141,6,6148,6,6327,1,6329,1,6390,6,6397,8],"p":[[1.269,128.319,2.255],[-1.269,128.319,2.255]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[992,2,996,9,1007,15,1031,1,1033,16,1075,2,1078,3,1087,2,1091,1,1094,1,1099,1,1147,1,1150,3,1160,1,1198,1,1200,1,1202,1,1208,1,1242,2,1257,4,1262,4,1267,4,1346,1,1574,1,1586,7,1629,2,1632,5,1638,1,1651,5,1662,2,1665,1,1668,11,1694,25,1720,3,1753,1,2071,2,2075,1,2086,2,2096,5,2104,1,2108,1,2110,1,2113,13,2150,3,2154,8,2163,1,2166,4,2228,3,2234,1,5155,1,5163,1,5166,7,5178,1,5184,1,5204,1,5208,2,5241,5,5249,1,5251,8,5265,5,5306,19,5327,1,5331,12,5347,1,5350,3,5354,4,5458,14,5473,2,5510,6,5521,2,5525,1,5793,17,5817,7,5828,1,5830,2,5836,6,5846,15,5862,3,5868,1,5871,1,5903,6],"p":[[1.08,130.27,4.098],[-1.08,130.27,4.098]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[724,4,749,21,814,14,829,1,833,2,837,2,1024,1,1026,3,1049,2,1052,2,1117,3,1126,1,1222,5,1305,3,1374,21,1437,18,1456,2,1460,2,1463,1,1615,1,1683,2,1853,2,1856,1,1864,2,1872,1,4685,1,4687,1,4700,2,4703,2,5211,7,5270,1,5272,3,5276,5,5282,1,5397,10,5483,6,5545,6,5619,11,5642,1,5644,2,5898,2,5915,1,5917,4,5956,18,5976,1,5979,1,5982,4,5988,2,5991,1,6051,3],"p":[[1.309,128.536,4.215],[-1.309,128.536,4.215]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[100,1,144,2,154,1,243,4,248,1,250,3,254,6,261,4,269,3,275,2,334,1,340,10,352,20,373,1,380,4,409,1,433,2,436,1,440,11,452,1,454,1,466,10,495,3,538,4,545,3,569,3,575,1,6513,2,6569,2,6572,1,6576,1,6627,30,6666,2,6675,1,6739,35,6775,1,6777,3,6782,6,6789,2,6792,13,6806,5,6824,1,6828,1,6899,12,6914,1,6916,1,6922,1,6957,1],"p":[[2.93,130.189,2.136],[-2.93,130.189,2.136]]}],"first lumbar vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Large kidney-shaped body; the biggest of the movable vertebrae.","x":"Carries the greatest load of the spine. The thoracolumbar junction (T12-L2) is the commonest site of compression fractures in osteoporosis. A lumbar puncture is made between L3-L4 or L4-L5 below the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris at L1-L2).","f":[252,4,257,22,280,2,284,73,459,238,811,170,982,2,985,2,992,10,1003,2,1011,1,1169,119,1290,1,1292,3,1296,1,1304,42,1347,2,1819,105,1925,5,1932,4,1962,18,1984,1,2315,114,2431,2,2436,13,2459,4,2650,89,2740,9,2752,1,2759,2,2766,15,2930,72,3004,3,3008,2,3011,12,3032,15,3340,60,3404,2,3413,14,3440,7,3828,70,3900,3,3906,29,3947,8,4235,74,4310,13,4338,19,4572,82,4661,1,4664,26,4703,8,5058,99,5159,1,5161,13,5191,18,5210,1,5488,127,5617,1,5621,29,5662,11,5674,10,5966,196,6163,3,6167,35,6203,2,6217,4,6408,141,6713,8],"p":[[-0.263,105.521,8.82]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Triangular opening behind the body.","x":"Contains the cauda equina below L2; lumbar stenosis narrows it.","f":[1346,1,1349,3,1364,1,1367,11,1393,1,1493,2,1496,2,1611,1,1613,5,1697,2,1936,6,1946,4,1951,6,1961,1,1980,4,1985,19,2005,19,2026,3,2030,1,2032,2,2037,14,2072,1,2074,4,2113,2,2125,3,2132,1,2134,5,2147,1,2170,4,2176,10,2188,7,2235,13,2266,5,2273,2,2429,1,2434,2,2449,10,2463,13,2478,12,2491,1,2497,1,2503,1,2510,9,2538,7,2560,7,2598,1,2739,1,2749,3,2753,6,2761,5,2781,1,2783,1,2787,2,2790,6,2809,2,2828,5,3002,2,3007,1,3010,1,3023,9,3047,6,3054,2,3072,15,3105,3,3110,3,3400,4,3406,7,3427,13,3447,5,3453,1,3465,25,3506,1,3509,1,3898,2,3903,3,3935,12,3955,10,3967,2,3983,19,4018,6,4062,1,4323,14,4357,12,4376,15,4392,1,4394,1,4412,15,4444,14,4477,3,4481,1,4483,1,4493,1,4654,2,4690,8,4699,1,4701,1,4711,12,4724,2,4727,2,4733,1,4735,2,4760,1,4805,6,4816,2,4819,1,4880,1,4888,1,4890,2,5174,3,5181,1,5209,1,5211,22,5234,2,5238,29,5272,1,5274,1,5276,1,5279,14,5294,1,5699,1,5701,1,5711,2],"p":[[-0.484,105.51,6.178]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Stout bar joining the body and arch.","x":"Thick and strong. A pars interarticularis defect (spondylolysis) between the superior and inferior articular processes may let L5 slip forward (spondylolisthesis).","f":[697,1,702,1,937,3,943,9,977,1,979,13,996,1,998,1,1000,33,1036,3,1041,1,1044,1,1046,3,1050,1,1052,1,1277,7,1287,17,1333,1,1336,4,1341,3,1346,4,1352,18,1372,1,1383,1,1385,1,1387,1,1393,2,1914,1,1923,9,1942,11,1954,1,1957,5,2004,5,2027,1,2430,6,2450,1,2453,2,2456,2,2760,1,2762,2,4653,1,4656,8,4698,1,4700,1,4702,1,5149,2,5154,7,5177,4,5182,9,5207,1,5210,1,5233,1,5607,1,5613,1,5615,6,5650,12,5667,32,5700,1,5702,1,5704,7,5733,1,5736,1,5738,2,5742,1,5745,1,6118,1,6159,1,6162,3,6166,10,6177,1,6199,49,6252,1,6254,1,6259,1,6261,2,6265,1,6549,1],"p":[[1.652,106.888,6.798],[-1.652,106.888,6.798]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Short, broad plate behind the foramen.","x":"Interlaminar spaces are wide, so a needle can pass between the laminae.","f":[703,1,714,1,720,1,729,1,1033,3,1039,2,1042,2,1045,1,1049,1,1051,1,1053,3,1057,18,1378,5,1390,1,1392,1,1395,17,1413,12,1426,3,1446,23,1470,1,1482,2,1486,1,1498,5,1506,11,1518,1,1520,2,1524,2,1527,1,1529,6,1538,2,1543,1,1545,1,1591,35,1631,5,1640,1,1688,15,1705,1,1707,4,1714,1,1767,2,1770,9,2024,2,2029,1,2031,1,2034,2,2050,11,2062,1,2070,1,2072,1,2075,3,2079,2,2083,1,2085,3,2090,1,2092,1,2112,1,2115,9,2125,1,2129,1,2132,1,2134,5,2146,2,2150,1,2156,2,2177,1,2183,2,2189,1,2191,3,2195,4,2235,7,2243,2,2247,1,2266,9,2285,2,2288,1,2463,1,2474,5,2480,3,2485,2,2489,1,2491,2,2494,4,2501,3,2507,1,2512,2,2517,1,2539,1,2597,2,2783,1,2785,1,2791,1,2807,1,3976,1,3979,2,4084,1,4369,7,4391,1,4393,1,4395,3,4480,1,4482,1,4484,9,4495,6,4502,10,4723,1,4726,1,4729,4,4734,1,4737,8,4746,2,4750,2,4753,1,4762,27,4815,1,4826,2,4829,1,4831,26,4858,1,4881,6,4889,1,4893,1,4895,12,4908,2,4917,1,4920,1,4922,1,4943,21,4989,4,4994,6,5002,1,5023,1,5267,2,5270,2,5273,1,5277,2,5293,1,5295,8,5304,3,5308,4,5314,10,5374,18,5407,1,5409,4,5447,11,5473,7,5482,3,5486,2,5713,17,5731,1,5737,1,5740,2,5743,2,5746,16,5767,11,5806,1,5808,2,6249,3,6253,1,6255,4,6260,1,6263,1,6268,24,6300,1,6302,2,6552,1,6559,1,6569,1,6582,1,6591,1],"p":[[0.918,105.432,6.098],[-0.918,105.432,6.098]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short, thick, rectangular spinous process directed straight backward.","x":"Wide gaps between the spinous processes allow a lumbar puncture needle to pass. Attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus and interspinous ligaments.","f":[2781,1,2789,3,2802,1,2805,4,2822,17,2843,31,2877,14,2894,14,2912,18,3048,4,3053,20,3077,2,3081,1,3083,257,3447,23,3472,8,3481,2,3484,3,3488,340,3955,1,3964,19,3988,2,4002,16,4019,3,4023,212,4368,3,4372,2,4375,1,4398,6,4406,4,4427,14,4454,1,4458,1,4460,8,4471,6,4493,6,4515,2,4518,1,4526,3,4532,5,4555,17],"p":[[0.269,104.598,4.601]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Long, slender transverse (costal) process that projects laterally.","x":"Attachment for quadratus lumborum, psoas major and the thoracolumbar fascia. L3's transverse process is the longest, L5's is thick and conical, attached to the iliolumbar ligament.","f":[1,1,4,5,32,10,44,12,80,1,82,3,86,166,357,6,364,7,372,8,381,5,387,2,390,29,423,10,435,2,722,1,724,4,732,5,6557,1,6576,6,6595,2,6608,1,6640,1,6721,31,6754,22,6777,10,6788,212],"p":[[2.631,106.265,5.408],[-2.631,106.265,5.408]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upper facet facing medially and backward (concave), with a mamillary process.","x":"The facets are in the sagittal plane, allowing flexion and extension but almost no rotation.","f":[376,1,379,1,711,4,722,2,947,2,951,1,1006,1,1010,1,1033,11,1053,10,1277,7,1288,2,1291,1,1293,11,1352,7,1378,5,1395,15,1427,1,1914,1,1916,1,1918,1,1923,9,1942,13,1956,6,2004,5,2024,2,2027,3,2031,1,2051,8,2085,1,2413,7,2430,6,2450,1,2453,2,2456,3,2759,5,4311,2,4336,2,4646,5,4653,1,4655,9,4695,6,4702,1,5147,4,5154,7,5176,15,5226,1,5228,1,5230,8,5266,6,5299,3,5304,2,5308,3,5607,1,5613,1,5615,6,5650,12,5685,13,5713,17,5746,9,5756,3,6118,2,6121,1,6166,5,6172,4,6208,2,6211,2,6215,1,6227,1,6229,7,6249,10,6268,16,6551,2,6559,5,6565,2,6568,1,6582,3,6587,1,6589,1,6721,3,6732,2],"p":[[1.281,107.36,6.492],[-1.281,107.36,6.492]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Lower facet facing laterally and forward (convex).","x":"Fits between the superior facets of the vertebra below; forms the zygapophyseal joint, a common source of low-back pain.","f":[1490,1,1494,1,1497,1,1591,2,1594,1,1596,22,1688,11,1771,2,1774,5,1790,1,2235,2,2266,3,2272,3,2285,4,2597,2,2616,2,4018,1,4445,4,4450,1,4452,2,4477,16,4499,14,4880,17,4898,1,4901,1,4943,22,4989,14,5005,1,5011,2,5017,1,5020,2,5023,1,5473,1,5475,1,5478,1],"p":[[0.821,103.483,6.01],[-0.821,103.483,6.01]]}],"eighth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[489,225,715,4,721,5,729,2,733,19,753,1,758,22,793,17,811,2,814,4,824,4,1158,167,1326,2,1329,1,1333,3,1339,5,1345,4,1350,3,1354,4,1359,3,1363,4,1646,110,1757,17,1775,2,1778,5,1785,2,1802,2,2082,111,2206,6,2213,1,2215,4,2221,1,2475,126,2603,1,2605,3,2626,3,2630,7,2640,1,2643,1,2956,83,3040,3,3051,1,3058,2,3062,2,3256,113,3370,2,3373,4,3378,3,3383,7,3397,1,3406,5,3686,232,3919,2,3922,3,3928,1,3934,4,3941,3,3947,1,3949,9,3962,1,3969,4,3975,4,3981,4,3998,6,4006,6,4014,1,4016,2,4020,1,4422,9,4433,8,4442,3,4446,1,4454,5,4470,1,4479,6,4487,1,4494,1,4496,12,4511,1,4520,1,4528,8,4537,3,4553,5,4564,3,4584,6,4592,1,4597,9],"p":[[-0.016,120.41,4.987]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1362,1,1377,6,1386,6,1404,8,1423,11,1452,4,1457,1,1471,1,1473,5,1495,1,1497,1,1756,1,1774,1,1783,2,1787,15,1804,84,1891,1,1901,1,1907,1,1911,1,1913,2,1922,4,1927,1,1938,2,1942,1,1979,38,2021,1,2025,5,2032,7,2049,1,2051,1,2059,1,2193,13,2212,1,2214,1,2219,2,2222,14,2240,4,2245,4,2252,2,2255,2,2265,65,2331,21,2601,2,2604,1,2608,18,2629,1,2637,3,2641,2,2644,14,2660,1,2665,6,2674,1,2676,2,2680,4,2685,4,2697,2,2701,66,2791,1,2793,2,3039,1,3043,8,3052,6,3061,1,3064,62,3127,1,3129,1,3133,2,3143,2,3150,2,3155,1,3159,3,3167,1,3177,2,3190,24,3215,1,3218,1,3221,1,3390,7,3398,8,3412,6,3419,4,3424,1,3427,2,3430,17,3448,23,3477,11,3489,34,3524,42,3572,2,3598,4,3665,2,3669,1,4208,1,4316,1],"p":[[-0.184,120.811,2.324]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[714,7,723,41,774,1,786,7,803,2,806,2,809,15,826,1,828,84,917,8,926,14,946,11,959,5,965,3,973,2,976,2,979,2,983,2,986,4,991,4,1323,16,1340,22,1364,2,1367,10,1383,3,1392,12,1412,2,1415,6,1434,5,1753,1,1773,1,1775,8,1785,2,1802,1,2217,2,3035,1,3038,1,3051,3,3056,1,3059,2,3063,1,3362,3,3366,4,3371,2,3375,3,3380,4,3385,5,3395,13,3410,2,3418,1,3425,3,3429,1,3439,2,3444,7,3465,3,3469,3,3487,2,3862,2,3916,7,3924,27,3953,28,3982,5,3988,10,3999,7,4010,4,4015,1,4021,104,4126,8,4135,2,4141,8,4151,5,4157,9,4168,12,4183,10,4194,9,4204,1,4206,15,4222,7,4230,2,4233,1,4284,2,4292,1,4603,1,4610,2,4613,1,4631,1],"p":[[1.396,121.529,3.323],[-1.396,121.529,3.323]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1010,1,1012,7,1025,2,1038,1,1092,7,1104,1,1110,6,1117,5,1125,4,1137,3,1141,1,1144,2,1152,1,1156,2,1439,12,1456,1,1458,13,1472,1,1478,17,1496,1,1498,3,1502,144,1888,3,1892,9,1902,5,1908,3,1912,1,1915,7,1926,1,1928,10,1940,2,1943,36,2017,4,2022,3,2030,2,2039,10,2050,1,2052,7,2060,9,2071,1,2074,1,2076,6,2236,4,2330,1,2352,1,2380,1,2382,1,2657,2,2661,4,2700,1,2760,1,2766,1,3114,1,3121,9,3131,12,3144,7,3152,7,3162,5,3168,9,3179,11,3206,1,3208,19,3229,3,3234,1,3237,2,3240,3,3244,2,3247,7,3473,4,3483,4,3494,1,3519,7,3527,93,3621,65,4238,1,4240,1,4242,3,4253,1,4281,3,4286,2,4290,2,4294,2,4310,2,4316,1,4320,3,4324,2,4327,2,4331,1,4336,1,4339,14,4355,21,4377,6,4392,1,4396,6,4404,1,4407,2,4413,4,4418,2],"p":[[0.866,120.87,2.445],[-0.866,120.87,2.445]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[1940,2,1944,2,1969,10,2036,3,2049,15,2067,4,2072,2,2075,1,2078,4,2236,4,2243,3,2247,18,2304,1,2314,161,2656,9,2668,8,2677,3,2682,3,2687,10,2699,2,2730,1,2732,224,3128,1,3130,3,3156,3,3160,1,3162,5,3168,4,3173,1,3179,1,3206,4,3211,2,3221,3,3225,1,3227,2,3232,1,3235,3,3239,1,3243,10,3254,2],"p":[[-0.266,119.555,1.242]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,482,483,6,941,5,968,5,975,1,995,10,1019,3,1027,2,1031,5,1039,18,1058,1,1060,1,1074,6,1082,3,1099,2,1102,1,1106,1,1122,1,1129,3,1133,3,1142,1,1147,1,1149,1,4139,1,4203,1,4205,1,4229,1,4232,1,4236,2,4249,1,4252,1,4255,1,4258,4,4267,1,4269,1,4273,2,4276,5,4304,1,4306,1,4308,2,4313,1,4315,1,4318,2,4332,1,4335,1,4338,1,4390,1,4394,2,4403,1,4412,1,4421,1,4633,48,4682,11,4698,1,4701,1,4711,23,4735,121,4857,349],"p":[[2.362,121.283,2.443],[-2.362,121.283,2.443]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[333,3,388,17,408,1,464,1,466,2,629,1,638,1,715,6,828,1,836,4,842,11,857,5,863,4,882,1,913,2,921,3,942,1,944,2,947,18,966,2,1007,2,1010,7,1018,3,1023,2,1040,1,1043,2,1046,1,1048,10,1059,1,1070,4,1122,3,1129,3,1133,7,1144,1,1279,2,1292,1,1296,2,1323,19,1367,20,1414,13,1439,4,1444,12,1457,1,1558,1,1561,6,1585,1,1588,1,1593,1,1596,1,1600,1,1608,2,1611,10,1741,1,1746,2,1751,3,1773,16,1792,1,1804,3,1811,1,1813,1,1821,1,1828,2,1831,1,1834,1,1888,1,1891,1,1901,1,1946,16,1963,6,2181,1,2217,2,3035,1,3038,1,3051,4,3056,1,3058,3,3062,2,3184,6,3224,1,3226,1,3344,3,3362,28,3411,1,3413,2,3418,1,3423,7,3450,2,3456,2,3472,1,3479,1,3481,2,3487,2,3632,1,3636,2,3639,14,3679,2,3853,1,3855,1,3916,7,3924,3,3929,1,4021,2,4024,9,4035,6,4044,2,4060,2,4126,2,4143,1,4145,1,4148,1,4157,1,4168,16,4185,16,4202,5,4239,2,4242,11,4255,1,4258,2,4263,1,4269,6,4363,1,4389,8,4635,1,4637,4,4714,4,4719,5,4725,1,4727,2,4731,2,4735,1,4740,1,4742,2,4804,2],"p":[[1.28,122.127,3.121],[-1.28,122.127,3.121]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[373,1,460,1,1000,3,1004,2,1106,2,1110,3,1114,4,1119,3,1505,2,1508,3,1513,5,1520,2,1524,1,1536,22,1631,1,1635,10,2039,3,2043,6,3215,1,3220,1,3538,1,3540,2,3544,1,3547,7,3555,31,3667,12,4235,3,4320,3,4324,1,4327,2,4330,25,4418,1,4656,2,4800,2],"p":[[1.129,119.423,2.435],[-1.129,119.423,2.435]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[521,2,537,5,569,4,575,4,593,1,595,2,598,4,605,1,630,3,634,2,638,1,715,6,836,1,842,1,845,2,857,2,1337,1,3351,1,3380,4,3385,5,3790,1,3792,6,3800,3,3810,4,3854,7,3916,11,4024,2,4028,3,4430,3,4437,5,4454,14,4487,6,4538,2,4597,1],"p":[[1.365,122.22,4.32],[-1.365,122.22,4.32]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[532,2,553,1,556,8,565,1,581,9,618,7,676,3,688,16,705,1,764,5,770,4,777,3,783,1,785,1,793,8,802,1,805,1,808,3,812,2,818,1,820,1,3787,2,3806,2,3823,1,3829,24,3897,1,3903,2,3908,2,3991,3,4016,1,4018,2,4122,3,4434,2,4445,9,4474,13,4510,1,4512,1,4514,24,4567,2,4570,22,4593,4,4607,1,4612,21],"p":[[1.619,120.435,4.127],[-1.619,120.435,4.127]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[0,7,8,2,25,3,40,29,70,1,78,1,85,2,158,12,172,7,181,1,185,12,278,1,289,1,4911,1,4913,2,4916,1,4918,4,4923,5,4934,2,4938,2,4941,2,4944,4,4986,24,5120,10,5131,5,5137,13,5155,3,5160,2,5168,1],"p":[[2.963,121.087,2.18],[-2.963,121.087,2.18]]}],"fifth lumbar vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Large kidney-shaped body; the biggest of the movable vertebrae.","x":"Carries the greatest load of the spine. The thoracolumbar junction (T12-L2) is the commonest site of compression fractures in osteoporosis. A lumbar puncture is made between L3-L4 or L4-L5 below the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris at L1-L2).","f":[615,1,617,2,631,6,651,14,667,8,684,3,694,6,702,1,873,58,932,1,934,60,995,47,1043,1,1045,7,1054,1,1057,15,1087,1,1251,139,1397,1,1401,19,1431,12,1591,144,1737,2,1742,2,1745,20,1768,11,1783,3,1790,1,1902,134,2038,22,2062,14,2077,2,2084,5,2184,146,2331,2,2336,6,2344,6,2368,2,2387,1,2389,6,2504,121,2627,1,2629,2,2725,90,2816,4,2821,1,2889,74,2967,2,2973,1,3049,76,3126,4,3132,4,3267,62,3330,4,3339,3,3532,69,3602,2,3605,8,3614,5,3620,1,3810,77,3888,4,3897,2,4001,121,4124,9,4137,1,4139,1,4141,1,4223,150,4375,2,4384,3,4467,154,4623,1,4626,1,4628,1,4653,5,4659,4,4686,9,4815,142,4958,4,4966,1,4971,11,4985,15,5002,2,5005,4,5010,2,5178,167,5347,1,5362,30,5396,14,5411,1,5413,1,5416,1,5530,17,5548,2,5551,17,5570,12,5583,21,5605,20,5626,4,5638,1,5640,1,5654,18,5673,2,5676,14,5691,5,5697,2,5700,1,5704,11,5717,1,5732,8,5749,3,5753,2,5891,1,5898,3,5913,2,5917,1,5924,1,5942,1,5947,3,5960,1,5964,4,5972,1,5975,1,5977,1,5984,1],"p":[[-0.0,94.864,8.783]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Triangular opening behind the body.","x":"Contains the cauda equina below L2; lumbar stenosis narrows it.","f":[1782,1,1802,1,1810,2,1827,3,1843,1,1845,1,1847,1,2060,2,2079,5,2091,2,2096,2,2099,1,2102,1,2104,1,2110,6,2133,10,2155,2,2159,1,2161,1,2330,1,2333,3,2342,2,2350,18,2370,17,2395,8,2410,2,2413,2,2429,4,2445,4,2465,4,2625,2,2628,1,2631,6,2638,1,2643,6,2659,6,2680,5,2695,2,2815,1,2820,1,2822,11,2836,3,2850,5,2865,1,2963,4,2969,4,2974,11,2990,2,2994,6,3125,1,3130,2,3136,8,3145,13,3166,3,3171,3,3329,1,3334,5,3342,20,3363,1,3365,2,3375,2,3378,2,3381,1,3601,1,3604,1,3613,1,3619,1,3621,18,3642,7,3663,1,3887,1,3892,5,3899,12,3912,5,3925,4,4122,2,4133,4,4138,1,4140,1,4142,4,4147,10,4158,2,4162,1,4164,1,4169,6,4185,2,4373,2,4377,7,4387,14,4402,1,4404,1,4409,5,4417,9,4431,3,4438,4,4449,1,4621,2,4624,2,4627,1,4629,24,4658,1,4663,23,4695,6,4702,13,4718,3,4724,1,4726,1,4728,1,4744,7,4761,6,4957,1,4962,4,4967,4,4982,3,5000,2,5009,1,5012,1,5018,4,5023,1,5043,3,5049,1,5051,3,5067,3,5073,1,5076,3,5392,1,5418,3],"p":[[0.589,94.374,5.49]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Stout bar joining the body and arch.","x":"Thick and strong. A pars interarticularis defect (spondylolysis) between the superior and inferior articular processes may let L5 slip forward (spondylolisthesis).","f":[724,1,750,1,1043,1,1045,8,1054,1,1069,1,1084,4,1104,5,1110,2,1126,2,1131,5,1146,2,1150,1,1152,1,1338,1,1342,1,1370,9,1380,2,1388,1,1435,1,1437,6,1448,11,1467,18,1486,2,1489,2,1500,14,1515,1,1518,2,1523,1,1705,1,1707,4,1712,1,1733,2,1761,1,1764,1,1766,2,1773,6,1785,7,1798,5,1807,5,2006,4,2013,1,2015,2,2033,1,2036,1,2054,1,2060,1,2075,1,2077,1,2089,1,2098,1,2100,1,2110,1,2112,1,2329,1,2331,2,2336,1,2340,1,2342,1,4723,1,4950,7,4958,4,4977,2,5002,7,5013,5,5022,1,5024,6,5050,1,5054,2,5329,16,5347,1,5350,2,5407,11,5423,16,5455,1,5706,1,5710,8,5719,1,5721,1,5724,1,5749,11,5763,13,5777,9,5788,1,5815,1,5818,2,5966,1,5972,4,5977,5,6017,1,6029,8,6039,1,6041,1],"p":[[2.178,94.251,6.348],[-2.178,94.251,6.348]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Short, broad plate behind the foramen.","x":"Interlaminar spaces are wide, so a needle can pass between the laminae.","f":[1148,1,1153,2,1160,3,1187,1,1189,2,1200,2,1204,2,1227,3,1231,2,1459,3,1466,1,1485,1,1488,1,1491,8,1514,1,1516,2,1524,7,1533,29,1569,19,1804,1,1812,4,1817,10,1829,18,1848,36,1890,8,2116,9,2126,7,2142,14,2157,21,2182,1,2428,1,2433,12,2449,36,2487,1,2490,2,2494,2,2649,10,2665,17,2685,23,2710,1,2720,1,2839,6,2846,4,2855,8,2864,1,2866,2,2985,2,2988,2,3000,5,3006,2,3158,1,3160,1,3175,1,3639,3,3654,1,3657,2,3917,3,3921,4,3929,8,4146,1,4157,1,4160,2,4163,1,4165,4,4175,10,4187,8,4434,4,4442,7,4450,6,4457,1,4730,2,4736,1,4739,1,4751,6,4758,3,4767,29,4797,1,4799,1,4801,2,5034,1,5039,1,5056,11,5070,2,5074,2,5079,73,5153,3,5157,1,5166,3,5441,9,5453,1,5456,38,5498,2,5501,22,5790,9,5802,2,5805,7,5816,2,5821,2,5826,14,5844,7,5859,1,5861,2,5864,2,5871,3],"p":[[1.651,93.622,5.43],[-1.651,93.622,5.43]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short, thick, rectangular spinous process directed straight backward.","x":"Wide gaps between the spinous processes allow a lumbar puncture needle to pass. Attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus and interspinous ligaments.","f":[2984,1,2989,1,2991,3,2998,2,3002,5,3009,3,3013,7,3022,4,3031,5,3037,1,3039,10,3143,8,3152,16,3169,98,3346,186,3627,2,3630,2,3637,9,3647,163,3918,2,3925,2,3929,1,3931,5,3938,1,3941,8,3952,1,3955,13,3976,2,3979,2,3983,18],"p":[[-0.18,94.187,3.917]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Long, slender transverse (costal) process that projects laterally.","x":"Attachment for quadratus lumborum, psoas major and the thoracolumbar fascia. L3's transverse process is the longest, L5's is thick and conical, attached to the iliolumbar ligament.","f":[36,1,38,2,44,4,52,2,56,5,108,1,112,6,119,19,163,2,178,10,192,2,195,2,233,2,236,3,247,4,293,1,308,1,310,1,313,4,369,2,372,3,383,8,440,1,442,1,447,22,541,10,554,60,719,1,721,2,725,2,728,2,731,2,734,12,747,1,749,1,751,87,840,10,1073,1,1089,3,1095,2,1102,2,1109,1,1112,1,1116,5,1122,2,1125,1,1128,3,1136,9,1165,1,1167,6,1179,2,5989,4,5996,2,6038,1,6040,1,6042,2,6053,4,6068,8,6081,3,6085,3,6187,2,6191,1,6193,2,6196,3,6200,5,6208,23,6232,171,6449,1,6452,1,6455,11,6467,90,6588,1,6590,1,6593,1,6607,6,6616,3,6620,37,6674,2,6680,9,6690,2,6693,1,6695,24,6730,1,6734,3,6739,6,6746,30,6797,8,6810,42,6864,6,6871,1,6875,2,6878,122],"p":[[3.707,94.798,5.961],[-3.707,94.798,5.961]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upper facet facing medially and backward (concave), with a mamillary process.","x":"The facets are in the sagittal plane, allowing flexion and extension but almost no rotation.","f":[514,1,558,1,588,1,704,7,714,15,732,5,738,1,751,11,764,1,768,1,770,3,783,3,797,2,800,2,839,1,845,5,998,1,1002,2,1042,15,1072,11,1091,1,1093,1,1095,7,1103,1,1113,12,1164,9,1177,4,1338,1,1342,1,1370,6,1377,2,1384,1,1389,12,1420,11,1443,1,1447,1,1463,1,1465,1,1705,3,1713,5,1735,15,1765,2,1780,1,1782,1,1793,3,1803,1,1805,2,2006,4,2017,1,2030,1,2033,1,2037,6,2060,1,2081,1,2083,1,2092,3,2105,5,2125,1,2132,1,2319,1,2328,9,2338,1,2340,1,2342,1,2360,1,2405,1,2407,2,2421,2,2426,3,2433,1,2439,1,2441,1,2443,2,2649,10,2665,2,2673,3,2677,3,2692,2,2833,2,2839,6,2846,4,2855,1,2857,1,2861,1,2985,1,3000,1,3917,1,4144,5,4157,2,4160,9,4175,7,4183,2,4188,1,4191,1,4193,1,4383,1,4400,2,4403,1,4405,6,4412,7,4425,6,4434,4,4442,1,4444,1,4606,6,4631,1,4635,1,4642,2,4648,2,4651,2,4671,2,4676,8,4685,1,4703,17,4730,14,4757,4,4944,12,4958,2,4961,2,4964,7,4982,3,5018,3,5030,4,5035,3,5040,3,5044,1,5046,1,5322,14,5337,1,5339,1,5342,5,5348,1,5352,10,5392,4,5418,3,5440,2,5451,1,5461,1,5463,1,5705,2,5708,7,5717,1,5720,1,5723,1,5725,7,5740,9,5760,1,5776,1,5961,1,5964,20,5988,3,5992,4,5998,16,6021,1,6025,4,6044,3,6064,6,6084,2,6172,1,6176,6,6185,20,6208,11,6230,9,6243,5,6250,1,6252,2,6255,3,6262,1,6269,17,6299,1,6310,16,6367,1,6369,1,6372,4,6379,6,6480,2,6484,3,6506,3],"p":[[1.97,95.11,5.984],[-1.97,95.11,5.984]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Lower facet facing laterally and forward (convex).","x":"Fits between the superior facets of the vertebra below; forms the zygapophyseal joint, a common source of low-back pain.","f":[871,2,1205,2,1221,17,1241,1,1244,1,1534,3,1538,2,1541,19,1569,20,1835,3,1842,1,1852,11,1865,12,1878,3,1882,2,1890,8,2169,1,2173,5,2180,4,2473,1,2481,13,2497,1,2499,2,4786,2,4789,1,4796,8,5115,8,5124,3,5136,7,5146,14,5167,3,5173,1,5176,1,5474,2,5480,14,5502,21,5524,2,5864,1,5871,7,5880,2,5883,1,6114,5,6132,5],"p":[[1.905,92.421,5.083],[-1.905,92.421,5.083]]}],"seventh cervical vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Small, wide, anterior weight-bearing part with slightly raised lateral edges.","x":"Supports the head and neck. Cervical bodies are the smallest of the movable vertebrae and wider than they are deep.","f":[976,114,1091,29,1124,3,1128,43,1173,61,1237,43,1281,2,1284,2,1287,17,1316,2,1434,178,1613,9,1623,3,1629,6,1637,1,1645,11,1657,39,1714,1,1718,1,1720,1,1847,86,1934,1,1937,2,1940,2,1944,2,1947,1,1951,2,1964,31,2069,66,2148,1,2150,15,2343,60,2407,1,2410,1,2417,10,2661,57,2744,1,2761,1,2766,11,3034,72,3111,3,3115,2,3130,1,3132,24,3339,95,3439,1,3442,7,3460,1,3464,5,3472,2,3475,41,3587,171,3759,42,3809,2,3812,30,3852,1,3854,1,3858,2,3871,2,3874,4,4015,260,4280,2,4284,11,4296,11,4333,1,4335,2,4340,4,4345,3,4349,2,4352,1,4354,10,4427,3,4439,3,4448,3,4454,1,4462,6,4478,1,4480,1,4493,1,4532,4,4537,1],"p":[[0.064,139.547,7.912]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large triangular opening behind the body.","x":"The stacked foramina form the vertebral canal, protecting the cervical spinal cord.","f":[1309,1,1311,5,1318,4,1323,1,1326,1,1328,1,1351,4,1356,4,1361,2,1367,5,1386,1,1612,1,1622,1,1626,3,1635,2,1638,7,1656,1,1696,18,1715,3,1719,1,1721,30,1753,1,1755,1,1757,21,1779,3,1786,1,1790,7,1798,1,1807,1,1812,1,1933,1,1935,2,1939,1,1942,2,1946,1,1948,3,1953,11,1995,6,2004,1,2006,2,2009,1,2020,1,2022,4,2135,13,2149,1,2167,20,2188,2,2191,2,2205,1,2208,2,2403,4,2408,2,2411,6,2429,13,2452,1,2454,1,2461,1,2718,26,2745,16,2762,4,2780,11,2792,1,3106,5,3114,1,3117,13,3131,1,3157,10,3168,1,3171,1,3173,12,3201,3,3434,5,3440,2,3449,11,3461,3,3469,3,3474,1,3516,12,3539,6,3547,2,3758,1,3801,8,3811,1,3842,10,3853,1,3855,3,3860,11,3873,1,3878,40,3919,10,3932,9,3942,6,3949,1,3952,1,3958,1,3960,1,3975,3,4275,5,4295,1,4307,4,4313,1,4322,11],"p":[[0.009,138.953,7.361]],"h":1},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Thin plate joining the transverse process to the spinous process.","x":"Forms the back wall of the vertebral foramen; the ligamenta flava connect adjacent laminae. Cut during laminectomy.","f":[523,1,526,1,528,3,532,1,535,2,538,4,543,2,595,1,706,1,708,2,711,3,715,1,721,1,743,1,751,2,756,9,929,6,937,1,958,1,961,1,963,1,965,4,975,1,1379,3,1383,3,1403,13,1751,4,1756,1,1758,1,1761,2,1785,1,1799,1,1806,4,1811,1,1813,6,1843,1,2004,2,2008,1,2010,12,2024,1,2037,1,2178,1,2212,2,2217,1,2222,2,2450,3,3185,1,3191,10,3205,1,3528,1,3531,1,3533,2,3537,1,3545,2,3550,3,3569,1,3571,1,3918,1,3930,1,3966,3,3970,3,3974,1,3978,5,4010,2,4013,1,4364,4,4372,3,4376,1,4378,3,4398,12,4426,1,4551,3,4555,1,4557,3,4561,1,4569,5,4596,1,4698,1,4700,3,4704,1,4707,6,4714,4,4720,1,4722,3,4726,5,4732,1,4761,2,4767,5,4773,6,4800,1,4808,1],"p":[[1.397,139.645,6.095],[-1.397,139.645,6.095]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short spinous process, usually bifid (split) from C2 to C6.","x":"Attachment of semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and the ligamentum nuchae. C7's spinous process is long and not bifid (vertebra prominens).","f":[2166,1,2172,2,2181,3,2185,17,2206,1,2208,16,2226,7,2236,3,2240,3,2244,1,2246,97,2427,234,2777,257,3156,6,3166,2,3169,2,3172,1,3176,1,3186,18,3206,7,3214,125,3538,1,3553,2,3574,1],"p":[[-0.06,138.732,4.046]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Lateral process with an anterior and posterior tubercle and a foramen.","x":"Anterior tubercles give attachment to scalenes and longus; posterior tubercles to levator scapulae and splenius. The anterior tubercle of C6 is the carotid tubercle, used to compress the common carotid artery.","f":[0,153,154,118,273,1,290,1,298,5,305,1,307,33,349,17,367,82,450,109,560,36,609,3,613,1,615,1,617,1,621,1,627,28,656,47,704,63,851,1,853,1,873,2,886,1,896,1,901,1,912,1,921,1,930,1,935,3,939,1,956,1,971,1,974,1,4507,1,4606,2,4612,2,4619,6,4628,8,4638,8,4648,9,4658,3,4663,1,4666,16,4684,1,4686,30,4717,28,4746,1,4748,9,4758,3,4762,1,4764,16,4786,29,4824,163,4989,1,4992,2,4996,226],"p":[[2.591,139.708,6.993],[-2.591,139.708,6.993]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upward-facing, flat articular surface, angled about 45 degrees.","x":"Articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above. The oblique orientation allows flexion, extension and rotation but means dislocations are more common in the neck.","f":[265,7,290,1,298,3,302,1,305,1,307,2,333,2,336,1,338,2,447,2,450,5,456,2,459,4,466,8,511,1,543,2,659,1,666,11,700,2,703,3,720,3,757,2,760,2,763,2,900,1,904,1,908,3,916,13,937,2,965,4,1330,10,1360,1,1363,4,1370,6,1384,5,1409,7,1743,1,1746,2,1749,2,1777,17,1795,5,1813,6,1843,1,1999,2,2010,11,2024,1,2037,1,3185,1,3525,3,3545,8,3569,1,3571,1,3902,1,3911,3,3915,1,3917,1,3945,16,3978,5,4010,2,4013,1,4327,3,4333,7,4344,1,4348,1,4350,14,4372,18,4405,5,4426,1,4501,1,4528,23,4557,11,4569,5,4648,1,4651,1,4654,3,4681,17,4715,9,4725,1,4727,2,4730,1,4741,1,4745,5,4753,1,4757,4,4767,3,4774,5,4878,1,4880,2,4895,12,4923,2,4927,1,4929,2,4939,1,4954,13,4970,2,4974,1,5045,1,5047,2,5050,2,5064,1,5067,8,5082,1],"p":[[1.567,140.088,6.808],[-1.567,140.088,6.808]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Downward-facing flat articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below, forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joint, a common source of neck pain.","f":[727,1,736,1,742,1,932,3,957,3,961,1,1379,3,1383,1,1403,6,1751,4,1756,1,1758,1,1761,3,1802,2,1805,8,2002,1,2004,2,2008,1,3528,2,3531,7,3918,1,3920,1,3922,1,3924,1,3926,1,3928,1,3930,1,3962,3,3966,9,3976,2,3983,1,4364,4,4390,1,4393,1,4398,7,4551,1,4553,1,4761,1,4763,1,4793,2],"p":[[1.136,138.959,6.165],[-1.136,138.959,6.165]]},{"id":"uncus","n":"Uncus of body (uncinate process)","t":"Process","w":"Raised lateral lips on the upper surface of the body (uncinate processes).","x":"Form the uncovertebral (Luschka) joints with the vertebra above; osteophytes here can compress nerve roots.","f":[266,6,290,1,298,5,305,1,307,2,333,1,422,2,425,1,428,6,447,2,450,24,511,1,658,2,666,11,900,11,923,1,927,2,1330,10,1363,2,1373,3,4335,1,4347,1,4354,10,4501,2,4505,2,4508,1,4530,4,4536,8,4545,6,4645,4,4651,1,4654,3,4682,14,4697,1,4878,4,4895,4,4900,2,4904,2,5045,1,5048,1,5068,2],"p":[[1.935,140.449,7.364],[-1.935,140.449,7.364]]},{"id":"tfor","n":"Transverse foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Round hole through the transverse process (foramen transversarium).","x":"The vertebral artery and veins pass through the foramina of C1-C6. C7's foramen transmits only small veins. A characteristic feature found only in cervical vertebrae.","f":[372,1,376,1,419,1,446,1,466,4,471,3,600,1,602,2,605,22,628,2,631,2,639,2,644,2,647,1,649,7,657,1,659,18,769,1,772,2,778,1,783,1,787,1,789,57,847,3,851,32,887,24,923,1,927,2,1090,1,1092,1,1120,2,1123,1,1127,1,1171,1,1215,4,1220,1,1224,2,1231,6,1275,1,1277,1,1280,24,1316,3,1320,1,1322,4,1327,13,1363,2,1367,1,1373,1,1375,1,1714,1,1720,1,4128,2,4132,1,4141,2,4177,21,4209,2,4234,1,4236,29,4271,1,4273,2,4291,1,4297,1,4299,8,4341,1,4343,1,4345,3,4349,1,4356,1,4358,1,4360,4,4427,8,4436,1,4439,2,4442,22,4465,4,4470,1,4473,2,4477,32,4530,3,4536,8,4545,6,4600,9,4611,6,4620,1,4622,1,4624,33,4682,6,4689,1,4691,1,4810,2,4813,1,4825,5,4831,10,4844,4,4850,3,4855,1,4858,3,4862,1,4864,2,4871,3,4877,2],"p":[[1.832,139.668,7.19],[-1.832,139.668,7.19]],"h":1}],"eleventh thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[84,9,232,253,487,95,583,1,589,6,602,1,612,1,623,13,638,3,642,7,989,122,1113,1,1115,27,1175,20,1531,62,1595,1,1598,2,1602,1,1604,14,1650,10,1918,102,2022,5,2028,2,2031,1,2033,2,2036,1,2038,11,2059,1,2312,65,2378,1,2381,2,2384,2,2388,3,2400,18,2837,64,2902,4,2907,1,2910,2,2916,2,2932,11,3303,76,3380,1,3386,7,3413,10,3661,101,3785,27,4108,166,4277,1,4279,1,4281,2,4289,2,4292,3,4297,2,4300,35,4370,6,4378,1,4383,22,4716,125,4842,9,4860,29,4894,3,4905,45,4956,10,4972,2,4975,4,4985,7,4995,34,5030,5,5077,1,5080,4,5085,2,5088,6,5096,6],"p":[[-0.29,111.845,7.11]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1247,2,1250,1,1307,1,1320,3,1402,1,1411,1,1413,3,1520,1,1603,1,1626,24,1660,4,1665,28,1704,2,1707,3,1711,3,1715,12,1768,3,1772,5,1781,17,1839,14,1854,7,1862,14,1879,3,1884,1,2020,2,2027,1,2030,1,2032,1,2035,1,2037,1,2049,10,2060,1,2062,2,2068,2,2071,1,2082,1,2084,2,2089,1,2095,1,2098,1,2115,1,2123,1,2143,1,2147,19,2195,9,2209,18,2239,1,2257,1,2270,4,2277,1,2279,4,2377,1,2379,2,2383,1,2386,2,2392,8,2423,3,2431,5,2439,2,2443,1,2446,10,2514,1,2516,4,2521,13,2575,23,2601,1,2603,1,2606,2,2610,2,2614,2,2617,1,2901,1,2906,1,2908,2,2912,4,2918,14,2944,2,2947,1,2949,1,2954,1,2958,7,2968,1,2977,3,2981,5,3016,18,3048,5,3054,10,3066,4,3076,3,3083,1,3381,5,3393,2,3396,17,3425,2,3428,11,3460,1,3463,1,3476,1,3502,1,3507,38,3578,35,3614,7,3622,1,3762,1,3767,1,3775,10,3812,1,3814,36,3851,2,3862,1,3866,35,3985,23,4012,11,4026,7,4059,3,4064,5,4081,1,4083,1,4460,1,4463,2,4507,5,4603,1,4614,1,4616,2,4624,1],"p":[[-0.196,111.986,4.048]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[479,3,483,4,498,1,503,2,513,1,580,11,592,51,644,2,647,1,649,51,737,1,760,9,771,1,775,1,777,2,780,15,796,7,1099,9,1111,16,1142,33,1180,2,1198,1,1200,1,1206,1,1209,6,1217,29,1249,1,1251,9,1308,6,1315,3,1593,10,1618,8,1664,1,2016,4,2023,1,3380,1,3749,1,3752,1,3754,1,3762,13,3785,1,3792,1,3829,2,3848,4,4274,18,4293,4,4298,2,4335,48,4384,1,4388,2,4411,1,4413,6,4420,1,4423,2,4431,4,4437,55,4511,10,4523,4,4528,5,4973,3,4979,1,4982,1,4986,1,4989,1,4993,1,4999,1,5035,39,5076,15,5092,1,5094,2,5105,5,5112,23,5136,31,5255,7,5267,5],"p":[[1.569,113.155,4.964],[-1.569,113.155,4.964]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[700,2,706,14,722,5,743,1,745,2,752,4,817,3,835,1,837,2,840,2,845,4,868,1,876,1,878,2,884,1,918,4,1195,3,1199,1,1201,1,1204,2,1207,2,1215,2,1246,1,1260,47,1314,1,1323,16,1340,30,1372,9,1383,8,1398,1,1403,4,1408,2,1412,1,1417,1,1424,3,1429,91,1521,10,1693,11,1706,1,1710,1,1714,1,1727,41,1777,2,1780,1,1798,41,1853,1,1861,1,1876,3,1882,2,1885,33,2061,1,2064,4,2070,1,2072,10,2083,1,2086,3,2090,5,2096,2,2099,16,2116,7,2124,19,2144,3,2166,29,2204,5,2227,1,2230,2,2240,17,2258,12,2274,3,2278,1,2283,1,2287,5,2295,1,2297,1,2299,3,2418,5,2426,2,2430,1,2456,1,2471,9,2484,1,2486,1,2488,1,2599,2,2943,1,2945,1,2949,3,2953,3,2957,1,2988,1,3001,1,3003,1,3006,1,3009,7,3075,1,3082,1,3084,1,3129,1,3423,2,3439,3,3443,1,3446,17,3464,43,3545,33,3614,1,3619,4,3624,1,3626,1,3628,2,3631,3,3636,4,3641,5,3647,4,3659,1,3813,1,3853,12,3898,14,3918,67,4005,1,4007,5,4022,4,4033,26,4061,5,4070,1,4072,2,4075,5,4084,24,4405,6,4412,1,4419,1,4421,2,4425,6,4435,2,4494,2,4497,3,4502,5,4521,2,4533,9,4543,1,4545,16,4562,16,4579,8,4588,2,4592,1,4594,3,4598,3,4602,1,4611,1,4615,1,4618,5,4625,7,4635,7,4644,5,4650,66,5102,1,5167,1,5171,1,5173,1,5175,2,5188,6,5195,7,5209,1,5215,2,5220,1,5222,1,5272,1,5333,5,5342,3],"p":[[1.008,112.169,3.802],[-1.008,112.169,3.802]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2087,2,2090,9,2137,2,2141,2,2144,3,2175,2,2178,17,2227,3,2231,6,2238,2,2259,4,2265,5,2273,12,2294,18,2418,7,2426,20,2447,1,2449,3,2456,65,2531,306,2943,11,2955,5,2965,53,3024,1,3034,21,3057,4,3062,4,3070,6,3079,4,3084,219,3457,3,3462,1,3473,3,3477,1,3480,1,3503,4,3549,16,3567,1,3623,3,3627,1,3635,5,3643,1,3651,7,3660,1],"p":[[-0.196,111.153,2.894]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,84,93,139,727,6,756,1,758,2,769,1,803,5,809,1,820,6,827,2,888,8,897,3,914,1,916,2,922,12,935,1,946,13,962,1,964,1,981,6,5135,1,5219,1,5236,1,5241,8,5250,5,5265,2,5281,1,5283,12,5297,1,5299,9,5353,3,5358,6,5365,4,5379,1,5382,8,5392,4,5397,3,5404,2,5408,7,5416,1,5418,234],"p":[[2.161,112.967,3.779],[-2.161,112.967,3.779]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[113,6,172,1,479,8,498,2,502,3,580,4,589,2,592,1,596,1,602,4,612,2,615,4,621,2,649,1,654,1,656,1,663,2,706,4,712,2,727,18,746,10,803,17,900,2,1097,30,1142,12,1155,18,1195,9,1209,2,1215,2,1219,7,1227,4,1235,1,1238,5,1260,5,1266,5,1274,2,1278,3,1302,2,1306,1,1324,14,1424,2,1593,11,1618,16,1636,1,1638,1,1660,9,1672,1,1693,5,1699,1,1702,8,1712,3,1742,3,1746,2,1756,3,2016,6,2023,1,2026,1,2060,2,2920,1,3379,2,3395,4,3408,1,3499,3,3749,1,3752,3,3762,13,3778,3,3812,2,3816,1,3818,2,3823,8,3853,3,3857,1,3859,3,3865,1,3872,1,3882,1,3886,2,3904,1,3907,1,3910,2,3948,5,3954,3,3959,16,3976,9,4243,3,4248,4,4274,26,4335,17,4353,17,4405,4,4410,6,4418,1,4434,1,4437,1,4439,4,4494,2,4497,3,4502,1,4504,3,4533,28,4635,1,4637,1,4640,2,4646,1,4909,3,4914,2,4918,1,4972,8,4981,2,5036,2,5043,1,5045,3,5049,14,5069,1,5108,4,5113,4,5118,1,5124,1,5167,1,5192,1,5209,6,5217,2,5220,29,5272,19,5293,1,5369,2,5378,1,5448,1],"p":[[1.372,113.489,4.663],[-1.372,113.489,4.663]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[876,1,884,1,921,1,1398,1,1400,1,1403,4,1408,2,1411,2,1414,2,1484,1,1489,1,1491,4,1496,1,1501,1,1503,20,1524,1,1526,1,1529,2,1794,1,1839,23,1863,2,1869,1,1873,13,1887,1,1892,5,1899,18,2205,4,2212,4,2217,1,2220,3,2240,19,2263,2,2270,3,2287,7,3032,1,3068,1,3076,3,3083,1,3543,1,3605,1,3613,1,3619,3,3634,2,3640,1,3642,1,3644,5,3650,1,4030,3,4059,32,4096,2,4100,2,4104,4,4615,1,4618,5,4625,7,4686,1,4688,3,4693,1,4698,1,4701,15,5333,5,5342,3],"p":[[0.998,110.444,4.088],[-0.998,110.444,4.088]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[261,3,266,9,279,1,310,4,315,1,319,2,322,1,357,5,370,3,392,4,397,2,401,1,412,1,416,1,482,2,4298,1,4747,6,4765,1,4769,2,4772,12,4786,1,4788,13,4814,12,4827,2,4830,1,4862,3,4867,3,4875,1,4905,12,4918,4,4973,1],"p":[[1.831,114.004,6.757],[-1.831,114.004,6.757]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[84,9,332,3,377,6,384,1,386,1,405,3,441,27,536,23,561,5,568,4,574,3,578,2,1127,3,1132,1,1175,1,1177,2,1187,1,4301,8,4328,1,4333,2,4387,1,4395,6,4804,1,4810,2,4841,1,4851,9,4888,6,4896,9,4946,1,4948,8,4961,3,4966,6,5013,17,5032,3,5093,1,5096,6],"p":[[1.872,111.747,6.272],[-1.872,111.747,6.272]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[0,1,7,1,11,2,14,2,17,1,19,4,25,12,38,1,56,2,93,1,119,2,122,1,5441,1,5443,4,5451,1,5456,1,5458,1,5468,1,5471,1,5534,4,5551,16,5579,2,5583,1],"p":[[2.455,112.823,4.147],[-2.455,112.823,4.147]]}],"seventh thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[440,3,647,53,701,2,707,1,709,1,711,25,751,19,772,1,791,3,795,9,810,19,842,1,845,1,847,10,858,9,868,5,876,2,879,6,888,1,890,3,894,8,907,2,913,4,920,2,929,5,970,2,979,1,982,5,1019,2,1273,131,1406,1,1408,4,1431,8,1524,7,1614,1,1617,1,1623,2,1814,98,1913,2,1916,1,1918,3,1951,12,2009,13,2038,1,2043,1,2047,1,2212,114,2327,4,2334,4,2356,7,2389,5,2683,95,2782,1,2789,4,2805,5,2817,4,3002,85,3088,2,3091,2,3094,1,3118,4,3135,2,3140,1,3143,1,3382,84,3467,2,3471,6,3483,1,3496,2,3508,1,3510,2,3515,1,3961,86,4050,9,4071,6,4086,6,4099,6,4107,2,4113,1,4362,76,4441,1,4444,1,4450,1,4453,1,4458,5,4479,3,4489,3,4495,7,4682,92,4775,1,4787,8,4811,2,4832,1,4834,2,4837,1,5128,205,5336,2,5349,14,5364,20,5387,2,5435,14,5529,2,5533,1,5786,92,5920,11,5932,6,5941,2,5946,2],"p":[[0.069,123.1,5.273]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1636,2,1936,3,1947,1,1963,3,1967,4,1976,1,2041,2,2044,3,2048,19,2068,3,2072,12,2085,8,2102,9,2124,3,2151,1,2174,2,2326,1,2332,2,2338,2,2341,15,2363,25,2394,31,2426,20,2452,1,2457,1,2459,29,2492,2,2507,16,2542,22,2585,19,2619,19,2643,3,2647,2,2664,1,2669,1,2778,4,2783,6,2793,12,2810,7,2821,12,2834,11,2848,1,2851,10,2862,6,2875,3,2880,1,2884,1,2887,11,2914,11,2938,11,2952,4,2960,5,2966,10,2990,1,3087,1,3090,1,3093,1,3095,23,3122,13,3137,3,3142,1,3144,26,3178,23,3206,1,3221,18,3256,12,3278,11,3295,2,3298,5,3466,1,3469,2,3477,6,3484,12,3498,10,3509,1,3512,3,3516,15,3532,32,3565,1,3595,38,3657,8,3672,10,3689,1,3691,1,4047,3,4059,12,4077,9,4092,7,4105,2,4109,4,4114,46,4161,2,4166,16,4186,1,4196,11,4216,10,4227,1,4239,5,4438,3,4442,2,4445,5,4452,1,4454,4,4463,16,4482,7,4492,1,4494,1,4503,36,4540,3,4546,15,4564,1,4566,2,4577,10,4600,11,4622,7,4630,1,4780,1,4782,1,4795,7,4803,3,4807,4,4813,19,4838,42,4888,1,4897,3,4901,1,4907,7,4916,6,4923,1,4928,8,4943,1,4950,2,4953,9,4978,2,4984,6,5010,2,5412,1,5415,1,5423,1,5488,1,5490,6,5498,2],"p":[[-0.355,123.889,2.102]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[908,5,926,1,929,5,981,1,986,1,991,1,993,5,1016,6,1023,18,1044,13,1391,1,1401,1,1403,5,1412,2,1415,3,1425,5,1437,5,1449,13,1463,1,1465,1,1467,1,1469,1,1527,2,1530,18,1549,6,1566,1,1569,26,1597,1,1601,1,1611,69,1681,1,1683,1,1685,11,1700,4,1716,2,1721,1,1729,1,1732,2,1737,4,1743,4,1911,7,1921,19,1944,4,1950,1,1963,3,1967,2,2013,1,2015,2,2018,10,2031,3,2038,12,2051,7,2059,1,2061,4,2066,31,2098,8,2107,1,2316,2,2321,13,2340,10,2351,5,2375,4,2380,5,2390,1,2392,2,2411,1,2413,4,2459,3,2465,1,2470,1,2473,1,2475,1,2477,1,2482,1,2485,1,2507,2,2510,1,2764,3,2769,1,2787,2,2817,1,2820,1,4113,1,4434,1,4450,2,4453,1,4489,3,4495,3,4499,4,4767,2,4773,7,4781,1,4783,4,4802,1,4806,1,4832,5,4885,3,4889,8,4900,1,4902,5,4914,2,4922,1,4924,1,4926,1,5282,2,5286,7,5327,1,5330,19,5361,8,5370,42,5413,2,5416,7,5424,1,5426,5,5443,2,5446,1,5449,39,5489,1,5529,35,5565,3,5570,5,5579,4,5604,59,5679,1,5845,2,5849,6,5872,26,5922,1,5934,32,5967,2,5987,9,5997,1,5999,13,6013,50,6067,1,6070,2,6075,1,6097,22,6122,1],"p":[[1.26,124.216,3.12],[-1.26,124.216,3.12]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1513,1,1519,1,1521,3,1595,1,1600,1,1602,1,1742,1,1757,1,1761,1,1776,1,1788,2,1793,1,1798,5,1804,3,1808,6,1966,1,1969,2,1973,30,2004,5,2034,4,2109,2,2113,3,2119,2,2122,5,2129,24,2154,1,2157,55,2385,4,2417,42,2483,2,2486,21,2509,1,2511,1,2513,1,2515,2,2520,1,2523,38,2562,1,2564,119,2828,23,2857,1,2861,26,2897,18,2917,2,2921,1,2925,23,2949,44,2994,5,3159,2,3162,4,3167,1,3170,8,3201,8,3211,10,3239,14,3256,1,3258,3,3268,1,3278,1,3281,5,3290,2,3295,4,3564,2,3570,1,3593,2,3634,1,4226,1,4238,1,4244,3,4253,5,4261,1,4263,1,4265,3,4279,2,4284,1,4539,1,4543,3,4562,2,4568,9,4587,7,4596,4,4611,1,4614,8,4629,1,4631,1,4633,1,4636,10,4648,11,4660,1,4662,8,4672,4,4677,1,4880,5,4936,7,4944,6,4962,16,4980,4,4990,20,5012,43,5056,72,5433,2,5496,2,5500,29,5564,1,5568,2,5575,4,5583,21,5663,16,5680,2,5683,2,5686,100,5898,22,5966,1,5969,18,6063,4,6068,2,6072,3,6077,3,6083,10,6094,3,6126,2,6129,12,6142,1,6144,4,6150,3,6155,8,6165,2,6170,1,6175,6,6186,3,6190,10,6203,2,6211,1,6231,2,6235,4,6240,2,6268,1,6279,1,6342,1,6382,1,6429,1],"p":[[0.85,124.182,1.676],[-0.85,124.182,1.676]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2913,1,2937,1,2952,1,2959,5,2969,10,2984,1,2986,2,2990,1,2992,7,3000,2,3158,1,3162,8,3172,6,3201,25,3228,6,3235,2,3240,4,3245,23,3269,113,3523,4,3528,8,3537,5,3563,32,3598,1,3600,2,3603,4,3609,5,3615,6,3622,3,3626,3,3630,331,4132,1,4136,1,4140,1,4147,9,4157,9,4171,1,4174,1,4176,1,4178,2,4181,181,4560,4,4568,1,4570,2,4573,1,4587,14,4612,7,4620,9,4632,6,4639,1,4641,2,4644,1,4646,3,4650,3,4657,1,4659,1,4661,14,4676,1,4678,4,4963,2,4990,4,5018,4,5023,1,5057,1],"p":[[0.18,122.288,1.148]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[2,1,5,2,10,11,44,1,46,6,53,21,77,1,79,3,83,2,86,2,89,1,91,27,120,2,123,1,125,20,147,121,271,57,330,1,332,21,354,1,362,30,394,1,407,3,413,9,424,2,427,8,436,4,452,14,468,34,518,3,537,1,539,1,542,2,563,1,578,5,594,1,603,3,608,10,1067,3,1071,1,1073,1,1082,14,1098,22,1124,2,1127,1,1129,4,1134,3,1141,4,1147,2,1153,15,1169,18,1190,17,1208,2,1212,22,1250,1,1253,2,1263,1,1265,1,1270,2,1704,3,1710,2,1713,1,1722,1,1728,1,1747,3,1752,2,1755,2,1758,2,1763,4,1768,1,1770,3,1779,3,1803,1,6181,1,6183,1,6222,5,6292,1,6298,6,6307,1,6309,7,6335,7,6349,7,6357,24,6385,44,6430,1,6434,9,6444,5,6450,550],"p":[[2.584,123.922,1.882],[-2.584,123.922,1.882]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[1094,1,1098,9,1113,7,1124,2,1127,1,1129,4,1134,3,1160,1,1163,3,1167,1,1387,1,1391,1,1397,1,1401,7,1425,2,1428,2,1449,1,1457,5,1463,1,1465,1,1467,1,1469,1,1495,1,1497,1,1510,8,1519,5,1588,2,1595,4,1600,4,1605,1,1703,4,1708,1,1710,13,1725,1,1728,1,1747,4,1753,6,1903,2,1906,2,1911,7,1921,17,1939,1,1944,1,1946,1,1972,3,1977,21,1999,10,2022,12,2093,1,2111,9,2127,1,2129,16,2309,1,2312,1,2314,1,2316,2,2321,13,2340,10,2351,5,2375,4,2382,2,2385,2,2411,1,2413,2,2426,2,2482,3,2488,1,2520,1,2523,16,2540,1,2564,21,2608,1,2610,1,2612,5,2764,4,2769,1,2771,1,2782,7,2864,1,2868,3,2873,2,2882,2,2898,8,2908,2,2912,1,2926,1,2932,1,2936,1,3101,1,4432,3,4441,2,4444,2,4449,3,4453,1,4455,3,4477,1,4767,4,4773,14,4798,1,4801,10,4823,9,4869,1,4871,3,4875,2,4972,1,4995,8,5022,1,5026,1,5280,13,5331,18,5390,11,5402,17,5420,2,5423,12,5457,5,5475,4,5488,1,5490,11,5502,14,5517,4,5523,6,5552,2,5555,2,5559,4,5565,3,5569,8,5578,3,5588,1,5598,1,5603,1,5663,1,5687,9,5706,12,5839,2,5853,2,5885,3,5889,6,5896,1,5898,5,5904,16,5960,1,5962,1,5964,1,5978,6,5985,2,6058,2,6063,20,6086,1,6126,8,6136,4,6141,1,6145,2,6155,11,6175,6,6193,1,6195,1,6241,1,6254,2,6259,2,6268,4,6284,1,6296,1,6304,13,6318,7,6327,10,6342,14,6382,3,6386,2,6469,3,6477,1,6482,4,6496,2,6500,1],"p":[[1.086,125.015,2.403],[-1.086,125.015,2.403]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[1212,1,1220,1,1238,1,1243,1,1245,3,1250,1,1253,2,1257,1,1259,4,1267,1,1269,1,1272,1,1770,1,1784,21,1807,7,2179,11,2199,11,2211,1,2650,23,2677,3,2681,1,2957,2,2964,2,2967,1,2970,1,2981,1,2985,1,4649,1,4653,4,4675,1,5060,1,5062,1,5064,1,5066,11,5106,15,5123,1,5125,1,5740,1,5742,1,5744,4,5749,4,5767,10,5778,1,6181,1,6197,1,6199,2,6202,4,6208,4,6213,7,6221,1,6223,4,6389,2,6435,3],"p":[[1.089,122.359,1.998],[-1.089,122.359,1.998]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[662,1,665,1,700,1,703,13,735,20,776,5,782,1,784,12,806,2,809,1,830,1,833,5,839,10,876,2,911,1,1359,1,1361,3,1365,2,1369,7,1378,1,1385,7,1397,2,1400,8,1415,3,1426,2,1905,2,1911,2,1922,1,1924,1,5150,4,5157,1,5168,2,5176,1,5199,1,5283,1,5331,5,5339,1,5343,2,5346,2,5390,1,5786,35,5823,12,5837,5,5846,3,5850,2,5853,2,5881,6,5888,1],"p":[[1.401,124.877,4.308],[-1.401,124.877,4.308]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[440,1,442,10,810,7,818,5,849,4,854,1,857,3,878,3,882,1,885,3,889,1,913,1,917,9,927,2,970,25,1016,31,1048,1,1050,4,1524,1,1526,3,1611,6,1618,5,1624,6,1631,2,1729,1,5207,1,5209,1,5213,1,5215,3,5231,2,5234,11,5265,1,5267,7,5295,3,5354,1,5441,2,5444,5,5531,4,5612,2,5615,1,5842,3,5855,13,5871,1,5920,15,5987,13,6002,3,6007,2,6010,3],"p":[[1.434,123.152,4.092],[-1.434,123.152,4.092]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[10,11,44,1,46,1,62,1,66,3,106,12,120,2,123,1,125,12,138,7,147,6,162,1,207,51,259,5,266,1,271,4,276,2,293,18,312,4,318,3,322,1,324,2,327,1,337,1,372,1,381,1,387,2,407,1,6624,2,6665,1,6667,1,6669,17,6691,9,6739,17,6758,4,6763,1,6768,1,6770,1,6772,1,6774,1,6812,21,6834,17,6854,3,6859,2,6863,1,6866,1,6869,1,6941,5,6947,1,6949,3],"p":[[3.152,124.352,1.979],[-3.152,124.352,1.979]]}],"third lumbar vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Large kidney-shaped body; the biggest of the movable vertebrae.","x":"Carries the greatest load of the spine. The thoracolumbar junction (T12-L2) is the commonest site of compression fractures in osteoporosis. A lumbar puncture is made between L3-L4 or L4-L5 below the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris at L1-L2).","f":[368,26,401,8,410,1,415,56,472,6,480,3,620,260,882,2,888,6,1137,121,1260,1,1262,26,1290,1,1293,4,1659,92,1753,3,1758,4,1777,10,1788,3,1792,2,1795,1,2033,64,2106,1,2113,3,2148,1,2369,65,2435,3,2442,1,2446,4,2458,2,2465,1,2618,56,2678,3,2687,3,2691,2,2910,73,2987,5,2996,2,3277,62,3343,5,3349,1,3355,2,3366,1,3371,1,3373,1,3686,90,3780,2,3789,1,3791,3,4015,74,4099,4,4111,2,4242,66,4316,4,4325,1,4327,6,4335,1,4492,71,4568,4,4574,6,4604,13,4618,1,4620,4,4667,1,4921,110,5033,9,5049,23,5078,1,5082,1,5444,186,5634,2,5638,2,5643,2,5647,3,5653,1,6035,153,6197,111,6310,1,6314,2,6488,5,6494,1,6496,4,6501,2,6504,1,6510,2,6514,1,6518,4,6525,8],"p":[[0.032,98.89,9.489]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Triangular opening behind the body.","x":"Contains the cauda equina below L2; lumbar stenosis narrows it.","f":[1752,1,1756,2,1774,3,1787,1,1791,1,1794,1,1796,6,1803,18,1827,5,1840,1,1842,1,1845,12,1863,1,1866,1,1878,4,1920,1,1922,2,1942,1,1944,2,1947,1,1949,2,1979,9,2097,9,2107,6,2116,32,2149,61,2212,3,2217,15,2233,4,2238,7,2250,3,2256,6,2264,1,2282,6,2299,13,2320,8,2339,1,2434,1,2438,4,2443,3,2450,8,2460,5,2466,15,2482,1,2484,2,2488,5,2507,1,2509,8,2528,6,2556,5,2568,4,2573,1,2575,2,2579,2,2583,1,2674,4,2681,6,2690,1,2693,9,2703,1,2705,6,2728,3,2734,2,2739,3,2744,1,2757,2,2771,1,2773,1,2983,1,2985,2,2992,4,2998,15,3016,6,3024,10,3048,9,3067,2,3072,1,3339,1,3342,1,3348,1,3350,5,3357,9,3367,4,3372,1,3374,25,3404,2,3409,1,3411,13,3776,4,3782,7,3790,1,3794,27,3822,1,3834,8,4089,10,4103,8,4113,13,4128,9,4138,1,4140,1,4149,6,4160,4,4308,8,4320,5,4326,1,4333,2,4336,21,4358,12,4371,4,4377,3,4385,1,4388,2,4391,2,4402,2,4405,6,4412,2,4434,2,4563,5,4572,2,4580,22,4603,1,4624,36,4661,6,4668,33,4702,3,4706,7,4714,3,4718,11,4730,1,4732,13,4746,8,4784,5,4807,4,5031,1,5072,4,5077,1,5083,9,5104,5,5124,2,5135,1,5137,2,5153,1,5189,1,5191,3,5197,1,5255,1,5262,1],"p":[[-0.419,100.277,6.677]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Stout bar joining the body and arch.","x":"Thick and strong. A pars interarticularis defect (spondylolysis) between the superior and inferior articular processes may let L5 slip forward (spondylolisthesis).","f":[301,1,305,2,471,36,508,1,510,6,517,4,527,1,823,1,826,2,829,1,832,1,834,8,867,1,870,4,876,12,889,1,892,22,915,18,1228,1,1231,1,1233,9,1246,1,1248,1,1250,4,1255,12,1268,6,1275,39,1315,4,1320,1,1329,15,1367,1,1369,1,1371,2,1751,7,1762,13,1777,2,1781,1,1783,1,1785,5,1792,5,1821,7,1829,2,1832,10,1857,1,1859,3,1878,1,1880,1,1882,2,1905,1,2097,2,2143,1,2146,1,2149,1,2262,2,4331,2,4568,3,4602,1,4606,2,4609,8,4618,1,4620,4,4667,1,4713,1,4717,1,4754,1,4756,1,4761,1,4763,1,5021,9,5033,2,5039,11,5051,2,5054,18,5076,1,5078,3,5082,1,5093,11,5110,13,5126,4,5170,1,5172,1,5175,1,5178,1,5575,15,5599,1,5613,4,5619,1,5625,67,5703,4,6220,2,6271,1,6273,5,6280,3,6284,3,6296,3,6301,60,6369,1,6533,14,6548,1,6553,3,6557,1,6559,2,6562,1],"p":[[1.787,99.996,7.785],[-1.787,99.996,7.785]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Short, broad plate behind the foramen.","x":"Interlaminar spaces are wide, so a needle can pass between the laminae.","f":[558,3,574,2,934,10,945,24,970,10,981,9,1004,1,1009,1,1012,7,1021,3,1039,15,1055,3,1092,7,1100,2,1103,1,1107,3,1319,1,1321,8,1344,23,1368,1,1370,1,1373,61,1435,73,1509,3,1517,1,1520,30,1553,1,1557,1,1567,14,1584,1,1596,15,1858,1,1862,1,1864,2,1867,11,1885,2,1888,10,1899,1,1901,4,1907,3,1911,2,1914,1,1916,2,1924,1,1926,3,1930,7,1938,13,1952,37,1991,9,2002,5,2009,1,2245,2,2254,2,2258,1,2261,1,2265,17,2288,10,2299,6,2312,17,2330,1,2332,15,2493,7,2501,6,2508,1,2517,12,2534,27,2562,3,2566,18,2715,1,2717,3,2727,1,2742,2,2745,13,2760,1,2764,3,2770,2,2773,1,2782,2,3035,1,3057,1,3824,10,3846,1,3849,3,3854,2,3864,1,4126,2,4137,1,4139,1,4141,8,4155,5,4164,25,4196,1,4199,1,4201,1,4370,1,4375,2,4380,5,4386,2,4390,1,4393,9,4404,1,4411,1,4414,20,4436,13,4450,2,4453,2,4456,6,4731,1,4755,1,4757,4,4762,1,4764,13,4778,6,4789,16,4806,1,4811,51,4863,13,5123,1,5130,5,5140,1,5142,1,5144,9,5154,12,5167,2,5171,1,5173,2,5176,2,5179,10,5190,1,5194,3,5198,33,5232,3,5236,19,5256,6,5263,71,5338,21,5361,7,5370,1,5372,15,5389,1,5391,2,5692,11,5707,94,5802,1,5823,18,5850,1,5852,1,5881,7,5890,4,5895,3,5954,5,5960,2,6364,5,6373,9,6383,6,6395,1,6400,7,6434,5,6442,4,6448,5],"p":[[1.36,99.941,6.307],[-1.36,99.941,6.307]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short, thick, rectangular spinous process directed straight backward.","x":"Wide gaps between the spinous processes allow a lumbar puncture needle to pass. Attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus and interspinous ligaments.","f":[2557,1,2583,1,2595,1,2598,1,2602,1,2727,1,2739,1,2748,11,2760,14,2775,20,2796,15,2812,14,2827,83,3014,2,3022,3,3026,1,3028,1,3034,243,3379,307,3807,1,3809,7,3818,9,3828,187,4150,2,4155,2,4160,1,4168,4,4174,1,4192,1,4195,1,4198,1,4203,1,4209,1,4214,4,4234,1,4239,1,4241,1],"p":[[-0.334,98.925,4.906]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Long, slender transverse (costal) process that projects laterally.","x":"Attachment for quadratus lumborum, psoas major and the thoracolumbar fascia. L3's transverse process is the longest, L5's is thick and conical, attached to the iliolumbar ligament.","f":[59,1,63,3,70,1,72,9,82,2,85,6,110,9,122,4,133,23,168,2,178,16,195,2,198,1,201,10,213,1,216,27,244,57,302,3,307,55,363,5,507,1,509,1,516,1,522,3,528,1,530,4,537,1,544,1,550,2,564,1,577,4,6547,1,6549,4,6556,1,6558,1,6563,1,6569,2,6575,3,6583,3,6587,3,6594,6,6609,5,6618,1,6627,373],"p":[[3.077,100.643,6.42],[-3.077,100.643,6.42]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upper facet facing medially and backward (concave), with a mamillary process.","x":"The facets are in the sagittal plane, allowing flexion and extension but almost no rotation.","f":[248,3,254,1,297,1,306,1,310,8,322,3,326,1,328,1,330,4,344,2,347,1,349,6,364,4,483,3,499,5,515,7,530,7,541,7,561,9,585,2,835,7,879,9,896,6,912,8,933,4,942,8,968,2,972,1,977,3,1235,3,1258,4,1303,6,1318,11,1344,19,1380,19,1431,3,1435,2,1438,2,1442,1,1751,2,1756,1,1762,14,1821,22,1857,21,1885,2,1888,10,1911,2,2097,5,2103,2,2108,1,2134,1,2140,2,2169,1,2172,1,2174,1,2195,5,2202,1,2209,6,2216,1,2218,4,2230,3,2253,1,4564,1,4566,3,4570,1,4594,10,4652,1,4655,8,4690,2,4694,3,4698,9,4740,2,4743,9,5021,2,5024,1,5042,7,5093,11,5117,7,5130,36,5197,2,5200,7,5246,2,5249,5,5577,5,5629,14,5656,10,5674,4,5692,11,5724,10,5745,2,5749,2,5752,1,5754,5,6273,5,6284,3,6310,4,6316,3,6329,4,6334,7,6347,6,6360,7,6372,4,6381,2,6553,6,6564,7,6578,12,6598,9,6609,1,6614,3,6633,1,6645,7,6653,1,6656,1,6662,2,6665,1,6668,1,6676,1,6693,5,6699,3,6704,1,6713,1,6715,1],"p":[[1.894,101.271,7.038],[-1.894,101.271,7.038]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Lower facet facing laterally and forward (convex).","x":"Fits between the superior facets of the vertebra below; forms the zygapophyseal joint, a common source of low-back pain.","f":[1039,1,1041,1,1093,10,1523,2,1568,3,1572,5,1591,20,1630,1,1632,2,1993,6,2002,9,2015,2,2323,1,2338,11,2568,15,2589,1,2591,1,2593,2,4179,1,4181,4,4196,2,4199,3,4439,5,4446,1,4451,11,4832,1,4843,2,4847,4,4854,1,4864,12,4880,2,4883,2,4886,1,4890,2,5361,3,5372,21,5396,2,5401,3,5406,1,5408,2,5954,2,5957,3,5962,2,5992,1,5996,1,6000,1],"p":[[1.288,97.853,6.117],[-1.288,97.853,6.117]]}],"twelfth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[58,133,192,1,194,1,201,1,212,1,218,2,221,1,225,3,233,1,236,22,259,8,268,4,274,39,348,1,351,11,363,4,368,3,628,205,863,2,872,1,874,1,878,18,959,1,962,23,1244,111,1356,19,1402,6,1451,1,1453,29,1548,1,1849,72,1939,7,1968,33,2322,81,2404,2,2407,20,2434,29,2788,54,2843,1,2845,13,2864,30,3320,61,3382,7,3392,1,3396,1,3398,41,3583,68,3652,3,3661,1,3671,30,3976,80,4058,1,4067,1,4076,2,4088,4,4132,1,4136,1,4138,26,4618,138,4760,2,4766,1,4769,2,4772,4,4777,5,4811,32,4884,1,4889,1,4895,1,4900,1,4904,2,4909,1,4914,1,5204,285,5494,4,5499,4,5505,157,5671,3,5675,3,5680,2,5684,2,5687,44,5761,1,5766,1,5768,1,5965,62],"p":[[-0.14,109.681,6.701]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1401,1,1432,4,1437,13,1452,1,1515,3,1522,12,1539,9,1586,1,1592,1,1599,2,1924,1,1928,4,1933,6,1946,20,1967,1,2003,16,2028,1,2032,3,2039,2,2043,3,2047,2,2051,3,2055,7,2110,10,2121,1,2135,11,2174,8,2187,37,2228,1,2230,2,2255,1,2267,1,2270,1,2427,2,2430,4,2463,2,2474,1,2479,1,2489,1,2493,10,2555,28,2610,3,2618,1,2842,1,2844,1,2858,6,2896,2,2915,1,2939,34,2995,4,3389,3,3393,3,3397,1,3441,2,3450,6,3468,2,3471,21,3515,1,3517,1,3520,4,3525,2,3651,1,3656,2,3659,2,3662,9,3726,1,3728,2,3731,2,3738,8,3770,1,3805,2,3808,5,3814,1,3817,6,3852,25,3904,1,3906,18,4056,2,4062,5,4068,3,4075,1,4085,3,4092,1,4094,5,4100,11,4112,1,4115,5,4122,10,4133,3,4137,1,4185,3,4190,2,4197,27,4276,6,4283,2,4286,1,4354,1,4356,3,4465,6,4473,11,4486,2,4495,3,4504,1,4542,3,4546,3,4553,1,4885,4,4890,4],"p":[[-0.25,108.712,4.966]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[150,2,159,1,161,2,165,1,167,1,192,2,195,22,224,1,226,10,249,1,251,23,279,3,283,5,313,50,364,4,371,2,791,6,798,1,800,4,806,5,815,2,832,46,896,66,967,2,972,1,1013,4,1020,1,1024,15,1120,1,1134,1,1150,2,1155,2,1158,2,1161,1,1345,12,1374,27,1409,2,1413,5,1420,2,1423,7,1431,1,1450,2,1453,1,1455,2,1534,5,1548,1,1587,2,1593,2,1915,1,1921,3,1925,3,1932,1,3648,1,3651,1,3653,3,3657,2,3661,2,4048,1,4056,1,4058,27,4094,16,4111,6,4119,3,4215,1,4222,2,4280,2,4287,2,4729,1,4754,27,4782,2,4785,26,4853,1,4859,1,4863,2,4868,5,4874,40,5002,1,5005,1,5007,2,5010,2,5013,1,5016,2,5020,1,5022,1,5033,5,5399,1,5477,3,5483,11,5503,1,5509,4,5528,1,5532,7,5541,1,5545,2,5556,2,5564,5,5575,1,5661,27,5696,1,5698,1,5701,1,5731,39,5782,1,5786,1],"p":[[1.762,110.232,5.812],[-1.762,110.232,5.812]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[373,1,440,4,987,4,994,19,1017,3,1021,3,1047,2,1050,1,1052,3,1057,1,1073,2,1076,3,1081,3,1090,30,1121,13,1135,15,1152,3,1157,1,1160,1,1162,1,1180,10,1222,2,1408,1,1411,2,1418,2,1422,1,1492,10,1503,12,1518,4,1589,3,1595,4,1602,3,1608,3,1617,1,1634,3,1640,80,1747,11,1763,28,1794,1,1799,2,1808,14,1835,1,1843,1,1846,1,2001,2,2022,6,2029,3,2035,4,2041,2,2046,1,2054,1,2062,5,2069,1,2071,39,2122,13,2173,1,2182,5,2224,4,2229,1,2257,10,2268,2,2271,1,2319,2,2465,9,2475,4,2480,3,2485,4,2490,1,2492,1,3439,2,3442,7,3458,2,3461,1,3715,1,3722,4,3727,1,3729,3,3733,6,3751,9,3761,9,3771,8,3780,9,3790,5,3796,1,3799,3,3806,2,3813,1,3815,2,3823,1,3909,1,3916,1,3919,1,3923,1,3958,1,3967,2,4092,2,4110,1,4117,2,4164,34,4230,1,4237,1,4257,1,4263,3,4269,1,4276,1,4282,1,4285,1,4289,1,4312,42,4355,2,4359,5,4388,1,4393,1,4398,1,4407,13,4422,44,4467,1,4471,3,4477,1,4488,2,4491,1,4493,6,4500,6,4511,2,4518,1,4521,1,4523,2,4527,4,4533,1,4536,34,4590,1,4600,1,4606,2,4609,1,4614,4,4784,1,4843,10,4854,5,4860,3,4865,3,4873,1,4918,1,4920,2,4924,1,4929,4,4935,2,4944,2,4948,8,4957,45,5003,2,5006,1,5009,1,5012,1,5014,2,5018,2,5021,1,5023,10,5060,1,5071,2,5080,16,5097,7,5122,1,5770,12,5783,3,5787,5,5800,1,5817,4,5825,1],"p":[[1.303,108.913,5.092],[-1.303,108.913,5.092]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2040,1,2045,2,2077,2,2080,2,2160,1,2163,1,2170,1,2275,2,2304,1,2317,1,2321,1,2463,11,2475,18,2496,1,2503,35,2539,16,2568,1,2570,1,2572,1,2574,1,2583,28,2613,13,2627,3,2631,157,2894,62,2957,1,2959,1,2962,358,3439,2,3442,2,3448,3,3452,1,3456,13,3470,1,3480,1,3489,94,3825,1,3866,1,3904,1,3955,2,3960,1,3973,1],"p":[[-0.325,107.828,3.934]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,58,374,2,406,2,415,4,420,3,427,3,431,1,445,1,447,3,479,2,497,8,506,9,521,1,523,3,527,2,530,1,532,1,571,2,574,1,598,3,603,3,5798,1,5811,1,5813,4,5837,13,5857,1,5859,4,5866,10,5878,9,5888,9,5899,3,5903,13,5917,10,5934,1,5936,14,5958,7,6027,11],"p":[[2.164,109.589,4.385],[-2.164,109.589,4.385]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[150,2,153,1,159,9,169,2,191,12,205,12,257,2,265,2,271,3,316,1,320,1,330,1,332,2,335,3,339,1,341,5,791,20,812,5,818,3,824,1,832,39,874,1,877,1,896,3,904,3,910,3,915,1,919,2,926,4,931,2,937,1,943,1,945,2,953,1,956,1,958,1,990,1,1000,1,1002,1,1005,8,1015,1,1092,4,1344,14,1359,2,1362,1,1364,1,1374,28,1408,39,1492,8,1501,1,1503,1,1505,14,1521,2,1915,1,1921,3,1925,5,1932,1,1946,7,2001,2,2429,1,3648,1,3651,1,3653,3,3657,2,3661,2,3715,1,4044,2,4047,3,4056,1,4058,27,4092,30,4164,34,4230,1,4237,1,4257,1,4264,2,4269,1,4276,1,4728,2,4731,2,4754,27,4782,3,4788,4,4793,1,4796,2,4802,1,4809,1,4846,1,4854,1,4860,3,4865,8,4959,3,4964,1,4966,1,4968,2,4971,1,5398,4,5407,1,5477,14,5494,7,5505,3,5509,1,5529,3,5533,6,5541,1,5546,1,5661,2,5664,1,5666,1,5669,1,5671,1,5673,1,5731,1],"p":[[1.432,110.696,5.898],[-1.432,110.696,5.898]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[1812,1,1814,2,1817,5,1843,1,1846,2,2177,3,2194,5,2200,1,2203,6,2210,6,2217,7,2231,1,2255,1,2257,16,2318,3,2575,1,2577,4,2582,1,2611,1,3485,1,3488,4,3525,1,3856,1,3859,2,3863,2,3868,2,3871,2,3876,1,3905,10,3916,4,3921,3,3958,1,3967,2,4487,1,4496,2,4501,5,4542,8,4551,9,4561,9,4597,1,4600,1,4614,4],"p":[[0.848,107.235,5.18],[-0.848,107.235,5.18]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[58,2,61,5,76,8,85,5,103,1,105,10,116,3,122,1,127,1,152,2,155,1,158,6,191,12,663,1,667,1,671,1,677,1,710,1,741,1,744,1,4741,1,5227,7,5235,5,5264,14,5280,2,5283,4,5335,16,5369,6,5376,1,5378,2,5402,1,5404,2,5487,1,5489,2,5494,1,5496,5,5505,3,5529,3],"p":[[1.954,110.758,6.886],[-1.954,110.758,6.886]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[67,1,92,8,137,6,145,1,185,4,293,14,308,5,359,1,361,1,363,8,372,1,830,1,882,1,884,2,959,1,962,1,965,3,1025,1,4909,1,5394,2,5454,1,5459,1,5475,2,5633,1,5638,4,5645,1,5650,7,5658,3,5688,2,5691,10,5702,10,5716,3,5720,4,5725,4,5752,1,5760,3,5765,2,5768,1,5985,2,5989,7,5997,5,6003,7,6014,8,6023,2,6026,1],"p":[[2.084,108.694,7.008],[-2.084,108.694,7.008]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[4,1,7,2,22,1,24,1,26,3,415,1,5814,3,5844,2,6028,4],"p":[[2.227,109.434,4.776],[-2.227,109.434,4.776]]}],"first thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[693,1,695,5,707,4,715,3,730,1,733,1,736,4,744,1,748,1,835,118,954,8,963,4,975,1,977,1,1023,446,1471,1,1473,4,1478,12,1512,1,1516,1,1601,148,1751,3,1755,1,1758,1,1776,6,1783,2,1786,12,1989,93,2083,1,2090,6,2098,1,2100,1,2102,3,2106,3,2110,1,2224,94,2320,1,2322,1,2326,1,2333,2,2340,1,2344,1,2685,81,2769,2,2778,1,3045,111,3158,1,3162,1,3166,1,3268,100,3370,2,3387,1,3389,1,3392,2,3498,141,3648,4,3655,1,3657,21,3685,1,3687,1,3689,2,3823,272,4097,6,4105,16,4123,2,4127,9,4140,2,4158,1,4162,1,4173,1,4280,89,4370,12,4383,38,4422,1,4424,1,4430,12,4443,6,4450,1,4455,45,4503,1,4510,15,4526,1,4528,4,4533,1,4535,1,4538,1,4541,43,4585,2,4614,2,4618,22,4641,58,4702,1,4709,1,4714,12,4727,1,4747,26,4775,4,4780,1],"p":[[-0.162,137.825,6.83]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1469,2,1472,1,1477,1,1490,1,1493,18,1521,12,1540,4,1551,1,1749,2,1754,1,1756,2,1759,17,1782,1,1785,1,1798,46,1846,5,1852,2,1856,1,1858,18,1882,13,1896,4,1904,1,1906,1,2082,1,2084,6,2096,2,2099,1,2101,1,2105,1,2109,1,2111,4,2117,12,2139,1,2141,2,2318,2,2321,1,2323,3,2327,6,2335,5,2341,3,2345,2,2350,1,2355,2,2361,9,2371,2,2766,3,2771,7,2779,4,2788,1,2795,1,2802,1,2813,4,2819,1,3156,2,3159,1,3161,1,3163,3,3167,4,3177,1,3182,1,3186,1,3188,1,3193,2,3197,6,3368,2,3372,15,3388,1,3390,2,3394,7,3402,5,3408,6,3415,12,3431,1,3436,4,3441,3,3639,9,3652,3,3656,1,3678,7,3686,1,3691,12,3704,3,3709,5,3716,12,3737,15,3756,6,4095,2,4103,1,4121,2,4125,2,4136,4,4142,16,4159,1,4163,5,4170,1,4174,2,4186,6,4193,3,4217,1,4219,1],"p":[[0.167,138.169,5.451]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[535,1,537,1,540,2,553,1,557,1,560,26,590,3,616,4,623,3,631,7,641,3,649,1,652,3,657,2,670,1,720,1,723,1,740,3,744,2,749,31,781,2,786,1,788,3,914,1,926,1,936,1,953,1,955,1,957,25,983,2,1432,1,1435,15,1451,1,1453,1,1456,1,1458,1,1460,1,1464,2,1468,1,1480,10,1491,2,1511,10,1533,4,1538,2,3641,3,3679,1,3682,2,3691,10,3702,14,3718,5,3725,1,3727,3,3731,1,3734,1,4084,1,4095,2,4100,5,4110,3,4117,1,4120,3,4126,1,4128,1,4138,2,4142,4,4148,38,4187,23,4212,1,4777,33,4817,4,4826,3,4917,1,4947,15,4963,6,4972,12,4994,4,4999,1,5114,1,5135,2,5143,2,5160,1,5210,1,5212,1,5215,3,5219,6],"p":[[1.6,137.883,6.229],[-1.6,137.883,6.229]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[783,2,791,2,799,1,802,12,815,3,820,15,982,1,987,24,1012,1,1017,1,1019,2,1544,7,1552,4,1559,5,1566,1,1570,1,1845,1,1855,1,1857,1,1876,6,1895,1,1900,4,1905,1,1907,1,1909,2,1912,2,1916,4,2115,2,2129,7,3168,5,3175,1,3177,2,3182,3,3186,12,3404,11,3426,11,3444,2,3447,3,3451,2,3732,2,3735,2,3752,4,3762,10,3773,2,3787,1,3792,1,4210,2,4213,4,4221,20,4242,1,4245,1,4257,3,4261,1,4263,1,4265,4,4270,6,4811,6,4823,1,4829,1,4835,2,4839,5,4845,35,5012,1,5014,2,5030,1],"p":[[1.418,137.798,5.284],[-1.418,137.798,5.284]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[1984,1,1988,1,2134,9,2144,15,2161,18,2180,44,2347,14,2365,1,2367,318,2783,262,3168,9,3178,8,3187,1,3189,1,3198,2,3201,1,3203,1,3205,2,3208,1,3210,3,3214,4,3220,4,3225,1,3228,1,3231,3,3236,1,3242,4,3247,3,3257,1,3262,6],"p":[[0.238,137.338,3.358]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[39,1,44,3,48,3,55,2,59,29,89,44,194,2,198,1,200,4,206,1,211,67,327,1,330,2,336,3,343,2,346,28,394,1,396,1,398,1,401,3,405,4,410,2,416,1,419,6,426,58,554,3,558,2,586,4,593,3,597,17,4825,1,4971,1,4984,3,4989,1,4991,2,5120,1,5123,7,5131,4,5137,6,5145,2,5149,1,5156,1,5164,23,5195,1,5197,1,5292,1,5299,1,5309,1,5317,1,5320,7,5328,28,5374,1,5376,1,5386,1,5388,21,5429,1,5445,4,5450,1,5454,3,5458,20,5479,28,5509,1,5515,1,5518,1,5567,11,5580,1,5582,2,5606,2],"p":[[2.807,138.953,5.877],[-2.807,138.953,5.877]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[381,1,399,21,430,9,446,27,475,1,484,11,496,2,500,7,542,12,586,7,674,1,677,1,681,4,686,7,695,5,749,3,775,10,806,2,912,4,917,5,923,4,931,2,960,8,980,4,989,3,993,3,1435,1,1438,2,1443,1,1480,6,1487,1,1490,3,1495,5,1502,2,1506,2,1533,5,1544,7,1552,1,1799,3,1806,1,1834,5,1842,4,1847,1,1849,3,1854,2,1857,2,1876,6,3193,2,3196,2,3404,15,3426,11,3445,1,3691,10,3702,21,3726,11,3752,3,4019,6,4081,25,4107,8,4117,1,4120,1,4122,1,4126,1,4163,23,4207,10,4222,1,4692,3,4696,1,4698,3,4702,5,4708,1,4771,4,4777,3,4788,6,4805,16,4823,1,4887,2,4922,4,4930,1,4932,2,4969,4,4985,1,5165,2,5168,2],"p":[[1.668,138.867,6.188],[-1.668,138.867,6.188]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[578,1,580,1,584,2,652,3,656,5,662,1,666,1,669,5,774,1,788,2,791,15,819,1,821,4,827,7,988,1,998,4,1003,2,1006,1,1008,3,1012,2,1017,6,1559,6,1566,2,1570,3,1895,1,1902,2,1905,1,1910,1,1912,9,1923,2,3444,1,3451,2,3762,9,3773,2,3787,1,3792,1,3803,3,4224,4,4229,1,4232,2,4236,3,4246,5,4253,2,4256,4,4261,6,4268,1,4270,5,4276,1,4829,1,4847,6,4855,1,4863,3,4867,8,4876,1,4878,1],"p":[[1.576,137.298,5.469],[-1.576,137.298,5.469]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[0,7,8,2,16,17,36,5,42,1,47,25,73,1,75,3,82,1,88,1,417,2,484,4,491,1,495,1,499,1,508,1,510,1,512,1,514,5,542,2,4888,8,4903,1,4906,1,4933,2,4970,1,5079,2,5410,1,5419,1,5422,12,5435,8,5465,1,5473,4,5478,1,5483,1,5494,3,5507,1,5509,10,5567,10],"p":[[3.249,138.977,6.486],[-3.249,138.977,6.486]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[841,7,865,3,1098,1,1102,2,1123,7,1142,3,1146,1,1183,2,1187,4,1206,2,1214,1,1222,1,1237,19,1310,1,1312,1,1314,2,1321,27,1349,1,1352,1,1396,6,1403,3,1407,1,1409,2,1412,1,1423,1,1425,2,3910,1,3937,2,3955,1,3959,2,4001,1,4006,7,4016,3,4057,1,4059,9,4069,12,4300,3,4318,1,4350,44,4483,1,4498,7,4508,1,4510,26,4537,2,4541,1,4544,24,4627,1,4629,3,4636,1,4639,1,4641,44,4686,2,4689,2,4753,18],"p":[[1.438,136.962,7.182],[-1.438,136.962,7.182]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[2,1,16,3,22,4,34,2,161,7,170,1,179,5,186,2,5366,1,5409,8,5418,1,5437,5,5443,2,5449,1,5451,3,5457,1,5507,1,5510,1,5512,2],"p":[[3.187,138.464,6.378],[-3.187,138.464,6.378]]}],"third cervical vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Small, wide, anterior weight-bearing part with slightly raised lateral edges.","x":"Supports the head and neck. Cervical bodies are the smallest of the movable vertebrae and wider than they are deep.","f":[11,13,25,2,64,1,66,3,71,1,73,1,75,26,130,2,134,9,150,3,154,2,268,112,386,5,394,1,396,1,561,158,720,1,806,134,941,6,1013,125,1139,7,1245,116,1362,1,1364,3,1369,2,1375,1,1382,4,1511,181,1693,10,1706,1,1708,8,1717,30,1748,2,1751,6,1759,2,1765,8,1777,4,1799,1,1801,1,1804,2,1895,131,2027,2,2032,3,2053,1,2066,9,2079,1,2081,1,2088,1,2144,93,2241,1,2243,1,2248,1,2273,1,2276,1,2278,1,2282,2,2358,67,2426,1,2430,1,2433,1,2439,1,2442,2,2446,1,2450,2,2454,4,2460,4,2467,1,2801,77,2880,1,2884,2,2887,1,2891,6,2898,1,2906,3,2911,1,2913,3,3165,92,3258,1,3260,2,3264,5,3298,2,3310,2,3317,2,3370,111,3482,13,3500,2,3529,1,3539,1,3587,103,3691,4,3696,15,3712,10,3724,14,3745,1,3750,2,3881,118,4000,6,4009,1,4011,4,4016,2,4027,1,4029,1,4143,96,4240,1,4244,3,4359,163,4523,1,4525,2,4528,1,4530,1,4612,117,4730,2,4735,3,4740,2,4840,24,4867,21,4889,1,4894,19,4914,1,4916,2,4923,45,4970,1,4983,1,4985,2,4989,2],"p":[[-0.15,145.413,9.036]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large triangular opening behind the body.","x":"The stacked foramina form the vertebral canal, protecting the cervical spinal cord.","f":[1153,7,1161,4,1172,2,1177,10,1195,1,1198,3,1363,1,1368,1,1376,6,1386,3,1390,18,1409,33,1443,3,1448,9,1460,1,1469,1,1472,1,1477,1,1482,3,1747,1,1750,1,1757,2,1761,4,1773,4,1781,18,1800,1,1806,20,1828,6,1836,4,1853,3,1874,1,2026,1,2029,3,2035,17,2054,1,2057,9,2080,1,2084,1,2086,2,2090,12,2103,2,2108,1,2237,4,2242,1,2244,4,2249,24,2274,2,2277,1,2279,3,2284,6,2292,2,2295,1,2303,1,2306,8,2316,1,2425,1,2427,3,2431,2,2434,5,2440,2,2444,2,2447,3,2452,2,2458,2,2464,3,2468,42,2512,10,2533,2,2538,2,2542,1,2546,1,2548,1,2550,6,2878,2,2881,3,2886,1,2888,3,2897,1,2899,7,2909,2,2912,1,2916,73,2994,1,3000,3,3006,2,3012,1,3014,3,3019,7,3257,1,3259,1,3262,2,3269,29,3300,10,3312,5,3319,7,3327,1,3329,11,3345,2,3481,1,3495,5,3502,27,3530,9,3540,13,3554,3,3558,8,3568,2,3572,1,3690,1,3695,1,3711,1,3722,2,3738,7,3746,4,3752,58,3812,3,3820,1,3826,9,3845,1,3999,1,4006,3,4010,1,4018,1,4020,7,4028,1,4030,5,4036,3,4040,3,4044,17,4062,4,4067,2,4071,4,4076,1,4078,2,4085,4,4091,3,4097,1,4111,1,4249,2,4256,11,4268,2,4271,1,4275,1,4278,8,4309,1,4312,1],"p":[[0.141,144.787,8.345]],"h":1},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Thin plate joining the transverse process to the spinous process.","x":"Forms the back wall of the vertebral foramen; the ligamenta flava connect adjacent laminae. Cut during laminectomy.","f":[995,1,997,5,1003,1,1005,2,1010,1,1012,1,1206,1,1222,2,1225,12,1238,1,1241,2,1244,1,1471,1,1474,1,1486,25,1834,2,1838,1,1842,1,1845,1,1847,7,1855,7,1863,1,1865,2,1868,3,1877,18,2109,3,2113,1,2122,1,2127,17,2291,1,2320,2,2323,1,2325,3,2335,3,2340,4,3017,2,3040,1,3326,1,3328,1,3340,2,3343,2,3347,8,3357,1,3360,1,3362,1,3553,1,3557,1,3566,2,3570,2,3573,8,3582,5,3819,1,3821,1,3823,1,3825,1,3835,10,3846,35,4090,1,4114,29,4338,3,4342,1,4344,15,4603,1,4606,4],"p":[[1.07,144.346,6.954],[-1.07,144.346,6.954]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short spinous process, usually bifid (split) from C2 to C6.","x":"Attachment of semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and the ligamentum nuchae. C7's spinous process is long and not bifid (vertebra prominens).","f":[2120,1,2122,1,2124,1,2126,2,2133,1,2137,1,2139,5,2291,1,2298,2,2302,1,2304,2,2311,2,2314,44,2506,2,2510,291,2972,1,2974,191,3334,1,3340,12,3353,1,3355,15,3581,2],"p":[[-0.256,143.887,5.682]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Lateral process with an anterior and posterior tubercle and a foramen.","x":"Anterior tubercles give attachment to scalenes and longus; posterior tubercles to levator scapulae and splenius. The anterior tubercle of C6 is the carotid tubercle, used to compress the common carotid artery.","f":[0,8,24,1,27,25,54,11,68,9,80,6,93,3,99,2,102,7,111,12,124,6,131,3,135,133,290,1,298,2,301,1,304,132,438,123,586,2,589,2,601,1,604,1,607,6,614,3,618,2,624,4,629,177,905,8,915,1,919,6,927,1,934,5,947,1,949,3,954,13,970,1,974,4,983,2,986,4,996,4,1001,2,1004,1,1007,3,4243,1,4246,1,4436,2,4439,2,4443,11,4459,1,4462,29,4492,18,4514,1,4516,5,4524,11,4538,18,4562,8,4571,1,4576,14,4591,12,4604,8,4638,9,4649,2,4653,2,4658,2,4662,1,4665,175,4889,1,4893,1,4896,3,4900,4,4905,1,4907,1,4909,3,4913,5,4919,233,5154,1,5156,2,5159,8,5168,110],"p":[[2.358,144.656,8.086],[-2.358,144.656,8.086]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upward-facing, flat articular surface, angled about 45 degrees.","x":"Articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above. The oblique orientation allows flexion, extension and rotation but means dislocations are more common in the neck.","f":[156,1,181,7,315,1,318,1,325,7,334,12,348,8,357,1,360,4,369,16,387,1,391,6,400,1,403,12,416,20,438,9,452,2,474,2,557,1,666,1,679,1,686,2,694,1,712,31,745,20,767,1,772,8,795,1,800,2,803,2,919,1,923,1,934,7,942,1,944,7,952,21,974,7,983,4,1007,3,1090,1,1105,6,1117,2,1134,10,1150,7,1161,3,1174,3,1178,1,1180,12,1201,5,1239,5,1330,2,1334,17,1369,11,1382,3,1407,9,1420,1,1437,12,1457,21,1485,2,1488,4,1508,1,1644,4,1652,1,1657,6,1665,2,1690,2,1694,24,1799,3,1804,1,1818,3,1822,6,1834,2,1837,28,1883,1,1979,1,2002,3,2012,6,2053,1,2060,1,2066,9,2076,9,2086,1,2100,5,2110,3,2289,1,3317,1,3478,7,3522,1,3527,3,3531,1,3534,2,3552,2,3565,7,3669,1,3672,3,3679,1,3685,30,3716,4,3763,4,3768,2,3779,2,3787,1,3807,8,3829,1,3831,14,3873,3,3877,1,3972,4,3977,3,3983,2,3987,8,4006,12,4030,15,4055,23,4089,21,4124,1,4126,1,4129,2,4133,2,4203,4,4220,3,4226,15,4247,10,4258,1,4261,1,4263,2,4268,5,4276,1,4278,18,4303,14,4326,2,4329,1,4467,2,4488,3,4511,19,4531,5,4537,3,4541,2,4544,2,4547,21,4570,10,4586,3,4683,1,4692,1,4709,2,4722,10,4742,10,4753,2,4756,11,4768,13,4786,2,4790,2,4796,2,4802,1,4806,1,4925,3,4930,3,4937,1,4952,3,4964,2,4970,1,4998,1,5002,1,5006,1,5011,1,5017,12,5036,1,5040,1,5046,1,5048,1,5051,2,5057,2,5067,2,5072,1,5075,10,5087,1,5089,5,5095,1,5122,1],"p":[[1.505,145.301,7.824],[-1.505,145.301,7.824]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Downward-facing flat articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below, forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joint, a common source of neck pain.","f":[222,1,248,2,255,2,456,3,491,1,495,4,502,5,510,1,513,3,518,2,768,3,781,2,785,6,982,1,987,9,1000,1,1173,1,1193,1,1195,6,1206,20,1229,1,1424,1,1449,5,1478,7,1493,2,1496,7,1507,1,1509,1,1828,2,1865,10,1877,5,1885,3,1891,2,2106,1,2114,4,2119,9,2129,2,2132,2,2143,1,2300,2,3331,1,3333,1,3335,4,3352,1,3557,2,3572,9,3583,3,3804,1,3815,10,3845,15,3861,1,3863,4,3868,4,4047,1,4078,11,4110,6,4118,3,4135,3,4318,8,4330,8,4339,1,4341,3,4580,6,4589,14,4604,1,4781,4,4807,8,4816,1,4818,10,4829,2,5096,6,5133,3,5138,1,5141,6,5262,2],"p":[[1.618,144.096,7.256],[-1.618,144.096,7.256]]},{"id":"uncus","n":"Uncus of body (uncinate process)","t":"Process","w":"Raised lateral lips on the upper surface of the body (uncinate processes).","x":"Form the uncovertebral (Luschka) joints with the vertebra above; osteophytes here can compress nerve roots.","f":[572,1,849,1,851,1,863,4,868,5,1022,1,1025,2,1029,2,4155,2,4158,5,4407,6,4414,1,4416,4,4421,2],"p":[[1.7,145.503,8.916],[-1.7,145.503,8.916]]},{"id":"tfor","n":"Transverse foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Round hole through the transverse process (foramen transversarium).","x":"The vertebral artery and veins pass through the foramina of C1-C6. C7's foramen transmits only small veins. A characteristic feature found only in cervical vertebrae.","f":[577,1,586,2,589,2,594,3,598,2,607,1,609,11,621,3,629,1,632,25,660,1,662,33,696,6,703,2,712,1,826,2,861,1,866,2,872,1,874,3,878,2,881,56,941,1,943,3,1013,12,1026,8,1036,1,1043,9,1054,68,1123,9,1133,3,1139,4,1304,3,1310,2,1314,2,1317,1,1327,8,1336,2,1339,1,1341,1,3887,1,3894,1,3916,17,3934,6,3941,9,3952,2,3958,16,3975,18,4004,2,4016,1,4143,16,4160,62,4223,4,4228,1,4232,3,4245,1,4369,1,4409,2,4413,2,4418,1,4420,1,4423,1,4428,2,4432,1,4435,3,4440,2,4443,58,4504,3,4509,4,4514,7,4638,1,4640,1,4659,1,4665,2,4678,15,4709,1,4722,1],"p":[[1.652,145.012,8.859],[-1.652,145.012,8.859]],"h":1}],"second thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[946,15,964,20,989,1,992,12,1030,11,1042,3,1046,2,1049,56,1108,2,1111,3,1128,1,1131,17,1149,1,1151,1,1156,22,1180,2,1187,3,1219,1,1223,1,1225,4,1231,10,1261,1,1265,13,1284,1,1287,1,1313,4,1321,1,1323,10,1334,1,1336,14,1497,139,1638,112,1753,31,1786,43,1836,1,1877,33,2016,153,2170,2,2176,23,2200,1,2217,25,2243,8,2252,3,2258,1,2288,8,2398,128,2536,5,2542,5,2548,1,2568,4,2573,2,2576,2,2623,6,2630,2,2633,2,2637,2,2641,2,2772,115,2899,1,3033,87,3121,4,3138,1,3319,99,3419,4,3891,117,4010,1,4284,98,4383,10,4406,1,4557,130,4689,5,4698,2,4732,11,4744,3,4750,13,4764,1,4818,4,4826,1,4934,181,5117,6,5124,23,5151,1,5154,50,5205,10,5249,5,5340,378,5721,1,5724,57,5788,1,5878,16,5895,1,5898,1,5907,14,5922,7,5935,1,5938,7,5946,3,5968,2,5971,2],"p":[[0.108,136.175,6.244]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1842,1,2169,1,2172,2,2199,1,2201,2,2208,9,2242,1,2255,3,2259,3,2263,13,2301,5,2321,3,2526,10,2541,1,2547,1,2549,19,2572,1,2575,1,2578,18,2598,3,2605,5,2612,11,2629,1,2632,1,2635,2,2639,2,2643,15,2669,3,2673,3,2677,6,2694,4,2887,12,2900,9,2912,2,2915,8,2927,9,2937,5,2944,3,3120,1,3125,13,3139,7,3147,5,3153,11,3177,1,3181,1,3418,1,3423,25,3449,16,3466,11,3479,1,3503,1,4008,2,4011,7,4020,2,4023,1,4029,3,4033,4,4039,7,4047,1,4382,1,4393,13,4407,35,4443,3,4447,5,4454,1,4461,7,4469,2,4687,2,4694,4,4700,32,4743,1,4747,3,4765,28,4794,5,4800,4,4807,1,4812,5,4822,4,4827,6,4836,1,4838,12,4864,5,4874,1,4876,1,5204,1,5215,10,5226,1,5254,2,5257,1,5259,1],"p":[[-0.158,136.526,4.736]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[1278,4,1286,1,1288,2,1293,1,1311,2,1356,1,1358,5,1365,1,1367,5,1391,1,1398,1,1402,2,1405,7,1752,1,1784,2,1823,1,1825,1,1828,49,1893,1,1902,1,1907,27,1937,1,1943,4,1959,1,2158,1,2163,13,2181,1,2183,1,2185,3,2199,18,2224,1,2227,2,2234,5,2241,27,2269,2,2276,30,2308,1,2310,1,2312,2,2318,1,2515,1,2526,5,2532,4,2537,2,2540,2,2545,1,2547,5,2554,3,2559,10,2572,12,2586,1,2596,37,2635,3,2646,3,2650,5,2659,1,2661,2,2665,1,2669,2,2675,1,2877,1,2888,1,4671,2,4675,8,4684,3,4689,5,4698,2,4734,1,4740,2,4744,3,4750,13,4764,1,4804,3,4808,4,4817,1,4819,3,4826,1,4833,3,4837,1,4854,1,4856,1,4859,2,5100,2,5105,5,5112,1,5114,1,5117,6,5124,7,5147,7,5161,2,5164,6,5171,4,5177,9,5189,1,5191,7,5199,1,5201,3,5205,10,5225,1,5227,27,5256,1,5258,1,5260,16,5280,2,5283,1,5645,5,5703,1,5712,2,5718,6,5742,1,5744,1,5770,1,5775,47,5824,1,5840,1,5940,1,5942,4,5955,9,5966,13,5981,9,5992,1,5995,16,6012,4,6019,1,6038,2,6061,1],"p":[[1.098,136.268,5.403],[-1.098,136.268,5.403]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1934,3,1939,4,1947,9,1957,2,1961,8,1970,1,1972,4,1985,1,1988,2,1993,3,1997,1,2306,2,2309,1,2311,1,2314,4,2319,2,2322,1,2324,23,2349,1,2357,1,2363,1,2658,1,2660,1,2663,2,2666,3,2671,4,2676,1,2679,2,2683,11,2698,17,2717,1,2726,2,2907,5,2913,2,2923,6,2933,4,2942,2,2947,9,2957,2,2960,2,3144,3,3150,1,3152,1,3164,6,3171,1,3173,2,3176,1,3178,1,4038,1,4054,1,4442,1,4446,1,4452,2,4455,6,4471,2,4475,3,4479,5,4485,7,4852,2,4855,1,4857,2,4861,3,4869,5,4875,1,4877,3,4881,3,5276,4,5282,1,5284,9,5296,13,5310,4,5822,2,5825,15,5841,24,5867,2,5872,1,5876,1,6025,2,6029,1,6067,2,6100,1,6102,1],"p":[[1.134,136.617,4.708],[-1.134,136.617,4.708]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2936,1,2942,1,2946,1,2955,1,2960,1,2966,1,2968,2,2976,1,2982,2,2991,2,2994,3,3007,2,3013,11,3025,1,3027,6,3143,1,3146,2,3150,9,3160,159,3444,32,3477,414,4012,1,4016,13,4030,4,4036,3,4041,6,4048,236,4442,1,4446,1,4453,1,4456,1,4460,2,4463,16,4481,9,4492,2,4495,10,4507,13,4521,3,4525,1,4527,16,4544,1,4546,11,4909,1],"p":[[0.214,135.624,2.842]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[1,4,7,1,9,2,12,5,18,39,68,1,70,1,72,63,140,66,208,249,459,8,468,3,472,85,598,1,606,1,611,1,613,1,616,1,627,75,787,3,797,2,803,3,808,138,1302,2,1351,2,1355,1,1357,1,1363,1,1366,1,1372,19,1392,6,1399,3,1404,1,1412,5,1421,1,1423,26,1450,20,1472,2,1476,6,1483,1,5991,1,5993,1,6011,1,6016,3,6020,4,6032,1,6043,18,6062,4,6069,3,6077,6,6084,6,6091,2,6096,4,6234,1,6238,4,6244,1,6246,1,6248,1,6250,12,6264,1,6266,70,6345,1,6353,1,6356,2,6359,71,6433,567],"p":[[2.775,137.184,5.38],[-2.775,137.184,5.38]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[772,1,800,1,803,2,812,1,836,1,1215,4,1299,14,1363,16,1412,1,1417,4,1422,1,1726,1,1730,1,1751,2,1784,2,1843,34,1931,11,1953,3,1957,2,2104,2,2109,1,2119,1,2123,10,2158,1,2163,25,2201,1,2203,14,2276,12,2306,15,2324,10,2555,2,2559,9,2596,27,2653,1,2658,19,2683,7,2699,2,2703,1,2907,5,2913,2,2923,6,2930,1,2932,4,2938,1,3144,1,4425,3,4447,1,4449,2,4454,2,4457,3,4708,5,4715,1,4717,1,4719,2,4723,1,4725,7,4786,3,4790,5,4796,22,4842,22,4869,4,5062,1,5066,1,5069,3,5076,1,5082,1,5115,16,5147,7,5233,16,5271,19,5296,8,5305,1,5553,1,5557,1,5645,5,5718,6,5792,11,5820,19,5841,1,5843,4,5935,3,5955,11,5981,14,6024,8,6033,5,6160,1,6182,3,6187,3,6192,3,6198,1,6201,1,6205,2,6209,6,6228,8,6238,4,6244,1,6253,2,6262,2,6265,3,6270,1],"p":[[1.134,137.013,5.348],[-1.134,137.013,5.348]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[842,1,846,3,931,4,1430,1,1450,24,1475,1,1477,1,1484,8,1960,1,1962,1,1965,2,1968,1,1976,14,1997,4,2004,3,2008,3,2342,3,2347,9,2357,5,2363,4,2706,2,2709,1,2724,1,2726,2,4882,2,4901,1,5309,5,5318,2,5321,4,5327,2,5330,2,5333,4,5848,1,5850,3,5859,10,6040,3,6045,1,6047,7,6058,1,6060,1,6073,10,6084,6,6091,1,6105,2,6109,4,6323,2,6328,1,6330,2],"p":[[1.531,135.566,4.737],[-1.531,135.566,4.737]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[557,2,560,8,581,1,585,4,612,1,702,3,706,26,733,28,762,2,765,8,781,1,1011,1,1016,1,1105,3,1109,2,1112,9,1123,1,1126,1,1194,2,1197,1,1199,6,1207,4,1212,3,1218,1,1618,1,1621,1,1625,2,1628,1,1679,3,1683,23,1707,1,1714,1,2093,1,5510,2,5513,1,5516,1,5522,3,5532,1,5537,3,5544,2,5908,1,5911,2,5915,1,5926,1,5928,1,5931,3,6116,1,6118,4,6131,1,6138,4,6143,18,6162,8,6171,3,6175,2,6178,4,6185,2,6188,6,6195,18,6214,5,6338,1,6349,1,6351,2],"p":[[1.842,137.249,5.999],[-1.842,137.249,5.999]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[1031,11,1045,1,1048,1,1131,25,1219,42,1262,5,1268,1,1273,1,1313,37,1571,2,1574,2,1577,1,1662,10,1674,1,1731,9,1741,9,1753,9,1763,1,1766,1,1786,16,1803,6,1811,1,1813,3,1818,3,1877,15,1894,16,2065,1,4988,1,4990,4,4998,1,5039,9,5086,1,5089,2,5187,5,5440,15,5456,1,5460,4,5558,37,5650,35,5688,1,5695,1,5697,4,5730,1,5733,13,5747,28],"p":[[1.47,135.219,6.38],[-1.47,135.219,6.38]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[2,3,12,1,14,3,42,11,55,1,204,2,208,35,245,2,259,4,264,6,272,6,279,3,370,21,392,1,402,1,406,1,453,1,459,1,462,1,464,3,472,5,480,5,486,3,490,2,498,1,502,1,6438,1,6443,1,6451,2,6513,2,6516,33,6550,6,6569,1,6571,1,6605,55,6662,1,6664,1,6667,1,6672,15,6692,1,6694,1,6696,1,6699,8,6750,42,6800,3,6804,3,6840,3,6847,6,6855,3,6859,2,6862,1,6865,2,6868,13,6883,3,6887,1,6889,1,6891,1],"p":[[3.003,137.409,5.299],[-3.003,137.409,5.299]]}],"sixth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[357,2,361,1,366,3,381,2,391,1,396,3,403,1,411,1,414,6,424,1,787,73,861,1,863,74,938,6,948,6,961,2,965,1,970,1,972,1,990,1,996,2,1000,2,1005,1,1030,1,1424,111,1555,1,1560,1,1934,74,2009,7,2017,3,2021,2,2024,1,2513,66,2581,2,2584,2,2588,1,2591,1,2594,1,2827,61,2894,1,2896,3,2900,2,2909,1,2914,1,3145,105,3252,8,3506,110,3617,9,3627,14,3644,2,3648,1,3651,1,3656,8,3665,4,3671,4,3676,1,4086,5,4099,1,4101,1,4131,2],"p":[[0.127,127.709,4.979]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1067,1,1077,1,1090,1,1122,1,1176,3,1191,3,1259,1,1535,17,1553,2,1557,3,1562,88,1652,5,1658,2,1661,1,1665,4,1670,3,1674,2,1680,5,1686,2,1724,1,1737,2,1743,1,1746,1,1748,6,1768,4,2008,1,2016,1,2020,1,2023,1,2025,12,2039,1,2041,4,2050,3,2056,42,2099,3,2103,2,2106,27,2135,3,2140,35,2180,3,2187,2,2193,1,2199,2,2210,2,2214,4,2221,1,2223,2,2579,2,2583,1,2586,2,2589,2,2592,2,2595,80,2676,3,2680,3,2684,1,2698,2,2711,2,2719,1,2888,6,2895,1,2899,1,2902,7,2910,4,2915,23,2940,2,2950,1,2962,21,2985,3,3000,1,3009,28,3040,1,3087,1,3250,2,3264,34,3300,27,3328,1,3330,8,3339,31,3372,2,3376,1,3378,1,3381,2,3384,1,3388,3,3398,1,3400,12,3439,3,3444,1,3706,1,3709,1,3711,1,3841,1,3874,1,3905,1,3915,1,3995,1],"p":[[-0.369,127.085,2.298]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[414,1,417,1,425,2,456,1,458,9,469,17,489,48,538,5,600,2,609,1,622,2,916,5,922,3,926,3,931,2,934,1,936,6,943,124,1068,9,1078,12,1091,8,1100,21,1123,52,1179,3,1200,4,1206,2,1223,7,1515,1,1518,1,1552,1,1555,2,1560,2,3252,1,3257,7,3286,2,3293,1,3296,5,3326,4,3332,1,3334,6,3371,1,3628,1,3631,1,3638,1,3641,3,3645,260,3913,1,3933,22,3959,18,3978,2,3981,8,4211,1,4217,1,4224,1,4228,11,4240,2,4244,1,4248,1,4257,6,4296,2,4303,1,4309,2,4312,1],"p":[[1.198,127.062,3.203],[-1.198,127.062,3.203]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[560,4,565,1,647,2,652,4,657,2,665,1,713,3,753,1,755,1,759,3,764,2,767,2,778,3,1182,9,1198,1,1232,1,1234,16,1251,8,1260,66,1328,7,1336,15,1355,17,1381,3,1385,2,1650,1,1657,1,1660,1,1662,3,1669,1,1673,1,1676,4,1685,1,1688,36,1725,3,1730,3,1744,2,1754,14,1772,14,1787,15,1803,4,1808,1,2037,2,2040,1,2045,5,2053,3,2134,1,2138,1,2175,2,2201,8,2232,2,2678,1,2693,4,2711,1,2716,8,2725,1,2938,12,2951,11,2966,2,2974,1,2976,2,2980,2,2983,2,2988,12,3001,8,3020,1,3023,1,3027,1,3031,11,3043,1,3045,20,3066,7,3074,2,3077,3,3084,1,3086,16,3104,3,3110,5,3343,2,3372,4,3380,1,3383,1,3393,4,3399,1,3403,2,3407,1,3409,1,3412,14,3427,12,3441,51,3495,1,3499,1,3501,1,3503,1,3905,3,3910,2,3915,1,3989,1,3991,10,4004,1,4011,3,4019,1,4031,1,4038,1,4040,1,4043,1,4057,2,4060,1,4071,2,4074,2],"p":[[0.608,126.699,2.117],[-0.608,126.699,2.117]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[1720,4,1735,3,1741,5,1749,1,1752,2,1760,1,1762,13,1784,7,1798,4,1805,5,1818,2,1823,1,1826,9,1848,7,1864,1,1866,5,1872,12,1886,48,2046,4,2055,21,2081,1,2083,1,2086,1,2089,2,2092,3,2099,3,2104,4,2130,383,2607,3,2614,1,2616,1,2624,2,2627,1,2630,1,2633,1,2636,1,2639,3,2644,3,2655,172,3015,2,3018,3,3034,5,3042,7,3086,8,3095,2,3102,4,3109,1,3115,8,3125,1,3135,2,3139,3],"p":[[-0.047,125.209,1.45]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,357,602,3,606,1,629,5,638,2,642,2,659,2,676,7,709,2,716,3,720,3,731,4,770,1,773,1,775,1,781,1,4029,1,4033,3,4079,1,4081,1,4294,2,4304,5,4313,7,4326,1,4331,2,4337,13,4351,8,4360,1,4362,11,4374,36,4415,1,4420,13,4434,25,4460,32,4493,29,4529,3,4537,21,4559,4,4565,3,4569,1,4571,1,4575,2,4582,7,4609,7,4617,8,4645,16,4664,2,4670,29,4704,1,4739,5,4745,3,4751,2,4776,2,4781,1,4819,3,4823,2,4835,24,4860,1,4862,2,4878,7],"p":[[2.4,126.94,1.255],[-2.4,126.94,1.255]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[296,2,336,1,339,1,522,4,529,1,544,3,548,5,555,4,560,3,602,12,616,1,619,2,622,6,630,2,634,1,636,2,674,1,676,19,698,1,700,9,770,3,774,1,776,1,916,1,918,1,920,4,925,10,980,27,1096,4,1107,2,1111,2,1114,13,1128,2,1131,3,1138,3,1142,1,1156,1,1161,1,1182,10,1193,1,1195,1,1197,3,1203,2,1206,4,1211,1,1215,1,1219,1,1225,2,1251,3,1256,7,1264,3,1268,15,1355,7,1367,1,1515,1,1517,3,1521,4,1527,2,1532,3,1552,15,1574,1,1576,1,1588,1,1590,2,1655,5,1663,1,1688,32,1791,7,2012,2,2015,1,2017,4,2037,1,2895,2,2898,3,2919,1,2938,11,2952,5,2959,3,2977,1,2980,2,2983,2,2988,12,3001,8,3092,1,3094,1,3097,5,3243,2,3246,1,3253,13,3269,3,3292,10,3304,1,3342,3,3346,1,3348,5,3376,4,3385,2,3389,1,3391,2,3397,1,3413,1,3415,2,3418,5,3424,2,3427,12,3481,7,3491,1,3627,2,3631,1,3635,1,3638,1,3641,1,3655,9,3665,1,3667,1,3671,1,3676,1,3744,14,3759,2,3764,3,3770,1,3791,2,3794,2,3905,12,3919,1,3921,1,3925,3,3938,3,3944,2,3948,6,3956,1,3959,6,3966,4,3974,1,3976,6,3995,7,4003,2,4010,4,4016,2,4067,4,4293,3,4297,5,4303,2,4306,2,4326,3,4331,2,4336,17,4423,1,4425,4],"p":[[1.125,127.757,2.72],[-1.125,127.757,2.72]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[765,5,1315,13,1329,7,1338,1,1346,1,1352,3,1401,2,1409,2,3082,1,3084,2,3133,2,3459,9,3469,12,3501,1,3503,3],"p":[[1.034,125.305,1.738],[-1.034,125.305,1.738]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[359,2,369,16,387,1,389,2,392,3,399,2,419,1,793,1,796,1,811,10,830,3,850,3,860,7,868,1,889,1,916,16,934,1,936,4,974,9,984,5,990,1,1007,10,1018,6,1026,2,1030,8,1039,1,3599,1,3601,3,3612,2,3615,1,3623,1,3627,1,3631,1,3635,1,3637,2,3641,1,3658,3,3663,4,3668,17,3688,1,3690,1,3693,1,3752,2,3764,1,3768,4,3774,1,3777,5,3783,8,3796,1,3800,5,3811,4,3816,4,3828,1,4088,3,4101,10,4131,1,4133,26,4164,1,4197,5,4203,5,4228,9],"p":[[1.275,127.5,3.885],[-1.275,127.5,3.885]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[357,2,361,8,404,13,418,1,420,3,427,39,486,2,498,2,798,2,802,6,809,1,838,9,874,1,878,2,881,1,3587,1,3592,3,3619,1,3626,1,3654,1,3735,2,3742,1,4083,3,4091,10,4111,20,4169,1,4171,26,4218,10,4242,3,4249,4,4254,3],"p":[[1.45,125.858,3.94],[-1.45,125.858,3.94]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[0,3,5,2,14,2,25,4,32,1,35,2,62,21,86,1,92,1,109,1,112,2,115,1,120,1,164,17,184,4,4471,1,4531,1,4537,3,4542,2,4545,4,4550,2,4609,7,4617,8,4646,1,4649,2,4659,2,4670,2,4676,3,4682,1,4704,1,4739,1,4742,1,4746,1,4751,1],"p":[[2.936,127.227,1.772],[-2.936,127.227,1.772]]}],"fifth cervical vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Small, wide, anterior weight-bearing part with slightly raised lateral edges.","x":"Supports the head and neck. Cervical bodies are the smallest of the movable vertebrae and wider than they are deep.","f":[121,2,124,3,130,1,133,1,156,4,174,1,189,1,197,1,240,1,396,130,527,1,531,1,533,2,536,10,547,7,555,2,571,1,620,137,850,196,1048,1,1050,2,1055,1,1057,1,1061,5,1071,3,1077,2,1080,7,1162,221,1384,4,1389,3,1394,16,1414,1,1437,2,1441,2,1586,89,1693,2,1696,6,1704,5,1710,1,1716,1,1767,52,1821,3,1827,2,1830,1,1833,3,1837,3,1842,1,1844,2,1847,1,2084,68,2154,3,2506,45,2557,1,2560,1,2562,1,2760,73,2835,2,2839,1,2847,3,2908,86,3003,7,3011,1,3016,1,3026,7,3034,9,3077,132,3210,24,3240,2,3243,7,3253,2,3256,1,3259,24,3387,226,3614,2,3620,2,3631,2,3634,2,3639,3,3643,1,3648,1,3762,126,3889,2,3892,6,3899,5,4012,186,4202,1,4322,29,4356,2,4359,2,4373,1,4375,1,4378,3,4396,10,4412,9,4422,2,4432,6,4440,2],"p":[[-0.004,142.414,8.94]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large triangular opening behind the body.","x":"The stacked foramina form the vertebral canal, protecting the cervical spinal cord.","f":[1066,5,1079,1,1108,2,1383,1,1388,1,1392,2,1415,1,1417,20,1439,2,1443,11,1455,5,1461,3,1465,18,1492,4,1497,2,1500,31,1543,1,1550,1,1571,1,1573,1,1576,2,1675,18,1695,1,1702,2,1709,1,1711,5,1717,14,1732,1,1736,9,1763,1,1819,2,1824,3,1829,1,1831,2,1836,1,1840,2,1843,1,1846,1,1848,9,1858,7,1867,2,1877,1,2152,2,2157,7,2165,2,2168,4,2175,1,2182,3,2192,1,2196,1,2551,6,2558,2,2561,1,2563,13,2577,2,2590,2,2593,1,2833,2,2837,2,2840,7,2850,2,2853,1,2856,2,2869,1,2874,2,2994,9,3010,1,3012,4,3017,9,3033,1,3043,6,3050,3,3058,1,3062,1,3209,1,3234,6,3242,1,3250,3,3255,1,3257,2,3283,35,3319,9,3330,8,3342,2,3345,2,3354,1,3359,1,3616,4,3622,9,3633,1,3636,3,3642,1,3644,2,3649,8,3658,9,3668,4,3678,1,3689,1],"p":[[0.096,141.989,8.297]],"h":1},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Thin plate joining the transverse process to the spinous process.","x":"Forms the back wall of the vertebral foramen; the ligamenta flava connect adjacent laminae. Cut during laminectomy.","f":[355,1,579,2,588,2,596,1,598,9,610,2,613,4,618,1,770,5,778,9,788,62,1115,2,1123,2,1131,5,1137,3,1142,17,1160,1,1534,1,1536,1,1538,3,1542,29,1572,1,1574,2,1578,8,1729,3,1733,3,1745,16,1762,2,1765,1,1857,1,1861,6,1868,4,1879,4,1884,8,2164,1,2167,1,2177,1,2601,1,2631,1,2852,1,2854,2,2858,3,2863,1,2866,2,2870,4,2876,3,2901,1,3049,1,3053,5,3059,3,3063,12,3076,1,3328,2,3341,1,3344,1,3352,2,3355,4,3360,4,3365,3,3369,2,3372,1,3374,13,3685,1,3687,1,3691,1,3693,1,3695,1,3713,30,3745,2,3755,7,3927,1,3929,1,3934,1,3940,20,3961,51,4224,1,4252,2,4256,6,4263,1,4269,5,4278,4,4288,16,4314,2,4321,1],"p":[[1.422,141.991,6.996],[-1.422,141.991,6.996]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short spinous process, usually bifid (split) from C2 to C6.","x":"Attachment of semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and the ligamentum nuchae. C7's spinous process is long and not bifid (vertebra prominens).","f":[1752,1,1853,1,1855,1,1866,1,1870,1,1872,8,1882,12,1895,22,1918,166,2163,2,2167,1,2169,8,2178,328,2567,193,2850,1,2852,1,2858,1,2861,5,2874,26,2902,6,3053,1,3056,1],"p":[[-0.015,141.449,5.401]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Lateral process with an anterior and posterior tubercle and a foramen.","x":"Anterior tubercles give attachment to scalenes and longus; posterior tubercles to levator scapulae and splenius. The anterior tubercle of C6 is the carotid tubercle, used to compress the common carotid artery.","f":[0,86,88,5,95,22,119,2,134,162,298,13,312,84,417,1,419,1,428,1,449,9,459,36,497,123,693,13,718,4,723,1,726,1,731,2,736,5,742,8,751,1,754,13,768,1,770,1,775,1,777,8,786,1,790,9,809,1,818,5,824,5,831,3,835,4,1046,1,3826,4,3831,2,3845,2,3850,1,3853,1,3858,1,3870,2,3902,2,3915,1,3937,8,3953,1,3956,3,3974,4,3981,2,4001,1,4007,4,4072,1,4077,3,4089,1,4094,1,4097,6,4106,4,4111,2,4115,6,4131,22,4154,33,4190,34,4225,23,4249,10,4260,62,4342,3,4349,1,4351,5,4357,397],"p":[[2.391,142.087,7.922],[-2.391,142.087,7.922]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upward-facing, flat articular surface, angled about 45 degrees.","x":"Articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above. The oblique orientation allows flexion, extension and rotation but means dislocations are more common in the neck.","f":[217,16,234,1,236,3,242,3,276,2,282,5,288,7,323,1,329,1,338,1,342,2,371,1,534,2,543,1,549,2,569,3,576,3,585,3,612,1,617,3,737,2,743,11,768,1,777,13,818,5,827,1,831,3,835,3,1039,7,1074,3,1078,1,1080,7,1110,4,1121,3,1126,5,1451,4,1457,7,1483,14,1531,8,1582,4,1729,3,1747,1,1749,1,1861,1,3057,1,3059,1,3061,1,3310,2,3313,2,3316,3,3320,1,3338,4,3344,1,3346,6,3384,3,3644,5,3666,2,3670,1,3672,12,3693,20,3737,1,3741,1,3747,5,3754,1,3852,1,3856,2,3860,3,3884,5,3890,14,3906,36,3947,1,3955,1,3957,21,4187,5,4202,1,4219,5,4237,10,4248,11,4270,1,4274,1,4278,20,4501,2,4506,2,4513,1,4516,1,4545,1,4709,1,4711,1,4713,1,4722,2,4727,1],"p":[[1.641,142.751,7.578],[-1.641,142.751,7.578]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Downward-facing flat articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below, forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joint, a common source of neck pain.","f":[97,3,101,2,307,1,344,13,372,9,382,1,387,2,573,3,579,4,588,2,592,1,596,1,598,1,602,2,762,1,766,2,769,8,791,1,795,3,800,3,804,1,1047,1,1087,3,1091,12,1104,6,1114,6,1131,4,1136,6,1145,1,1155,1,1465,1,1468,2,1472,1,1497,34,1539,22,1564,8,1573,6,1732,13,1750,3,1754,1,1756,1,1763,1,2866,2,2869,5,3045,8,3062,5,3068,6,3321,16,3352,5,3358,4,3364,5,3370,6,3652,2,3656,1,3684,9,3713,14,3729,3,3905,1,3942,3,3978,5,3986,1,4205,2,4208,1,4210,2,4214,1,4224,13,4259,10,4298,3,4304,1,4308,1,4310,1,4521,3,4527,1,4531,2,4548,5,4554,6,4565,1,4568,1,4571,1,4582,1,4590,1],"p":[[1.55,141.454,7.153],[-1.55,141.454,7.153]]},{"id":"uncus","n":"Uncus of body (uncinate process)","t":"Process","w":"Raised lateral lips on the upper surface of the body (uncinate processes).","x":"Form the uncovertebral (Luschka) joints with the vertebra above; osteophytes here can compress nerve roots.","f":[217,1,220,28,533,7,541,13,571,1,736,3,743,11,1039,7,1078,1,1080,1,1082,2,3852,1,3855,3,3859,4,3884,2,3890,1,3892,1,3894,1,3896,2,3899,3,3903,1,4187,5,4193,2,4202,1,4223,1,4421,1,4423,1,4427,2,4431,9,4684,1,4688,2,4691,3,4695,1,4722,1],"p":[[2.055,142.979,8.481],[-2.055,142.979,8.481]]},{"id":"tfor","n":"Transverse foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Round hole through the transverse process (foramen transversarium).","x":"The vertebral artery and veins pass through the foramina of C1-C6. C7's foramen transmits only small veins. A characteristic feature found only in cervical vertebrae.","f":[417,3,428,3,435,1,437,11,462,1,474,1,495,2,512,1,514,1,521,1,540,1,620,1,648,36,685,2,688,1,694,1,699,2,706,1,711,1,714,2,720,16,739,4,850,2,869,42,912,1,915,4,920,62,986,2,990,9,1000,6,1008,12,1021,5,1032,7,1262,2,1270,1,1272,1,1275,8,1284,2,1288,5,1297,2,1318,1,1320,2,1328,5,1335,14,1350,3,1354,1,1356,2,1389,1,1397,2,3190,1,3266,1,3452,2,3457,2,3462,7,3473,14,3488,4,3506,1,3509,3,3514,48,3563,12,3577,2,3581,1,3583,3,3588,9,3598,5,3605,4,3781,11,3793,8,3806,8,3816,2,3819,38,3858,5,3876,6,3883,2,3889,1,3892,1,4043,4,4069,3,4080,23,4121,10,4135,6,4142,4,4149,14,4164,2,4173,1,4176,2,4182,6,4191,3],"p":[[1.515,142.099,8.443],[-1.515,142.099,8.443]],"h":1}],"fourth lumbar vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Large kidney-shaped body; the biggest of the movable vertebrae.","x":"Carries the greatest load of the spine. The thoracolumbar junction (T12-L2) is the commonest site of compression fractures in osteoporosis. A lumbar puncture is made between L3-L4 or L4-L5 below the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris at L1-L2).","f":[352,1,355,1,357,2,360,1,362,3,374,1,388,1,395,1,401,3,406,1,415,2,418,1,673,134,808,32,841,16,859,2,1060,211,1273,2,1280,1,1286,1,1612,133,1746,14,1781,10,1986,122,2110,1,2115,1,2120,8,2130,1,2175,4,2182,3,2322,78,2403,9,2414,2,2445,3,2474,7,2482,1,2655,83,2743,2,2746,4,2754,6,2764,4,2880,65,2948,1,2956,3,2967,5,2977,2,2980,1,3096,80,3177,4,3185,4,3208,8,3223,1,3232,2,3474,70,3545,6,3555,5,3570,7,3583,1,3585,1,3809,66,3876,4,3886,7,3901,6,3911,6,4171,64,4238,3,4246,5,4378,73,4456,3,4460,13,4479,1,4491,8,4626,86,4716,6,4723,4,4728,5,4737,1,4739,1,4754,3,4758,2,4762,3,4783,9,4942,105,5052,3,5059,4,5066,21,5092,1,5122,1,5265,124,5390,19,5438,1,5440,1,5631,211,5843,6,5883,2,5889,1,6087,25,6115,1,6117,10,6129,1,6132,13,6157,3,6162,13,6191,2,6195,20,6216,13,6231,2,6234,1,6239,4,6250,1,6253,2,6257,1,6259,6],"p":[[0.038,95.961,9.406]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Triangular opening behind the body.","x":"Contains the cauda equina below L2; lumbar stenosis narrows it.","f":[1760,1,1797,4,1813,1,1817,2,1828,1,1830,1,1843,3,1847,1,1854,4,1874,2,1888,4,1893,2,2108,2,2111,3,2116,1,2118,2,2128,2,2131,11,2148,4,2154,2,2160,3,2164,6,2172,3,2179,3,2185,18,2204,8,2216,5,2222,6,2231,10,2245,1,2250,5,2266,4,2400,3,2412,2,2416,29,2448,26,2483,4,2488,41,2532,1,2536,2,2539,1,2541,1,2543,2,2546,2,2550,8,2572,5,2582,2,2591,3,2738,5,2745,1,2750,4,2760,4,2768,21,2796,1,2798,4,2803,2,2806,1,2808,1,2810,3,2818,5,2833,3,2949,7,2959,8,2972,5,2979,1,2981,19,3003,1,3007,1,3010,2,3014,4,3023,3,3033,1,3176,1,3181,4,3189,19,3216,7,3224,2,3227,5,3234,26,3267,6,3287,2,3544,1,3551,4,3560,10,3577,6,3584,1,3586,1,3588,9,3598,15,3615,2,3618,1,3620,1,3625,5,3875,1,3880,6,3893,8,3907,4,3917,13,3934,1,3937,1,3939,1,3941,8,3967,1,3970,3,3976,2,4235,3,4241,5,4251,20,4273,1,4277,1,4281,1,4284,2,4287,5,4300,3,4313,1,4451,5,4459,1,4473,6,4480,11,4499,15,4515,6,4522,1,4524,1,4528,1,4534,5,4547,9,4568,5,4712,4,4722,1,4727,1,4733,4,4738,1,4740,14,4757,1,4760,2,4765,18,4792,20,4814,1,4816,1,4819,2,4822,1,4826,14,4855,6,4874,2,4880,1,4885,2,5047,5,5055,3,5087,5,5093,16,5112,1,5116,6,5123,33,5166,10,5178,4,5189,1,5191,1,5193,5,5199,3,5416,2,5426,2,5429,2,5442,1,5448,1,5450,1,5470,1,5477,3],"p":[[-0.064,97.033,7.837]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Stout bar joining the body and arch.","x":"Thick and strong. A pars interarticularis defect (spondylolysis) between the superior and inferior articular processes may let L5 slip forward (spondylolisthesis).","f":[469,1,851,1,857,4,864,1,866,2,869,2,873,6,881,11,897,2,1253,1,1255,1,1266,4,1271,9,1281,14,1307,27,1341,8,1351,7,1359,1,1361,3,1366,1,1399,1,1716,1,1740,8,1752,18,1771,2,1791,7,1821,6,1834,5,1840,2,1859,2,2084,2,2105,1,2107,1,2114,4,2124,2,2142,6,2152,2,2203,1,5039,1,5058,8,5081,1,5083,1,5085,2,5092,1,5109,3,5113,2,5156,3,5160,1,5182,1,5350,1,5380,3,5384,7,5400,16,5434,8,5443,5,5454,13,5480,1,5487,3,5837,1,5839,4,5847,18,5868,1,5873,1,5883,10,5908,18,5931,8,5940,9,5957,1,6257,5,6263,1,6267,1,6269,1,6271,7,6279,19,6299,1,6314,4,6320,5,6326,2,6344,4,6351,1,6353,2,6523,1],"p":[[2.087,97.313,6.958],[-2.087,97.313,6.958]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Short, broad plate behind the foramen.","x":"Interlaminar spaces are wide, so a needle can pass between the laminae.","f":[909,1,915,1,920,2,932,2,994,2,997,1,999,1,1005,10,1025,3,1038,1,1040,1,1297,3,1301,6,1334,7,1349,2,1358,1,1360,1,1364,2,1368,15,1389,10,1400,46,1447,2,1461,2,1464,23,1488,6,1498,8,1533,5,1544,11,1557,30,1590,1,1595,2,1801,1,1803,5,1809,6,1819,2,1827,3,1831,3,1842,3,1846,1,1848,3,1852,1,1858,1,1861,33,1895,67,1966,1,1968,1,2226,5,2241,10,2255,33,2289,2,2292,10,2558,3,2566,4,2579,2,2582,1,2584,11,2597,13,2611,14,2630,1,2789,1,2792,1,2795,1,2817,1,2823,10,2836,7,2845,1,3018,2,3026,4,3031,1,3273,5,3940,1,3962,1,4271,2,4274,1,4276,1,4278,3,4282,2,4286,1,4292,8,4303,10,4314,4,4521,1,4523,1,4525,3,4529,5,4539,8,4556,12,4573,7,4582,2,4585,1,4588,5,4840,8,4851,2,4854,1,4861,13,4876,4,4881,4,4887,23,4911,7,4919,5,5161,2,5183,6,5190,1,5192,1,5198,1,5202,36,5239,11,5449,1,5451,3,5467,3,5471,6,5482,5,5490,94,5585,7,5593,1,5596,4,5876,1,5894,11,5907,1,5926,5,5939,1,5949,8,5958,17,5976,1,5978,50,6029,6,6036,8,6053,4,6064,1,6303,1,6310,1,6328,2,6332,1,6370,3,6381,1,6392,2,6411,1,6413,1,6442,1],"p":[[1.675,96.95,6.178],[-1.675,96.95,6.178]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short, thick, rectangular spinous process directed straight backward.","x":"Wide gaps between the spinous processes allow a lumbar puncture needle to pass. Attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus and interspinous ligaments.","f":[2859,1,3019,1,3022,2,3025,9,3035,6,3042,1,3044,2,3047,27,3075,6,3082,14,3252,2,3257,10,3268,206,3605,204,3925,1,3927,10,3938,1,3940,231,4294,8,4303,1,4305,1,4308,5,4314,1,4320,3,4324,2,4327,1,4331,2,4334,2,4337,1,4339,3,4349,3,4358,1,4360,4,4366,1,4369,9],"p":[[-0.325,96.463,4.633]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Long, slender transverse (costal) process that projects laterally.","x":"Attachment for quadratus lumborum, psoas major and the thoracolumbar fascia. L3's transverse process is the longest, L5's is thick and conical, attached to the iliolumbar ligament.","f":[0,148,149,93,253,1,257,1,265,87,447,1,452,17,470,27,498,30,529,18,548,3,555,4,561,4,868,1,871,2,879,2,893,2,902,4,916,1,922,2,942,1,6318,2,6348,3,6514,4,6522,1,6524,45,6570,2,6573,3,6578,72,6704,7,6715,2,6718,1,6720,74,6796,204],"p":[[2.914,97.603,7.002],[-2.914,97.603,7.002]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upper facet facing medially and backward (concave), with a mamillary process.","x":"The facets are in the sagittal plane, allowing flexion and extension but almost no rotation.","f":[296,4,301,1,336,3,341,1,444,1,446,2,453,3,457,9,470,13,484,1,498,2,502,1,542,1,545,1,563,1,565,1,823,1,848,4,861,9,879,4,892,1,896,1,905,1,907,2,910,1,922,6,929,1,943,3,1231,1,1250,1,1252,4,1271,9,1290,1,1294,1,1297,10,1334,1,1336,5,1383,6,1446,1,1449,1,1451,10,1510,1,1520,2,1531,2,1704,2,1708,2,1711,7,1719,1,1739,9,1761,20,1801,8,1810,3,1815,6,2083,9,2093,2,2105,6,2112,8,2142,7,2152,23,2199,2,2400,4,2436,1,2442,1,2467,1,2469,1,2471,2,4714,2,4719,4,4748,5,4776,2,5031,9,5047,19,5102,20,5139,1,5141,2,5348,5,5356,2,5380,11,5409,25,5808,1,5813,1,5816,2,5835,8,5849,17,5867,2,5870,1,5874,9,5894,14,6227,1,6253,9,6269,16,6288,8,6297,1,6301,6,6308,6,6323,4,6328,1,6330,10,6341,3,6373,5,6398,1,6400,1,6402,5,6412,1,6433,1,6435,1,6511,1,6514,4,6522,15,6538,5,6547,1,6553,1,6556,2,6559,1,6574,5,6619,3,6625,2,6629,1,6638,3,6704,1,6706,4,6748,1,6768,2,6771,1],"p":[[1.998,98.486,7.174],[-1.998,98.486,7.174]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Lower facet facing laterally and forward (convex).","x":"Fits between the superior facets of the vertebra below; forms the zygapophyseal joint, a common source of low-back pain.","f":[566,2,569,2,595,12,608,2,611,1,614,1,616,2,621,3,627,3,631,6,645,2,653,1,660,5,667,1,932,2,946,5,952,1,996,5,1002,3,1006,7,1022,2,1025,16,1044,2,1390,3,1398,1,1401,1,1461,6,1468,1,1470,1,1544,8,1557,21,1584,1,1590,10,1841,1,1851,7,1859,2,1881,3,1886,2,1892,3,1903,6,1911,1,1924,4,1929,6,1943,2,1953,2,1956,6,1967,1,1969,2,1973,1,1975,1,1978,1,2222,1,2239,2,2251,4,2264,2,2268,4,2277,10,2289,13,2303,1,2305,1,2582,2,2591,3,2595,2,2599,8,2612,13,2629,3,2634,1,2821,2,2833,3,2840,3,2845,7,2853,2,2856,2,2863,1,3023,2,3037,1,3041,1,4313,1,4315,3,4328,1,4333,1,4547,1,4568,5,4577,3,4584,9,4596,1,4599,1,4874,2,4880,7,4895,10,4908,16,4926,2,5160,1,5173,6,5180,3,5191,1,5193,9,5210,2,5214,8,5224,14,5239,12,5254,2,5478,6,5485,3,5507,4,5520,4,5525,1,5527,8,5538,1,5542,1,5544,5,5552,17,5570,2,5573,2,5577,1,5579,6,5586,1,5588,1,5592,1,5596,9,5614,1,5616,1,6008,3,6026,3,6036,3,6043,2,6053,10,6064,3,6069,1,6071,1,6440,1,6447,2,6453,1,6458,1,6465,1,6650,1,6654,1],"p":[[1.653,95.797,5.894],[-1.653,95.797,5.894]]}],"third thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[672,1,677,1,687,1,750,1,752,1,825,1,1134,25,1161,3,1165,12,1179,14,1198,13,1213,11,1229,1,1231,1,1234,5,1242,39,1283,12,1296,4,1304,1,1307,47,1355,2,1358,9,1369,1,1371,9,1381,14,1400,3,1404,12,1424,3,1428,1,1435,5,1447,6,1454,7,1469,4,1513,5,1683,235,1920,12,1935,6,1947,1,1949,6,2110,183,2294,22,2317,4,2347,8,2364,1,2371,4,2376,5,2384,1,2412,2,2416,2,2580,113,2700,1,2705,6,2712,1,2718,2,2942,108,3051,5,3057,15,3079,1,3348,117,3472,1,3474,3,3935,141,4077,1,4079,2,4084,1,4087,1,4090,1,4096,1,4100,1,4279,156,4436,3,4440,4,4459,1,4462,1,4696,110,4808,7,4819,1,4822,27,4850,7,4872,12,4885,2,4891,1,4906,1,4909,2,4912,4,5111,245,5358,31,5390,4,5395,4,5404,2,5407,7,5429,1,5440,1,5444,1,5446,1,5463,1,5592,217,5813,68,5882,6,5889,2,5892,2,5899,39,5942,5,5948,1,5970,8,6093,1,6161,1],"p":[[0.123,134.122,5.378]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[2002,2,2029,1,2316,1,2321,1,2327,17,2346,1,2357,1,2360,4,2365,1,2367,1,2370,1,2375,1,2381,3,2385,7,2398,11,2410,2,2415,1,2418,4,2424,20,2447,3,2451,3,2455,22,2489,1,2493,10,2693,7,2701,4,2711,1,2713,5,2720,44,2767,3,2771,25,2812,2,2815,1,2821,1,2823,3,3050,1,3056,1,3072,7,3081,29,3112,1,3114,3,3118,1,3120,2,3123,4,3128,7,3467,3,3471,1,3473,1,3477,38,3517,8,3527,3,3531,2,3534,2,3537,14,3567,1,3569,1,4076,1,4078,1,4081,3,4085,2,4088,2,4092,2,4095,1,4097,3,4101,31,4133,3,4137,1,4141,1,4143,3,4152,8,4435,1,4444,15,4464,11,4476,1,4478,24,4503,39,4543,1,4552,8,4562,21,4584,1,4591,1,4603,1,4857,2,4861,4,4866,4,4893,1,4896,5,4947,1,4949,2,4958,3,4981,1,4983,2,5000,1,5002,1,5021,1],"p":[[-0.07,134.448,3.792]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[1485,3,1489,4,1500,1,1503,2,1514,1,1516,2,1531,3,1549,1,1551,2,1555,3,1576,1,1588,8,1613,1,1917,1,1932,1,1934,1,1937,1,1941,1,1945,30,1976,28,2008,2,2011,11,2024,1,2026,6,2033,1,2268,2,2271,1,2273,1,2276,1,2300,5,2307,3,2312,1,2315,7,2323,3,2328,1,2331,1,2333,2,2336,5,2343,1,2351,1,2353,1,2355,36,2392,9,2403,2,2406,1,2408,10,2419,14,2435,2,2438,1,2444,1,2446,4,2451,9,2462,3,2467,1,2469,2,2472,1,2686,1,2692,2,2700,9,2710,2,2713,1,4422,1,4426,3,4433,1,4437,7,4459,5,4475,1,4477,1,4792,3,4802,5,4808,1,4811,2,4844,3,4848,9,4859,2,4884,9,4894,2,4901,16,4918,29,4948,1,4951,7,4963,5,4969,12,4982,1,4985,15,5003,5,5321,1,5356,2,5366,2,5370,2,5374,1,5379,2,5385,10,5401,10,5414,7,5423,6,5435,15,5451,35,5488,22,5511,3,5516,3,5978,1,6013,2],"p":[[0.963,134.067,4.656],[-0.963,134.067,4.656]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[2010,1,2025,1,2032,1,2034,1,2040,4,2046,3,2050,5,2058,3,2062,1,2065,4,2079,1,2093,3,2445,1,2450,1,2465,2,2477,17,2498,1,2502,23,2763,4,2768,3,2796,16,2814,1,2816,5,2822,1,2824,1,2826,2,2829,5,2835,4,2840,1,3110,2,3113,1,3115,3,3142,1,4146,1,4149,3,4164,1,4542,1,4544,8,4560,2,4583,1,4585,2,4588,3,4592,11,4604,13,4618,1,4620,1,4623,10,4968,1,5008,13,5022,1,5024,17,5042,24,5067,1,5077,1,5086,1,5487,1,5510,1,5514,2,5519,2,5524,5,5537,4,5542,1,5547,13,5561,1,5574,2,5581,1],"p":[[0.682,134.156,3.826],[-0.682,134.156,3.826]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2807,5,2814,1,2819,5,2831,4,2836,5,2842,1,2844,7,2852,6,2863,4,2871,6,2880,2,2884,11,2900,42,3095,1,3110,2,3113,235,3498,1,3510,425,4132,5,4138,3,4142,3,4146,6,4153,5,4159,120,4585,2,4588,3,4593,3,4601,6,4609,1,4617,1,4620,7,4631,6,4638,3,4642,1,4649,5,4656,1,4673,1,4678,8,4687,9],"p":[[0.169,133.474,1.888]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,1,2,1,5,1,9,3,13,1,23,13,39,7,55,28,84,10,100,4,108,1,110,1,123,4,128,27,163,17,194,1,198,1,203,3,207,1,209,1,215,1,217,447,862,13,887,6,903,1,959,8,968,1,970,30,1015,119,1431,1,1443,1,1445,1,1465,2,1468,1,1501,1,1506,6,1554,1,1558,18,1577,9,1596,16,1614,10,1625,4,1630,1,1632,5,1638,9,1649,1,1651,1,1657,13,1671,1,1676,2,1942,3,1975,1,2007,1,2035,2,2064,1,5400,1,5486,1,5523,1,5531,1,5543,1,5571,3,5577,1,5896,2,5941,1,5950,1,5952,1,5960,3,5964,2,5967,3,5979,21,6002,11,6016,9,6026,56,6171,1,6173,1,6175,3,6185,1,6187,813],"p":[[2.38,134.544,4.119],[-2.38,134.544,4.119]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[1313,2,1317,4,1322,2,1403,1,1468,1,1580,2,1584,2,1615,1,1619,3,1631,1,1865,3,1869,11,1882,2,1886,10,1918,4,1932,3,1942,5,2004,7,2035,9,2056,2,2059,1,2061,1,2234,1,2275,1,2277,11,2289,5,2322,1,2324,17,2343,4,2392,9,2402,5,2408,4,2444,10,2477,11,2503,5,2517,1,2699,1,2734,1,2736,1,2738,7,2749,1,2751,2,2754,6,2761,12,2789,1,2791,1,2796,12,2809,2,2812,4,4131,1,4152,1,4449,1,4451,1,4453,4,4480,1,4484,1,4487,1,4489,2,4492,11,4526,3,4530,5,4536,16,4583,1,4587,1,4591,2,4596,3,4767,1,4769,2,4814,4,4819,3,4823,8,4832,6,4864,1,4866,1,4868,5,4896,10,4958,17,5008,13,5027,7,5250,2,5253,10,5264,6,5271,2,5325,1,5328,3,5356,2,5400,4,5487,11,5524,10,5537,2,5540,2,5713,7,5722,1,5813,3,5896,1,5898,1,5967,2,5999,6,6023,5,6029,1,6233,1],"p":[[0.881,135.409,4.49],[-0.881,135.409,4.49]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[1100,1,1125,1,1639,15,1657,19,2064,5,2070,1,2072,3,2076,12,2092,6,2100,2,2519,2,2523,4,2531,2,2536,2,4630,1,4644,2,5043,25,5070,4,5075,1,5077,2,5083,2,5086,4,5549,29,5581,4,6042,2,6054,11,6066,4,6071,2],"p":[[1.055,133.362,3.608],[-1.055,133.362,3.608]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[724,2,728,13,742,1,744,2,788,31,863,2,868,1,870,22,893,14,977,2,982,2,987,1,990,1,997,1,1191,2,1254,1,1260,21,1285,7,1293,2,1301,5,1309,2,1380,24,1440,2,1444,1,1447,6,1455,6,1462,2,1465,1,1822,3,1827,1,1830,1,1845,1,1848,2,1851,1,1933,1,5204,2,5226,1,5308,1,5673,5,5680,1,5683,9,5704,1,5729,1,5781,27,5809,4,5882,3,5886,2,5889,2,5892,4,5898,1,6086,3,6092,1,6096,1,6101,1,6105,1,6108,2,6111,1,6113,4,6119,17,6137,3,6142,4,6147,26,6174,3,6178,9,6197,10,6210,1,6214,1],"p":[[1.475,135.44,5.073],[-1.475,135.44,5.073]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[750,3,819,10,907,26,934,1,936,1,938,1,941,1,1000,11,1012,3,1173,1,1200,5,1208,3,1324,6,1333,9,1343,4,1404,6,1412,2,1469,3,1512,4,1518,17,1536,4,1541,8,1586,10,1764,1,1768,1,1791,1,1795,2,1813,3,1948,1,1955,1,2011,1,2013,1,2015,1,4740,1,4749,1,5155,1,5158,2,5171,3,5176,3,5180,10,5191,1,5193,1,5276,6,5340,1,5343,1,5363,2,5373,6,5408,6,5417,18,5449,2,5730,12,5747,1,5816,11,5829,1,5832,2,5836,6,5899,9,5910,7,5918,4,5923,5,5970,4,5975,1],"p":[[1.41,133.293,5.398],[-1.41,133.293,5.398]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[0,1,5,1,58,2,63,6,71,1,73,2,76,1,85,1,93,1,130,6,137,14,261,15,278,2,281,3,286,1,289,3,294,1,300,3,308,3,312,9,358,10,369,2,380,1,388,5,424,1,427,3,435,5,461,1,463,1,466,1,508,1,6464,4,6469,1,6474,3,6481,3,6487,2,6490,3,6499,1,6501,1,6520,7,6562,30,6593,9,6604,3,6611,8,6627,1,6629,2,6704,10,6715,1,6718,8,6727,4,6732,5,6738,2,6742,18,6775,18,6794,1,6796,2,6799,3,6828,1,6894,3,6898,1,6917,3,6927,2,6936,3,6946,8],"p":[[2.64,135.079,4.169],[-2.64,135.079,4.169]]}],"second lumbar vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Large kidney-shaped body; the biggest of the movable vertebrae.","x":"Carries the greatest load of the spine. The thoracolumbar junction (T12-L2) is the commonest site of compression fractures in osteoporosis. A lumbar puncture is made between L3-L4 or L4-L5 below the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris at L1-L2).","f":[304,42,347,2,351,21,380,2,389,1,391,15,408,3,413,24,573,148,722,19,742,4,751,16,787,2,790,5,797,5,804,35,875,13,1220,114,1338,1,1343,2,1354,7,1392,1,1394,1,1396,1,1403,12,1416,11,1478,9,2038,96,2142,6,2150,3,2155,3,2159,4,2166,3,2193,7,2201,3,2205,6,2478,105,2586,1,2590,1,2592,1,2594,2,2611,2,2626,2,2638,1,2647,11,3023,92,3118,1,3125,1,3138,10,3150,1,3152,1,3156,1,3158,6,3165,6,3174,16,3614,94,3715,6,3727,1,3742,17,3760,5,3767,3,3771,13,3955,80,4037,2,4040,1,4043,1,4051,11,4086,23,4120,1,4125,2,4130,3,4478,141,4620,2,4623,28,4694,21,4771,2,4777,14,4794,4,4799,2,4803,13,5224,124,5374,3,5381,3,5386,5,5393,33,5441,1,5447,2,5453,1,5455,2,5459,2,5462,1,5465,1,5471,24,5968,232,6202,2,6205,7,6214,19,6462,65,6532,1,6537,18],"p":[[0.14,102.448,9.61]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Triangular opening behind the body.","x":"Contains the cauda equina below L2; lumbar stenosis narrows it.","f":[872,3,1374,1,1376,2,1379,2,1383,9,1395,1,1397,6,1415,1,1432,1,1434,2,1437,38,1476,2,1505,1,1509,7,1521,4,1527,1,1747,1,1753,3,1758,1,1762,1,1832,11,1857,1,1861,6,1868,6,1875,1,2141,1,2153,2,2163,3,2170,23,2200,1,2204,1,2211,5,2217,1,2219,25,2256,1,2259,1,2294,2,2300,8,2332,23,2377,23,2402,2,2405,4,2421,2,2583,3,2587,3,2591,1,2593,1,2596,6,2604,7,2613,13,2628,10,2639,8,2658,1,2668,4,2716,6,2748,2,2751,2,2754,2,2757,3,2761,5,2767,1,3115,3,3119,6,3126,12,3148,2,3151,1,3153,3,3157,1,3164,1,3171,3,3202,5,3208,2,3211,2,3214,1,3218,2,3224,2,3227,11,3262,5,3268,6,3276,5,3708,7,3721,6,3728,14,3759,1,3765,2,3770,1,3784,2,3787,3,3792,4,3797,2,3828,2,3833,10,3867,7,3875,16,3901,1,4035,2,4039,1,4041,2,4045,6,4062,24,4109,11,4121,4,4127,3,4133,7,4142,2,4145,6,4154,2,4157,4,4168,1,4170,2,4173,1,4175,1,4204,6,4212,1,4230,10,4269,39,4309,2,4312,1,4314,9,4328,8,4337,1,4382,22,4421,1,4423,2,4431,5,4437,1,4651,2,4655,18,4681,13,4715,1,4717,18,4737,2,4741,30,4773,4,4791,3,4798,1,4801,2,4818,2,4823,5,4830,3,4836,1,4840,1,4843,1,4862,2,4865,4,4870,2,4874,13,4888,7,4940,3,4952,3,5032,2,5035,3,5042,1,5048,2,5072,1,5081,12,5138,1,5141,1,5438,3,5444,3,5523,2],"p":[[-0.322,102.719,6.521]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Stout bar joining the body and arch.","x":"Thick and strong. A pars interarticularis defect (spondylolysis) between the superior and inferior articular processes may let L5 slip forward (spondylolisthesis).","f":[438,3,442,5,465,2,701,1,703,1,715,8,724,29,754,1,767,20,788,2,792,2,795,9,807,2,811,1,815,2,819,2,839,2,842,30,875,8,884,4,896,10,907,9,917,10,929,1,1330,8,1339,4,1346,8,1361,13,1375,1,1378,1,1381,2,1392,3,1396,1,1403,12,1416,2,1475,1,1478,7,1486,1,1516,3,2135,1,2169,1,4653,2,4667,1,4674,7,4694,4,4740,1,4781,1,4783,5,4807,1,4812,1,4815,1,5329,2,5332,5,5339,3,5348,48,5400,8,5411,1,5427,2,5430,8,5439,1,5441,3,5447,5,5453,35,5521,2,5525,2,5528,19,5588,1,5596,2,5602,1,5605,1,6151,9,6166,1,6171,1,6197,11,6209,5,6215,1,6233,25,6263,8,6272,2,6275,3,6279,1,6282,8],"p":[[1.861,103.66,7.417],[-1.861,103.66,7.417]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Short, broad plate behind the foramen.","x":"Interlaminar spaces are wide, so a needle can pass between the laminae.","f":[469,1,478,1,485,1,487,1,507,4,513,2,888,8,906,1,916,1,927,2,930,50,984,10,995,6,1002,9,1012,23,1149,7,1157,10,1427,2,1431,1,1436,1,1487,4,1492,13,1506,3,1519,2,1530,3,1543,5,1556,7,1564,2,1567,5,1573,2,1576,1,1578,14,1593,2,1599,23,1624,25,1667,1,1670,2,1676,4,1682,65,1748,5,1756,2,1759,3,1788,6,1795,2,1798,1,1800,2,1803,3,1807,1,1811,1,1815,17,1843,14,1858,3,1867,1,1874,1,1928,1,1940,3,1944,2,1947,19,1967,18,2216,1,2218,1,2244,12,2257,2,2260,34,2296,4,2308,24,2355,14,2370,2,2373,1,2375,2,2400,2,2404,1,2416,4,2423,2,2426,6,2659,9,2672,7,2680,1,2691,20,2712,1,2715,1,2744,2,2747,1,3786,2,3791,2,3796,1,3799,1,3802,8,3811,16,3831,2,3851,1,3858,2,3864,1,3905,1,4170,1,4176,2,4179,3,4183,14,4198,6,4210,2,4213,17,4237,2,4240,29,4338,6,4345,23,4369,9,4379,2,4407,1,4416,1,4418,2,4422,1,4424,7,4432,1,4434,5,4816,2,4831,2,4838,1,4843,1,4847,15,4897,6,4907,20,4928,1,4930,9,4943,9,4955,3,4959,2,4962,1,4964,1,4967,19,4988,4,4993,3,4997,17,5016,2,5019,5,5026,2,5044,1,5046,2,5051,17,5069,1,5071,1,5074,1,5076,5,5104,1,5106,1,5108,1,5111,4,5116,8,5133,1,5135,6,5142,38,5211,1,5220,4,5429,1,5495,26,5547,10,5562,1,5564,4,5569,1,5571,1,5574,2,5577,11,5589,7,5598,4,5603,2,5606,5,5642,1,5645,3,5649,15,5665,16,5682,42,5769,27,5799,3,5803,3,5828,1,5831,1,5836,3,5844,3,5852,1,5854,1,5866,3,5872,3,5876,24,5901,6,5963,5,6258,1,6290,3,6294,1,6297,2,6300,1,6302,2,6309,9,6319,1,6322,3,6332,1,6379,1],"p":[[1.364,102.679,6.22],[-1.364,102.679,6.22]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short, thick, rectangular spinous process directed straight backward.","x":"Wide gaps between the spinous processes allow a lumbar puncture needle to pass. Attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus and interspinous ligaments.","f":[2433,1,2472,1,2476,2,2672,23,2696,20,2722,22,2746,2,2749,5,2755,268,3190,12,3205,20,3226,1,3238,39,3278,336,3786,1,3799,29,3829,4,3843,16,3860,4,3865,2,3869,1,3871,6,3879,2,3891,23,3915,1,3917,1,3919,12,3937,18,4240,4,4344,1],"p":[[-0.25,101.917,4.901]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Long, slender transverse (costal) process that projects laterally.","x":"Attachment for quadratus lumborum, psoas major and the thoracolumbar fascia. L3's transverse process is the longest, L5's is thick and conical, attached to the iliolumbar ligament.","f":[0,304,447,1,456,2,461,1,463,1,470,1,482,1,488,2,499,4,504,1,6301,1,6330,2,6386,1,6388,3,6556,2,6559,2,6562,65,6643,1,6648,1,6653,13,6670,195,6866,65,6932,14],"p":[[2.911,103.625,5.876],[-2.911,103.625,5.876]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upper facet facing medially and backward (concave), with a mamillary process.","x":"The facets are in the sagittal plane, allowing flexion and extension but almost no rotation.","f":[240,1,253,1,256,9,277,1,279,3,437,5,443,1,447,13,469,13,493,1,703,1,715,8,729,3,739,1,741,3,746,1,749,2,767,16,786,1,839,6,846,2,888,3,931,3,1316,5,1330,24,1361,18,1381,6,1427,13,1441,2,1487,10,1498,10,1509,2,1530,2,1543,2,1556,2,2120,5,2131,23,2155,9,2169,3,2216,1,2572,1,2580,5,2586,1,2588,1,4038,7,4619,6,4651,4,4663,2,4667,2,4670,2,4673,8,4715,2,4723,1,4728,1,4732,9,4816,2,4823,2,4830,4,4836,27,4865,4,4870,2,4897,2,5315,1,5319,1,5329,8,5339,1,5348,28,5377,4,5383,4,5389,1,5391,2,5426,12,5495,28,5547,10,5562,1,5564,4,5569,1,5571,1,5574,2,5577,5,5642,1,6153,1,6200,2,6204,1,6212,1,6233,3,6239,2,6257,6,6264,2,6290,7,6302,2,6308,1,6555,23,6580,1,6582,2,6588,1,6600,7,6608,2,6643,1,6656,1],"p":[[1.328,104.395,6.992],[-1.328,104.395,6.992]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Lower facet facing laterally and forward (convex).","x":"Fits between the superior facets of the vertebra below; forms the zygapophyseal joint, a common source of low-back pain.","f":[1148,2,1152,1,1154,11,1166,1,1204,7,1212,3,1217,3,1837,6,1846,2,1850,4,1855,5,1861,4,1866,10,1942,43,2017,1,2019,1,2023,15,2379,1,2382,1,2388,5,2399,10,2416,16,3888,1,3890,1,3905,1,4384,1,4386,5,4398,1,4401,3,4416,23,4465,1,4470,4,5081,1,5083,3,5087,2,5090,5,5097,1,5099,5,5108,3,5115,6,5133,47,5193,2,5201,1,5221,3,5879,15,5899,1,5904,1,5963,3],"p":[[1.133,100.586,6.267],[-1.133,100.586,6.267]]}],"fourth cervical vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Small, wide, anterior weight-bearing part with slightly raised lateral edges.","x":"Supports the head and neck. Cervical bodies are the smallest of the movable vertebrae and wider than they are deep.","f":[31,1,37,2,99,4,128,4,135,3,162,2,172,3,176,1,244,14,259,37,299,5,305,70,376,2,379,3,383,4,388,3,394,4,399,2,402,18,423,20,444,7,546,164,711,10,722,9,776,110,887,3,899,2,950,130,1081,2,1088,6,1097,2,1110,1,1200,114,1315,14,1331,15,1350,1,1354,4,1363,10,1498,95,1603,1,1609,3,1615,10,1626,2,1629,2,1632,1,1634,1,1637,1,1639,2,1706,45,1760,1,1762,5,1769,1,1772,1,1776,1,1779,1,1900,40,1947,1,1949,1,1952,2,1957,1,2183,53,2247,1,2249,5,2259,1,2264,1,2469,102,2572,4,2577,10,2589,2,2595,2,2680,104,2789,3,2797,2,2800,4,2805,11,2889,147,3037,6,3044,13,3058,13,3073,1,3076,1,3079,1,3082,1,3084,2,3106,1,3109,1,3111,3,3210,131,3342,10,3355,1,3358,3,3362,3,3366,7,3379,1,3382,1,3385,2,3388,11,3466,66,3533,31,3565,14,3580,2,3623,128,3752,41,3794,3,3861,23,3886,1,3891,24,3917,1,3920,18,3939,3,3950,17,3971,22,3994,7,4002,23,4026,5,4033,1,4037,4,4042,2,4060,1],"p":[[-0.039,143.921,8.915]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large triangular opening behind the body.","x":"The stacked foramina form the vertebral canal, protecting the cervical spinal cord.","f":[1080,1,1083,5,1095,2,1099,1,1101,9,1112,5,1123,13,1138,1,1141,2,1145,6,1153,6,1161,1,1163,1,1314,1,1329,2,1346,4,1351,3,1358,5,1376,1,1378,57,1438,7,1447,2,1450,3,1467,1,1469,2,1593,10,1604,5,1612,3,1625,1,1628,1,1631,1,1633,1,1635,2,1638,1,1641,27,1669,1,1673,1,1675,5,1681,1,1683,1,1688,2,1751,9,1761,1,1767,2,1773,3,1777,2,1780,10,1794,4,1801,2,1804,2,1808,1,1810,2,1816,2,1830,5,1940,5,1946,1,1950,2,1954,3,1958,12,1972,1,1975,6,1982,5,1988,13,2002,2,2006,8,2015,10,2236,11,2254,5,2260,4,2265,15,2281,5,2288,9,2298,1,2303,1,2305,8,2314,7,2324,2,2327,3,2331,9,2571,1,2576,1,2587,2,2591,4,2598,1,2600,1,2602,18,2621,2,2625,2,2630,1,2633,1,2635,8,2784,5,2792,5,2804,1,2816,39,2857,3,2861,1,2869,1,3036,1,3071,2,3074,2,3077,2,3080,2,3083,1,3086,20,3107,2,3110,1,3114,1,3116,3,3121,1,3123,28,3152,2,3161,11,3173,4,3179,3,3190,1,3352,1,3354,1,3357,1,3373,3,3377,1,3380,1,3407,1],"p":[[0.049,143.703,8.34]],"h":1},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Thin plate joining the transverse process to the spinous process.","x":"Forms the back wall of the vertebral foramen; the ligamenta flava connect adjacent laminae. Cut during laminectomy.","f":[942,2,945,2,1177,1,1179,1,1189,11,1461,1,1475,7,1490,2,1493,1,1495,3,1671,1,1680,7,1690,1,1700,1,1702,2,1803,2,1806,2,1809,1,1823,7,1837,1,1841,1,1843,1,1846,1,2301,1,2304,1,2330,1,2346,1,2363,2,2620,1,2623,2,2627,3,2631,2,2634,1,2644,21,2667,2,2674,1,2676,1,2856,1,2860,1,2862,7,2870,19,3183,1,3187,3,3192,1,3194,1,3196,14,3443,1,3446,1,3458,3,3462,4,3599,2,3602,1,3608,1,3616,2],"p":[[1.031,143.04,6.799],[-1.031,143.04,6.799]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short spinous process, usually bifid (split) from C2 to C6.","x":"Attachment of semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and the ligamentum nuchae. C7's spinous process is long and not bifid (vertebra prominens).","f":[1807,1,1809,6,1819,81,1959,8,1969,214,2272,197,2623,2,2629,1,2646,1,2649,4,2657,1,2659,2,2663,17],"p":[[0.087,142.403,5.631]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Lateral process with an anterior and posterior tubercle and a foramen.","x":"Anterior tubercles give attachment to scalenes and longus; posterior tubercles to levator scapulae and splenius. The anterior tubercle of C6 is the carotid tubercle, used to compress the common carotid artery.","f":[0,21,24,2,27,3,32,1,39,205,261,1,267,2,277,1,279,1,284,5,292,1,294,1,296,4,303,243,588,1,596,3,603,4,610,6,622,2,625,2,636,50,688,28,717,59,822,1,826,2,830,1,835,1,857,1,873,1,880,2,886,1,900,2,909,2,912,4,917,1,937,1,944,1,3511,7,3520,6,3528,1,3534,1,3539,2,3542,5,3557,5,3572,1,3579,3,3584,1,3586,1,3588,1,3592,5,3606,2,3609,7,3619,1,3622,1,3655,1,3658,2,3661,1,3681,2,3687,2,3698,27,3726,135,3867,1,3876,1,3885,1,3887,1,3889,335],"p":[[2.34,143.281,8.177],[-2.34,143.281,8.177]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upward-facing, flat articular surface, angled about 45 degrees.","x":"Articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above. The oblique orientation allows flexion, extension and rotation but means dislocations are more common in the neck.","f":[129,2,143,2,148,2,153,1,166,1,168,1,170,8,204,2,208,2,326,1,328,1,334,3,338,9,351,1,354,1,359,16,424,2,432,1,440,11,465,4,501,1,509,1,652,1,665,1,670,1,674,1,679,2,683,5,691,1,696,13,719,12,736,4,750,1,857,1,859,5,865,6,884,3,892,2,896,9,907,5,947,3,1060,2,1066,1,1088,1,1090,6,1097,13,1112,4,1135,10,1146,15,1162,2,1175,2,1198,1,1346,2,1349,1,1406,1,1408,1,1412,1,1417,2,1445,2,1448,2,1451,6,1479,6,1486,5,1669,4,1674,1,2619,2,2647,2,2841,1,2854,3,2870,3,3036,2,3098,2,3102,1,3106,9,3139,4,3144,3,3171,2,3174,1,3176,3,3191,5,3205,1,3208,2,3309,2,3317,1,3327,4,3332,1,3334,2,3352,13,3366,5,3376,1,3381,1,3383,2,3387,1,3390,1,3398,1,3407,12,3433,4,3461,1,3525,1,3528,1,3547,2,3550,5,3557,3,3564,1,3569,1,3573,9,3585,2,3589,7,3620,2,3731,2,3736,1,3739,1,3765,2,3768,3,3772,1,3775,2,3778,1,3785,12,3806,1,3813,1,3951,2,3959,1,3965,1,4003,1,4005,1,4013,2,4025,1,4028,1,4035,11,4088,5,4095,1,4097,1,4133,1,4222,1],"p":[[1.655,144.06,7.875],[-1.655,144.06,7.875]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Downward-facing flat articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below, forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joint, a common source of neck pain.","f":[470,2,475,1,523,7,540,1,740,6,751,18,771,1,912,31,1127,2,1164,2,1167,8,1177,16,1194,4,1435,3,1457,19,1491,4,1663,2,1680,10,1691,1,1699,5,1803,2,1806,1,2627,2,2630,5,2653,1,2858,1,2860,7,2868,1,2873,10,3150,3,3154,7,3179,11,3196,2,3201,1,3419,1,3422,1,3424,1,3426,4,3431,2,3437,21,3462,1,3587,2,3596,4,3601,1,3603,5,3611,4,3799,3,3819,14,3834,3,3838,1,3842,1,4099,6,4109,3,4114,1,4141,11,4153,4],"p":[[1.591,142.935,7.281],[-1.591,142.935,7.281]]},{"id":"uncus","n":"Uncus of body (uncinate process)","t":"Process","w":"Raised lateral lips on the upper surface of the body (uncinate processes).","x":"Form the uncovertebral (Luschka) joints with the vertebra above; osteophytes here can compress nerve roots.","f":[354,1,368,1,690,2,695,1,705,2,708,1,884,2,3528,1,3569,1,3576,2,3734,1,3736,1,3738,2,3785,1,4037,1],"p":[[2.009,144.219,8.277],[-2.009,144.219,8.277]]},{"id":"tfor","n":"Transverse foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Round hole through the transverse process (foramen transversarium).","x":"The vertebral artery and veins pass through the foramina of C1-C6. C7's foramen transmits only small veins. A characteristic feature found only in cervical vertebrae.","f":[572,1,587,6,608,1,616,2,620,7,628,8,641,1,644,5,657,1,659,5,666,4,671,7,777,2,780,22,806,1,812,6,819,10,831,29,861,1,864,2,868,3,951,2,954,4,959,1,968,16,994,1,1002,1,1004,44,1049,3,1054,6,1061,5,1067,2,1307,1,2940,1,2976,1,2978,1,2981,6,2988,3,3034,1,3052,2,3215,7,3226,21,3248,1,3250,40,3291,19,3311,16,3328,1,3330,2,3333,3,3342,2,3348,1,3466,6,3473,1,3479,4,3491,25,3518,10,3533,1,3536,1,3654,6,3662,1,3673,11,3685,4,3707,6,3714,1],"p":[[1.601,143.454,8.975],[-1.601,143.454,8.975]],"h":1}],"sixth cervical vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Small, wide, anterior weight-bearing part with slightly raised lateral edges.","x":"Supports the head and neck. Cervical bodies are the smallest of the movable vertebrae and wider than they are deep.","f":[195,46,242,10,254,30,292,1,298,25,324,3,330,3,335,3,340,12,357,2,379,1,381,3,392,1,394,20,420,13,465,2,470,3,474,4,482,1,486,1,608,119,728,23,752,1,754,5,760,2,763,2,766,4,849,152,1003,1,1005,1,1007,7,1017,2,1021,1,1025,2,1163,243,1409,10,1421,3,1425,1,1428,9,1446,1,1449,1,1530,289,1823,2,1827,1,1830,2,1835,3,1842,2,1846,1,1849,2,1852,1,1872,2,2019,149,2170,1,2173,1,2175,2,2182,1,2205,1,2209,1,2212,4,2217,4,2223,3,2299,117,2417,15,2439,3,2520,58,2581,16,2632,1,2635,2,2638,1,2742,71,2814,6,2821,1,2823,13,2841,1,2853,1,3102,50,3153,6,3162,2,3166,1,3418,58,3478,10,3489,1,3491,2,3498,3,3797,53,3851,12,3864,7,3884,3,3889,4,4006,89,4096,29,4126,1,4128,3,4135,1,4137,2,4148,1,4150,15,4264,220,4487,5,4493,6,4508,2,4513,1,4515,1,4517,3,4523,2,4533,3,4539,3,4543,1,4547,6,4694,274,4969,16,4986,1,4989,3,4997,3,5015,2,5019,3,5023,2,5026,1,5134,137,5276,1,5281,2,5284,2,5288,12,5415,107,5523,4,5542,3,5642,205,5849,1,5853,1,5856,2,5860,5,5867,4,5876,1,5891,6,5914,1,6026,25,6056,6,6063,1,6067,2,6076,6,6085,1,6092,6,6100,1,6102,6,6110,1,6112,8,6121,6,6131,5,6137,4,6142,1,6145,2],"p":[[-0.206,140.886,8.428]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large triangular opening behind the body.","x":"The stacked foramina form the vertebral canal, protecting the cervical spinal cord.","f":[1406,3,1420,1,1437,7,1819,4,1825,2,1828,2,1832,3,1838,4,1844,2,1847,2,1851,1,1853,19,1874,5,1881,30,1913,1,1918,4,1923,4,1929,20,1956,15,1976,4,1981,6,1988,1,2168,2,2171,1,2174,1,2177,5,2183,22,2206,3,2210,2,2216,1,2221,2,2226,4,2231,1,2233,2,2237,4,2242,4,2250,7,2266,1,2275,1,2416,1,2432,7,2442,14,2457,5,2463,5,2470,2,2473,4,2578,3,2597,35,2633,2,2637,1,2639,17,2666,1,2670,2,2813,1,2820,1,2822,1,2836,5,2842,11,2854,6,2861,3,2866,4,2871,1,2873,2,2878,2,2882,4,2887,2,2890,3,3152,1,3159,3,3164,2,3167,8,3176,4,3181,1,3183,6,3192,2,3197,1,3476,2,3488,1,3490,1,3493,5,3501,8,3512,3,3518,3,3526,2,3850,1,3863,1,3871,13,3887,2,3893,34,3931,3,3937,1,3949,2,4095,1,4125,1,4127,1,4131,4,4136,1,4139,9,4149,1,4165,6,4174,3,4178,2,4181,8,4204,6,4218,1,4230,1,4484,3,4492,1,4499,9,4510,3,4514,1,4516,1,4520,3,4525,8,4536,3,4542,1,4544,3,4553,63,4617,11,4632,1,4645,3,4649,2,4659,1,4662,5,4992,5,5000,15,5018,1,5022,1,5034,2,5038,2,5041,1,5043,2,5047,1,5049,1,5273,1],"p":[[-0.366,140.453,8.015]],"h":1},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Thin plate joining the transverse process to the spinous process.","x":"Forms the back wall of the vertebral foramen; the ligamenta flava connect adjacent laminae. Cut during laminectomy.","f":[806,5,820,1,827,1,831,4,844,5,1065,5,1078,4,1083,3,1087,1,1089,3,1093,3,1097,46,1145,18,1477,4,1482,3,1488,10,1499,31,1950,1,1952,1,1954,1,1956,5,1962,3,1966,1,1970,49,2232,1,2242,1,2246,2,2249,7,2257,42,2451,2,2454,1,2456,20,2477,15,2493,1,2496,3,2505,1,2641,1,2644,2,2656,9,2667,2,2672,2,2675,2,2860,1,2864,1,2870,1,2875,1,3927,3,3934,3,3938,2,3941,1,3944,5,3951,2,3955,1,4171,1,4173,1,4177,1,4189,15,4210,8,4219,11,4231,7,4260,1,4636,3,4651,8,4660,2,4667,27,5073,1,5077,4,5082,52,5352,3,5356,59,5572,70,5947,3,5967,3,5973,1,5977,2,5986,2,5993,1,5998,2,6012,2,6015,8,6025,1],"p":[[1.468,140.406,6.618],[-1.468,140.406,6.618]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Short spinous process, usually bifid (split) from C2 to C6.","x":"Attachment of semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and the ligamentum nuchae. C7's spinous process is long and not bifid (vertebra prominens).","f":[2653,1,2655,1,2665,1,2667,3,2673,1,2675,1,2681,3,2685,2,2690,5,2701,3,2710,18,2732,10,2858,3,2864,3,2870,1,2872,1,2874,228,3170,248,3505,3,3509,3,3513,5,3521,276,3912,2,3927,3,3931,1,3933,4,3940,6,3949,1,3951,1,3953,2,3956,4,3961,4,3972,2,3976,17,3994,12],"p":[[-0.019,140.064,4.843]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Lateral process with an anterior and posterior tubercle and a foramen.","x":"Anterior tubercles give attachment to scalenes and longus; posterior tubercles to levator scapulae and splenius. The anterior tubercle of C6 is the carotid tubercle, used to compress the common carotid artery.","f":[0,132,285,5,291,7,299,9,309,10,320,7,338,47,389,1,394,20,424,1,462,1,478,13,493,3,497,17,526,2,530,4,538,3,546,1,549,4,558,1,561,5,580,1,599,1,603,2,696,1,700,40,743,6,751,51,804,1,806,15,827,1,831,9,844,5,950,11,962,1,972,13,992,4,997,15,1013,8,1022,3,1027,4,1034,10,1046,14,1062,10,1073,12,1088,40,1129,2,1138,2,1141,7,1149,7,1157,2,1422,1,1444,1,1477,4,1486,1,1492,1,1499,1,1511,1,1528,1,5463,5,5474,1,5480,15,5498,8,5508,1,5511,2,5514,1,5519,1,5522,1,5524,3,5542,2,5546,1,5549,2,5555,3,5564,7,5574,3,5578,2,5581,1,5583,3,5588,4,5604,3,5621,1,5625,14,5640,2,5766,4,5773,5,5779,1,5781,18,5800,226,6031,1,6034,2,6038,312],"p":[[2.4,140.722,7.618],[-2.4,140.722,7.618]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Upward-facing, flat articular surface, angled about 45 degrees.","x":"Articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above. The oblique orientation allows flexion, extension and rotation but means dislocations are more common in the neck.","f":[478,1,700,1,704,5,751,15,778,1,950,4,997,16,1042,7,1072,2,1075,3,1106,2,1114,2,1117,4,1122,3,1146,1,1150,1,1413,2,1417,3,1422,22,1455,13,1481,7,1500,1,1512,1,1851,1,1853,3,1859,2,1863,9,1911,16,1949,7,1971,5,1991,1,2226,2,2230,1,2232,10,2246,4,2451,2,2454,1,2456,20,2477,1,2479,10,2641,1,2644,2,2656,6,2663,1,4170,4,4177,4,4189,1,4191,1,4193,11,4210,3,4214,2,4592,5,4599,1,4601,2,4605,2,4608,6,4627,18,4651,8,4671,2,5004,3,5008,5,5014,1,5017,2,5021,2,5040,7,5063,10,5083,6,5104,3,5267,21,5318,2,5358,10,5376,3,5381,7,5515,8,5524,18,5551,7,5571,1,5580,4,5585,3,5593,11,5856,5,5862,5,5868,7,5877,6,5885,6,5921,6,5947,1,5949,1,5959,8,6012,1,6130,1,6160,5,6167,7,6181,2,6184,3,6188,1,6192,2,6205,9,6215,2,6218,2,6221,1],"p":[[1.497,141.41,7.347],[-1.497,141.41,7.347]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Downward-facing flat articular surface.","x":"Articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below, forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joint, a common source of neck pain.","f":[808,1,827,1,831,4,844,5,1125,15,1141,2,1151,12,1474,2,1488,4,1494,3,1498,1,1501,9,1511,1,1513,17,1927,6,1934,3,1941,1,1943,2,1956,15,1976,11,1988,1,1992,11,2004,2,2009,2,2012,1,2242,4,2250,7,2259,3,2265,3,2272,5,2285,2,2476,1,2489,1,2492,1,2494,2,2499,4,2649,1,2676,1,3946,3,3950,1,3955,1,3960,1,3966,1,4181,3,4204,6,4216,17,4238,2,4244,2,4249,4,4255,3,4259,1,4614,1,4616,1,4645,4,4650,1,4659,10,4673,13,5047,8,5056,1,5058,5,5073,10,5089,9,5108,15,5124,5,5130,2,5320,4,5325,1,5328,1,5352,5,5368,2,5388,25,5591,2,5607,9,5617,3,5621,5,5627,1,5632,2,5635,2,5992,1,5998,2,6005,1,6015,3,6020,2],"p":[[1.453,140.122,6.847],[-1.453,140.122,6.847]]},{"id":"uncus","n":"Uncus of body (uncinate process)","t":"Process","w":"Raised lateral lips on the upper surface of the body (uncinate processes).","x":"Form the uncovertebral (Luschka) joints with the vertebra above; osteophytes here can compress nerve roots.","f":[996,1,1413,2,1417,2,5463,1,5520,1,5523,3,5856,1],"p":[[1.987,141.592,7.804],[-1.987,141.592,7.804]]},{"id":"tfor","n":"Transverse foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Round hole through the transverse process (foramen transversarium).","x":"The vertebral artery and veins pass through the foramina of C1-C6. C7's foramen transmits only small veins. A characteristic feature found only in cervical vertebrae.","f":[687,2,690,1,723,4,730,1,732,1,735,1,748,1,907,1,909,1,919,2,923,3,927,3,944,1,947,3,954,19,974,23,1005,1,1007,6,1015,1,1017,2,1021,2,1025,2,1230,2,1233,1,1235,7,1244,1,1250,1,1253,1,1257,2,1274,1,1277,1,1281,1,1286,133,1420,4,1425,1,1428,14,1446,1,1449,1,1709,1,1721,1,1726,2,1731,15,1752,51,1810,4,1822,2,1825,2,1828,1,1830,2,1835,4,1840,1,1842,1,1848,11,1860,2,1864,3,1870,1,1873,1,1889,1,1902,1,2107,1,2109,1,2133,1,2150,3,2200,2,2211,1,4408,1,4453,1,4464,1,4775,2,4781,2,4787,1,4810,1,4816,1,4829,2,4835,1,4837,49,4890,1,4893,54,4949,1,4951,14,4971,1,4978,3,4982,1,4999,1,5023,1,5170,3,5175,2,5180,1,5188,2,5195,1,5199,1,5201,2,5206,22,5229,3,5233,24,5258,5,5264,3,5268,1,5270,1,5276,1,5281,2,5284,2,5288,13,5310,1,5425,1,5438,5,5444,78,5523,4,5542,3,5722,2,5725,1,5729,3,5743,7,5752,1,5768,17,5786,2,5789,1,5793,2,5797,1,5802,1,5804,6,5811,2,5821,3,5825,2,5834,1,5840,2,5843,1,5853,1,5856,2,5860,2],"p":[[1.544,140.323,8.025],[-1.544,140.323,8.025]],"h":1}],"fourth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[714,3,718,1,720,1,722,2,787,3,802,1,1180,10,1192,7,1201,23,1235,3,1239,25,1270,2,1276,13,1291,2,1296,3,1300,9,1315,1,1319,2,1337,1,1344,1,1348,1,1353,20,1375,3,1404,4,1415,5,1421,15,1441,1,1502,5,1508,1,1511,6,1521,1,1580,2,1805,149,1956,20,1977,3,1981,1,2012,3,2033,3,2079,2,2082,1,2228,110,2339,12,2387,7,2395,1,2397,1,2459,1,2688,112,2801,1,2805,1,2809,2,2812,2,3024,111,3136,11,3155,1,3160,1,3162,1,3164,1,3170,1,3534,107,3642,4,3647,3,3655,1,3659,1,3664,1,4016,121,4139,1,4141,3,4147,1,4149,1,4160,2,4369,119,4489,11,4505,1,4531,4,4600,1,4619,1,4928,108,5038,1,5042,7,5052,5,5060,24,5085,3,5111,7,5126,3,5155,1,5174,2,5337,168,5506,96,5607,34,5643,3,5650,2,5655,3,5670,14,5686,4,5691,1,5694,1,5706,2,5710,1,5745,2,5748,1,5769,3,5927,58,5986,17,6005,9,6016,2,6019,1,6025,9,6058,5],"p":[[0.099,132.463,5.637]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1614,2,1644,1,1648,4,1656,2,1659,3,1675,2,1976,1,1983,2,1990,9,2004,1,2007,1,2009,3,2015,13,2030,1,2036,10,2047,28,2085,4,2090,17,2110,2,2114,4,2119,5,2338,1,2351,36,2394,1,2399,24,2425,12,2442,1,2445,7,2453,6,2460,2,2463,24,2497,1,2502,6,2509,4,2514,11,2563,2,2571,3,2577,1,2580,2,2800,1,2802,3,2806,3,2811,1,2814,41,2856,1,2860,4,2866,1,2873,1,2875,8,2884,2,2887,8,2909,1,2913,1,2915,1,3135,1,3147,8,3156,4,3161,1,3163,1,3165,5,3171,30,3207,2,3211,1,3223,1,3225,1,3641,1,3646,1,3650,5,3656,3,3660,4,3665,36,3716,2,3720,4,4137,2,4140,1,4144,3,4148,1,4150,10,4162,19,4182,10,4193,9,4204,5,4210,3,4230,9,4240,2,4243,4,4255,1,4488,1,4500,5,4506,21,4528,3,4535,41,4577,4,4582,1,4585,1,4588,1,4590,2,4597,3,4602,8,4612,4,4621,1,4624,39,4686,12,4700,1,4703,1,4716,1,4725,1,4728,1,4733,1,5036,2,5039,3,5050,2,5084,1,5088,20,5118,1,5120,1,5129,4,5142,5,5148,1,5150,1,5177,2,5180,1,5188,2,5194,4,5212,5],"p":[[-0.436,132.482,3.123]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[879,2,905,2,909,2,912,3,917,12,930,12,955,1,998,54,1063,1,1065,2,1350,1,1371,1,1373,7,1466,5,1472,5,1478,6,1485,1,1487,7,1498,11,1518,3,1523,1,1526,4,1532,10,1543,4,1548,4,1553,25,1579,1,1581,53,1635,44,1680,3,1684,3,1688,12,1709,4,1932,2,1941,1,1953,1,1962,3,1966,4,1971,15,2015,15,2031,3,2035,74,2110,10,2121,3,2126,1,2343,1,2354,5,2360,18,2379,4,2384,6,2391,1,2393,6,2404,1,2406,4,2411,7,2419,1,2424,39,2464,1,2466,1,2469,2,2472,2,2475,1,2479,1,2493,1,2495,1,2497,2,2502,3,2506,1,2508,2,2806,1,2808,1,4527,1,4531,4,4592,1,4595,2,4600,2,4610,2,4616,5,4622,2,5024,1,5030,3,5035,1,5070,1,5072,9,5082,2,5085,3,5110,1,5121,2,5124,1,5128,1,5133,9,5147,1,5149,1,5151,5,5157,20,5179,1,5181,7,5190,4,5198,14,5217,2,5222,1,5224,18,5247,1,5476,1,5482,1,5485,19,5568,2,5573,2,5577,2,5582,3,5586,1,5591,14,5621,3,5627,2,5631,5,5637,33,5673,2,5676,126,5803,8,5814,2,5817,11,5972,1,5975,2,6014,7,6022,1,6024,1,6031,2,6034,14,6049,4,6055,3,6059,41,6103,23,6128,2,6132,2,6262,1],"p":[[1.2,132.239,4.065],[-1.2,132.239,4.065]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1708,1,1732,2,1735,1,1744,4,1753,2,1756,3,1770,1,1772,1,1782,1,1784,1,2109,1,2120,1,2127,32,2162,10,2173,1,2422,2,2474,1,2476,2,2480,1,2484,9,2494,1,2496,1,2499,3,2505,1,2507,1,2510,9,2520,2,2525,57,2583,18,2608,2,2614,1,2823,6,2834,1,2836,4,2841,1,2843,3,2847,2,2850,37,2888,30,2920,1,3180,3,3187,1,3190,3,3194,1,3201,12,3214,1,3222,1,4181,1,4218,2,4221,9,4239,1,4242,1,4262,9,4584,1,4587,1,4665,2,4668,18,4699,1,4701,2,4704,12,4717,8,4726,2,4729,4,4734,33,4768,1,4783,1,4789,2,5219,3,5223,1,5243,1,5245,2,5248,35,5287,1,5290,2,5802,1,5811,3,5816,1,5828,1,5830,45,5876,2,5882,3,5886,1,5893,1,5903,2,6130,2,6154,3,6192,1],"p":[[0.826,132.122,3.215],[-0.826,132.122,3.215]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2870,1,2872,3,2879,3,2894,1,2896,1,2899,3,2908,11,2920,8,2929,6,2936,2,2941,2,2944,2,2947,6,2954,17,2972,7,2981,43,3180,354,3679,1,3682,2,3685,6,3692,1,3694,4,3699,317,4191,2,4202,2,4217,1,4219,3,4225,1,4230,1,4233,2,4236,2,4239,2,4247,122,4718,3,4722,3,4726,2,4730,3,4734,2,4743,6,4750,1,4752,2,4763,4,4770,4,4778,1,4783,11,4795,1,4854,3,4867,12,4884,1,4905,1,4908,11,4920,8],"p":[[0.297,131.216,1.443]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,645,655,2,659,40,881,1,891,2,898,1,900,2,903,2,942,13,956,42,1052,9,1062,1,1067,79,1147,2,1150,2,1160,4,1165,3,1169,3,1547,1,1552,1,1634,1,1700,6,1713,5,1719,4,1724,1,1736,4,1742,1,1748,1,1750,1,1759,3,1764,1,1767,2,1785,1,6100,3,6139,1,6143,1,6145,2,6151,3,6163,13,6180,11,6194,1,6196,12,6209,18,6228,4,6233,1,6236,1,6240,2,6245,1,6247,2,6274,726],"p":[[2.326,132.558,2.709],[-2.326,132.558,2.709]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[786,1,881,1,900,1,904,1,991,1,993,5,1073,1,1380,1,1383,2,1386,12,1399,5,1509,2,1635,1,1700,9,1736,2,1739,9,1954,2,1980,1,1984,1,1986,26,2025,1,2027,6,2075,4,2124,7,2139,14,2163,2,2173,1,2365,22,2422,37,2484,26,2525,23,2583,9,2823,6,2834,1,2836,4,2841,1,2843,3,2847,2,2852,18,2895,1,2897,3,2901,1,4520,3,4525,6,4572,5,4578,1,4580,5,4586,14,4667,1,4670,16,4705,1,4707,9,4749,1,4751,1,5036,2,5040,2,5043,1,5046,7,5057,9,5092,3,5097,4,5102,4,5107,4,5119,7,5151,4,5219,5,5250,10,5264,6,5504,2,5507,2,5510,9,5520,4,5525,1,5527,3,5605,2,5669,1,5736,3,5811,6,5851,4,5864,1,5866,4,5979,2,5982,10,5993,6,6000,5,6023,2,6037,4,6044,1,6046,1,6056,2,6076,1,6081,2,6086,1,6092,4,6097,3,6101,7,6130,10,6154,7,6192,1,6194,1,6250,2,6253,2,6264,1,6268,2,6276,3,6280,1,6287,8,6296,1,6308,2,6311,1],"p":[[0.856,133.531,3.783],[-0.856,133.531,3.783]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[655,2,659,7,678,1,1128,7,1140,9,1150,10,1161,2,1172,2,1771,1,1773,8,1783,1,1786,5,1792,4,1799,1,2174,4,2179,1,2181,1,2191,1,2618,2,2626,1,5288,2,5294,2,5302,1,5304,1,5308,3,5316,1,5320,4,5887,6,5894,9,5911,5,5917,3,6195,13,6211,3,6216,5,6223,1,6225,1,6234,8],"p":[[1.285,131.194,2.826],[-1.285,131.194,2.826]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[743,2,746,17,767,1,769,1,773,14,825,1,855,1,857,2,1201,1,1226,2,1231,1,1234,5,1267,15,1321,20,1344,60,1450,8,1460,1,1462,1,1466,5,1472,5,1478,6,1485,1,1487,7,1498,13,1533,1,1541,6,1553,2,1563,5,1569,1,1571,3,1575,1,1577,2,1900,2,1903,1,1905,2,1909,1,1913,1,1922,33,1959,21,1981,3,1985,1,1999,1,2015,10,2026,1,2068,1,2071,1,2329,1,2342,2,2354,1,2356,1,2360,5,2412,4,2417,1,2419,1,5377,2,5381,2,5399,6,5408,2,5413,1,5451,4,5460,2,5463,11,5481,1,5483,5,5569,1,5574,31,5637,1,5644,25,5727,2,5735,1,5946,1,5956,2,5959,4,5964,8,5976,2,5986,1,5990,1,5993,6,6000,5,6007,1,6011,1,6013,10,6034,3,6041,2,6045,2,6048,8,6068,1,6074,1,6250,24],"p":[[1.15,133.057,4.274],[-1.15,133.057,4.274]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[713,11,787,32,859,14,874,1,905,18,925,3,998,19,1018,8,1202,3,1207,2,1216,1,1218,1,1240,15,1282,6,1404,3,1511,2,1580,2,1636,5,1642,2,1645,2,1648,2,1651,1,1709,1,1711,2,1914,1,4963,1,4976,3,4980,5,5002,3,5414,11,5530,1,5532,13,5610,6,5674,8,5743,6,5751,2,5754,1,5760,1,5764,1,5769,1,5773,1,6025,1,6058,2,6061,1],"p":[[1.297,130.922,4.869],[-1.297,130.922,4.869]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[0,4,6,2,11,1,13,5,25,5,31,4,38,1,41,2,117,36,154,1,157,11,267,42,313,1,319,1,323,1,327,1,329,1,331,2,384,24,410,1,413,2,419,1,452,1,456,1,460,3,467,1,481,1,483,1,486,2,6452,1,6454,1,6498,11,6510,6,6517,3,6521,4,6526,1,6532,1,6537,2,6543,2,6566,23,6590,1,6593,2,6596,3,6600,2,6604,2,6650,30,6684,4,6689,4,6694,3,6702,2,6705,16,6745,1,6811,20,6832,19,6854,6,6869,6,6880,1,6897,1],"p":[[3.017,132.863,3.217],[-3.017,132.863,3.217]]}],"tenth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[447,17,465,8,477,1,479,1,483,2,486,2,493,3,497,1,502,5,508,1,511,3,515,4,521,1,523,3,528,7,719,330,1050,2,1054,19,1075,2,1080,1,1099,2,1330,166,1509,10,1520,1,1526,4,1582,1,1801,110,1918,12,1942,4,2118,108,2234,19,2276,1,2551,111,2687,9,2697,1,2936,109,3048,3,3052,14,3091,7,3301,120,3429,2,3443,23,3485,1,3862,122,3993,1,3996,5,4002,12,4031,6,4204,107,4313,4,4318,1,4320,7,4344,10,4521,94,4616,1,4619,7,4650,18,4672,1,4674,1,4907,103,5011,9,5026,20,5060,4,5239,142,5382,11,5396,2,5401,18,5440,1,5680,354,6035,5,6043,2,6054,4,6059,6,6071,3,6075,1,6380,13],"p":[[-0.036,114.855,6.366]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1936,1,1940,2,1946,1,1950,7,1961,1,1970,14,2004,7,2021,6,2039,3,2044,9,2054,2,2059,3,2063,2,2077,1,2080,4,2089,1,2093,2,2233,1,2253,9,2263,13,2277,62,2340,2,2345,2,2361,12,2401,8,2435,30,2478,7,2486,26,2517,1,2662,13,2676,5,2682,3,2686,1,2696,1,2698,28,2728,3,2733,1,2735,3,2739,5,2747,5,2753,3,2759,5,2765,1,2772,23,2798,1,2819,1,2823,23,2854,13,2876,2,2882,2,2885,2,2888,3,3045,3,3051,1,3066,25,3098,14,3115,1,3118,2,3122,2,3127,17,3158,1,3166,8,3180,12,3200,1,3202,4,3208,3,3212,4,3421,8,3431,12,3466,19,3486,14,3501,4,3508,1,3513,2,3524,13,3545,17,3573,3,3577,13,3984,9,3994,2,4001,1,4014,17,4037,10,4049,3,4054,3,4072,15,4102,1,4104,3,4108,9,4118,2,4121,1,4123,4,4134,1,4311,2,4317,1,4327,17,4354,19,4376,1,4379,2,4388,1,4392,2,4403,25,4444,6,4451,2,4454,2,4457,14,4481,1,4615,1,4626,19,4648,1,4668,4,4675,41,4717,13,4731,7,4740,1,4742,2,4748,12,4792,16,4809,14,4846,2,4850,5,4856,6,4873,2,5046,4,5051,2,5054,1,5057,1,5059,1,5066,2,5071,30,5102,1,5104,16,5122,1,5135,1,5137,5,5146,4,5187,1,5211,1,5514,1],"p":[[-0.293,115.115,3.342]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[997,1,1029,2,1032,2,1041,5,1048,2,1051,4,1062,2,1067,48,1119,8,1128,4,1166,1,1224,2,1275,1,1470,1,1472,2,1476,7,1488,21,1515,1,1517,62,1580,1,1582,51,1634,1,1638,1,1655,26,1682,6,1696,16,1728,1,1739,1,1892,1,1899,5,1911,7,1930,12,1943,8,1952,2,1967,7,2001,7,2019,3,2027,1,2215,1,2217,3,2226,7,2253,1,2261,2,2269,1,2276,1,2310,1,2312,1,2648,1,2651,5,2676,1,3041,1,4315,2,4318,1,4614,1,4616,4,4645,3,4649,1,4665,1,4672,3,5007,1,5009,6,5020,6,5050,1,5055,1,5058,1,5060,6,5068,3,5101,1,5103,1,5121,1,5123,1,5380,12,5393,8,5408,6,5415,1,5417,63,5481,1,5483,2,5486,2,5490,24,5515,6,5538,16,5981,2,5985,1,5987,3,5995,3,6008,2,6012,1,6014,9,6025,2,6029,6,6037,17,6055,94,6152,2,6155,2,6173,7,6181,1,6183,1,6185,2,6190,12,6207,6,6215,3,6244,2,6307,1],"p":[[1.417,115.913,4.13],[-1.417,115.913,4.13]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1298,1,1744,3,1772,1,1774,1,1780,7,1789,1,1794,1,1796,1,1798,1,1958,5,1965,2,1984,1,1987,14,2011,3,2017,1,2028,11,2065,7,2075,1,2078,2,2081,1,2083,35,2311,1,2314,1,2338,23,2373,28,2409,26,2465,21,2488,3,2493,5,2501,1,2512,39,2715,2,2726,2,2732,1,2734,1,2742,5,2752,1,2756,1,2758,1,2762,10,2795,3,2799,19,2821,2,2846,8,2856,1,2867,34,2902,18,2921,2,2928,2,2931,1,3107,1,3109,13,3123,5,3144,7,3152,5,3159,7,3174,4,3179,4,3198,8,3221,3,3230,1,4065,1,4067,1,4120,1,4122,1,4149,6,4169,1,4373,3,4377,2,4381,7,4389,3,4394,9,4428,16,4450,1,4453,1,4456,1,4471,4,4476,5,4482,12,4500,15,4730,1,4738,2,4741,1,4744,4,4760,32,4823,23,4855,1,4862,9,4872,1,4875,29,4905,2,5120,1,5124,11,5150,36,5212,10,5223,16,5482,1,5485,1,5488,2,5521,17,5554,5,5560,10,5571,20,5622,11,5651,7,5659,6,5667,1,5670,3,5675,5,6166,1,6168,2,6222,4,6234,2,6250,1,6261,2,6317,3,6327,1,6373,1],"p":[[0.835,115.565,3.081],[-0.835,115.565,3.081]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2811,2,2869,2,2872,1,2899,1,2901,1,2904,2,2908,3,2917,1,2920,11,2933,3,3107,4,3112,3,3116,2,3119,3,3123,5,3144,22,3174,6,3189,1,3192,6,3199,1,3201,100,3493,1,3496,2,3499,3,3503,21,3537,9,3562,300,4045,4,4050,22,4087,15,4127,5,4135,2,4139,9,4149,1,4151,3,4155,49,4373,6,4381,1,4383,5,4396,2,4401,2,4428,16,4471,8,4494,6,4502,1,4504,7,4513,8,4823,1,4904,1],"p":[[-0.347,113.676,2.239]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,2,7,2,10,12,23,14,38,25,64,2,68,131,201,14,216,66,283,164,535,15,551,168,1115,4,1133,10,1145,9,1155,11,1167,6,1174,30,1205,19,1226,11,1238,2,1241,11,1253,6,1260,1,1265,10,1276,2,1279,8,1288,2,1294,1,1301,2,1304,3,1308,5,1314,9,1325,5,1717,2,1721,1,1723,1,1729,2,1771,1,1791,1,6163,3,6180,1,6182,1,6184,1,6187,3,6202,5,6219,1,6246,2,6249,1,6266,11,6283,2,6286,6,6293,5,6302,2,6305,2,6309,7,6324,3,6331,6,6338,20,6359,1,6364,1,6366,1,6369,3,6374,1,6376,1,6378,1,6393,45,6439,36,6476,524],"p":[[2.513,115.195,3.497],[-2.513,115.195,3.497]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[993,6,1054,1,1142,1,1145,1,1149,7,1210,1,1307,1,1309,1,1311,2,1457,1,1470,13,1490,6,1497,7,1505,4,1560,22,1635,2,1639,16,1691,5,1742,1,1769,1,1772,4,1889,5,1898,6,1911,7,1930,12,1957,10,1984,17,2017,1,2029,2,2070,2,2206,1,2215,5,2226,8,2258,1,2261,15,2298,3,2302,1,2307,8,2332,11,2344,9,2354,2,2381,2,2384,5,2390,10,2467,2,2471,1,2473,5,2648,9,2675,12,2707,2,2710,1,2713,4,2730,1,2742,3,2746,22,2769,3,2796,2,2846,3,2851,3,2871,1,3041,3,3090,1,4299,1,4313,7,4341,2,4599,1,4614,6,4628,4,4633,2,4637,3,4641,9,4689,4,4729,1,4731,3,4735,4,4740,8,4763,2,4824,1,4828,1,4834,12,4997,1,5000,2,5007,8,5020,6,5046,2,5049,11,5091,8,5114,7,5124,2,5127,3,5150,1,5154,1,5157,1,5161,1,5216,5,5367,1,5370,2,5380,12,5393,8,5429,11,5478,12,5521,8,5531,7,5560,2,5571,4,5576,1,5587,3,5622,2,5627,1,5655,1,5917,1,5925,1,5928,1,5979,14,5994,4,6042,1,6044,1,6046,2,6051,2,6089,1,6092,3,6142,2,6152,3,6156,3,6163,1,6166,7,6222,22,6261,2,6316,1,6318,1,6320,7,6359,1,6431,1,6433,1,6435,2,6438,1,6440,3,6444,1,6462,1,6508,3],"p":[[1.096,116.685,3.932],[-1.096,116.685,3.932]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[581,1,588,1,591,2,594,2,1235,8,1245,1,1287,17,1313,1,1723,1,1747,19,1776,11,1789,1,2040,5,2046,2,2049,2,2052,1,2072,24,2107,9,2478,8,2488,3,2493,5,2499,3,2517,18,2543,2,2546,5,2854,1,2856,1,2873,23,2902,2,2906,2,2911,2,3180,3,3198,1,3200,1,4103,1,4112,1,4114,9,4154,1,4446,1,4450,1,4452,5,4479,14,4500,2,4503,1,4511,2,4793,3,4798,1,4801,1,4805,4,4846,5,4852,21,4874,2,4884,5,4891,5,5188,6,5195,8,5204,7,5222,8,5593,6,5633,18,5656,7,6264,2,6267,3,6272,1,6275,2,6329,5,6335,1],"p":[[1.015,113.434,3.584],[-1.015,113.434,3.584]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[760,1,762,1,764,4,772,1,791,9,816,3,821,10,856,8,893,11,925,1,928,2,964,3,968,1,1446,1,1453,5,1459,4,1474,3,1479,1,1891,1,1898,1,5371,1,5390,1,5693,2,5698,4,5706,1,5727,6,5735,1,5753,7,5762,1,5764,2,5788,3,5793,5,5799,5,5828,2,5832,1,5836,8,5875,6,5917,4,5927,2,5979,1],"p":[[1.747,116.604,5.77],[-1.747,116.604,5.77]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[472,2,476,1,479,4,484,2,488,28,518,12,531,4,865,1,867,1,905,1,908,1,930,1,932,2,969,1,971,1,973,1,999,23,1055,14,1099,3,1103,1,1483,1,1486,1,1509,5,1515,1,1517,1,1583,5,1947,1,5392,1,5401,3,5406,2,5413,7,5440,2,5444,3,5769,3,5774,2,5807,9,5847,7,5855,1,5882,12,5895,1,5931,20,5998,6,6006,2,6053,4,6063,1,6096,4,6103,2],"p":[[1.76,114.688,5.382],[-1.76,114.688,5.382]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[11,1,13,6,23,3,28,2,31,5,41,1,53,1,55,2,97,8,109,2,112,10,143,1,188,9,201,14,219,2,223,7,274,4,279,1,281,1,286,1,293,2,298,4,305,1,307,2,352,2,375,1,6632,1,6638,1,6643,1,6646,2,6653,3,6688,21,6712,1,6714,20,6743,1,6745,1,6748,1,6775,22,6799,15,6817,1,6819,2,6822,5,6884,10,6895,7,6903,5,6912,4,6923,5,6933,4,6939,1],"p":[[2.929,115.131,3.297],[-2.929,115.131,3.297]]}],"axis":[{"id":"dens","n":"Dens (odontoid process)","t":"Process","w":"Tooth-like peg projecting upward from the body (odontoid process).","x":"Forms the pivot on which the atlas and skull rotate. Held against the anterior arch of the atlas by the transverse ligament. A fracture (odontoid or hangman-type) is a serious cervical injury, because the cord is just behind. Mnemonic: C1 turns on C2's tooth.","f":[1119,1,1128,1,1138,1,1378,14,1396,2,1425,4,1478,6,1518,1,1520,7,1664,9,1674,15,1747,18,1792,64,1861,45,2111,28,2168,36,2210,52,2264,9,2274,1,2279,1,2281,10,2292,1,2295,1,2646,1,2649,2,2652,99,2763,23,2797,10,2808,1,3292,5,3351,69,3423,23,3447,1,3449,2,3452,12,4019,1,4022,89,4143,48,4195,31,4228,3,4232,2,4241,10,4258,1,4261,3,4274,1,4545,40,4623,59,4699,57,4765,5,4772,5,4778,15,4794,1,5003,5,5011,3,5023,11,5048,26,5096,25,5165,4,5173,1,5177,2,5328,1,5383,2,5432,2],"p":[[-0.19,147.802,9.372]]},{"id":"body","n":"Body of axis","t":"Body","w":"Largest, strongest cervical body, with the dens rising from it.","x":"Embryologically the dens is the body of the atlas.","f":[95,2,98,3,140,1,146,1,178,2,184,2,284,16,301,12,314,13,328,22,351,18,373,41,419,1,421,36,460,1,462,20,494,2,502,5,508,7,516,1,580,19,600,115,717,12,730,5,809,7,817,2,823,1,827,2,833,7,841,25,867,46,915,51,969,10,1112,2,1121,5,1129,8,1141,10,1153,15,1173,11,1186,1,1194,2,1367,11,1392,4,1398,27,1429,49,1484,31,1527,10,1539,1,1541,4,1546,4,1551,2,1554,8,1564,2,1662,2,1673,1,1689,58,1765,27,1856,5,1906,14,1959,5,1965,4,1970,2,1973,4,1980,2,1986,7,1995,3,2084,27,2139,29,2204,6,2262,2,2297,4,2333,2,2337,1,2340,2,2344,1,2598,48,2647,2,2651,1,2751,12,2786,11,2838,1,2893,2,2901,2,2905,2,3297,54,3420,3,3446,1,3464,3,3496,1,3575,4,3581,1,3991,28,4020,2,4111,32,4191,4,4282,3,4333,4,4339,4,4348,1,4350,3,4355,1,4359,1,4362,1,4543,2,4585,38,4682,17,4756,9,4796,33,4865,4,4870,3,4894,1,4897,2,5014,8,5034,14,5074,22,5121,25,5180,2,5184,13,5200,2,5216,2,5324,2,5337,9,5347,8,5356,26,5386,46,5437,17,5455,1,5457,31,5504,1,5510,1,5512,1,5515,1,5526,2,5710,6,5718,1,5723,1,5727,1,5730,1,5733,2,5736,9,5749,6,5756,39,5796,36,5833,13,5848,1,5851,1,5858,4,5867,5,5876,3,5881,1,5884,3,5888,4,5893,1,5895,6,5902,1,5906,1,6049,17,6067,106,6174,42,6217,7,6225,5,6231,4,6237,1,6254,1,6257,1,6262,1,6269,2,6274,1,6287,1,6297,2,6414,31,6449,36,6490,1,6493,1,6498,1,6500,10,6514,1,6518,7,6527,25,6553,1],"p":[[0.239,145.908,8.751]]},{"id":"sfac","n":"Superior articular facet","t":"Facet","w":"Large, flat facet on top of the body beside the dens.","x":"Articulates with the inferior facet of the atlas, the lateral atlanto-axial joint.","f":[88,1,101,9,147,4,288,1,315,1,371,2,418,1,420,1,457,18,508,9,600,1,726,1,728,2,737,1,740,2,743,2,761,5,778,1,830,3,840,1,866,1,913,2,966,3,979,4,1008,1,1013,19,1045,5,1059,2,1126,3,1137,4,1151,2,1168,5,1188,6,1205,2,1208,1,1210,6,1219,1,1254,2,1281,1,1289,1,1325,2,1328,7,1344,2,1425,1,1478,1,1480,1,1520,3,1584,1,1628,2,1645,1,5022,1,5032,2,5072,2,5115,1,5118,3,5173,2,5176,4,5238,3,5333,1,5346,1,5355,1,5382,4,5432,5,5490,2,5493,9,5537,2,5541,5,5620,1,5644,4,5665,2,5668,3,5672,5,5745,4,5755,1,5795,1,5832,1,5846,2,5920,1,5924,2,5932,2,5936,1,5939,1,5947,2,5957,14,5990,1,5992,9,6031,1,6037,3,6064,3,6073,1,6075,1,6077,1,6083,1,6107,2,6171,3,6213,1,6323,5,6349,1,6351,2,6354,1,6358,1,6360,1,6363,1,6380,2,6385,1,6416,1,6443,2,6478,1,6480,3,6502,1,6504,1,6531,4,6539,1,6542,1,6548,1,6584,1,6587,1,6593,1],"p":[[1.655,147.232,7.935],[-1.655,147.232,7.935]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process","t":"Facet","w":"Facet on the lower surface of the arch.","x":"Articulates with the superior facet of C3.","f":[215,1,517,1,523,3,538,1,543,1,545,1,549,2,555,1,557,1,559,10,745,1,747,1,752,2,766,4,773,3,780,14,796,1,804,3,983,2,986,10,997,1,1032,7,1040,1,1050,2,1054,3,1061,35,1098,1,1100,9,1110,1,1220,1,1291,4,1296,4,1301,3,1309,2,1321,1,1323,1,1335,8,1346,16,1364,2,1613,4,1618,1,1639,5,1647,9,1658,4,2062,1,4923,2,4940,1,5249,4,5264,4,5283,3,5288,4,5549,1,5551,2,5554,3,5574,1,5593,3,5600,2,5604,2,5621,3,5625,6,5632,7,5648,11,5660,4,5677,6,5699,1,5701,1,5883,1,5909,3,5913,3,5918,2,5953,4,5971,19,6001,19,6021,1,6042,1,6328,2,6331,7,6356,2,6364,8,6386,13,6594,8,6603,8,6612,9,6622,1,6624,1,6646,1,6650,1,6666,10,6677,3,6681,2,6685,2,6706,5],"p":[[1.545,145.388,7.118],[-1.545,145.388,7.118]]},{"id":"lam","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Thick plate behind the foramen.","x":"Forms the back of the vertebral foramen.","f":[567,1,778,3,782,1,784,1,786,4,791,3,796,2,800,2,804,5,1046,3,1058,1,1060,1,1071,4,1077,1,1081,3,1088,1,1090,2,1095,17,1336,2,1339,1,1341,1,1344,23,1613,1,1629,1,1639,2,1642,1,1644,18,2025,1,2042,15,2062,1,2064,7,2384,1,2389,4,2394,2,2400,1,2402,3,2407,12,2420,4,2427,3,2431,1,2436,1,2458,1,4404,2,4407,3,4411,1,4413,1,4420,6,4428,4,4433,11,4446,5,4452,1,4455,6,4922,1,4924,1,4935,10,4946,7,4956,1,5252,1,5263,1,5265,3,5270,32,5305,1,5308,1,5318,1,5321,3,5638,1,5647,12,5663,1,5666,44,5958,1,5963,2,5967,4,5973,6,5990,59,6358,1,6360,1,6363,1,6374,3,6380,6,6394,2,6400,1,6408,4],"p":[[1.302,145.938,6.44],[-1.302,145.938,6.44]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process (bifid)","t":"Process","w":"Large bifid spinous process; the first palpable cervical spine below the skull.","x":"Attachment of rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, semispinalis cervicis and multifidus.","f":[1654,2,1660,2,2039,2,2042,2,2045,39,2383,6,2390,208,2960,332,3609,19,3629,362,4404,139,4932,68,5271,2,5274,1,5283,2,5298,2,5303,2,5309,3,5313,2,5320,1],"p":[[0.02,145.219,5.569]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Small lateral process with a foramen.","x":"The foramen transversarium is angled; the vertebral artery bends laterally here.","f":[0,294,295,298,595,4,600,5,609,1,618,4,623,32,657,28,686,18,705,3,709,44,756,10,767,1,770,3,776,7,789,3,793,4,798,9,812,1,840,1,860,1,889,5,896,1,898,1,913,2,970,1,973,1,980,1,1003,2,1044,1,5733,2,5742,3,5798,1,5824,1,5826,2,5881,6,5956,1,5976,3,6002,2,6014,3,6027,1,6050,16,6067,13,6081,92,6174,22,6198,2,6201,39,6241,13,6255,1,6257,66,6324,1,6326,15,6343,8,6352,11,6364,10,6375,5,6382,488],"p":[[2.047,146.227,8.011],[-2.047,146.227,8.011]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Large triangular opening.","x":"Part of the vertebral canal at the craniocervical junction.","f":[774,1,783,1,785,1,1012,1,1029,3,1052,5,1061,2,1065,5,1075,2,1078,5,1084,4,1089,2,1092,3,1184,2,1187,1,1192,2,1196,9,1207,4,1214,6,1224,33,1260,1,1264,4,1269,1,1272,35,1309,2,1314,11,1329,3,1334,3,1338,6,1515,3,1519,1,1537,2,1540,1,1545,1,1553,1,1562,2,1566,62,1631,2,1634,4,1641,1,1643,1,1920,39,1964,1,1969,1,1972,1,1977,3,1982,1,1984,2,1993,2,1998,36,2036,2,2041,1,2273,1,2275,4,2280,1,2291,1,2293,2,2296,1,2301,32,2335,2,2338,2,2342,2,2345,38,2385,1,2387,3,2393,1,2397,2,2807,1,2809,29,2839,54,2895,6,2903,2,2907,63,2971,1,3448,1,3451,1,3467,29,3497,78,3579,2,3582,35,3618,1,3620,7,3628,6,3637,2,4226,2,4231,1,4234,7,4251,7,4259,2,4264,10,4275,7,4285,48,4343,5,4353,2,4356,3,4360,2,4363,41,4406,1,4410,1,4412,1,4414,1,4416,1,4419,1,4426,1,4770,2,4777,1,4793,1,4795,1,4829,36,4869,1,4873,8,4882,12,4895,2,4899,23,4923,1,4925,10,5146,19,5169,4,5174,3,5179,1,5183,1,5197,3,5202,14,5218,34,5253,10,5264,1,5268,2,5454,1,5456,1,5488,2,5491,3,5496,1,5502,2,5506,1,5508,2,5511,1,5520,6,5528,13,5546,6,5557,12,5570,1,5575,63,5639,8,5659,4,5664,2,5921,3,5926,6,5935,1,5957,1,5960,3,5971,2,5979,8,5988,1],"p":[[-0.001,146.567,8.335]],"h":1}],"ninth thoracic vertebra":[{"id":"body","n":"Vertebral body","t":"Body","w":"Heart-shaped anterior part, getting larger down the column.","x":"Bears the weight of the trunk. Has costal facets on each side for rib heads.","f":[525,41,570,1,572,5,578,1,580,4,587,1,589,1,604,7,617,3,622,1,625,1,639,8,651,2,661,5,672,2,678,7,693,2,697,7,897,186,1085,25,1111,62,1175,3,1179,4,1184,40,1226,3,1230,2,1235,1,1255,1,1524,119,1653,2,1656,28,1727,12,2020,109,2130,3,2135,2,2141,1,2146,26,2184,3,2188,3,2409,87,2507,1,2512,31,2827,94,2930,1,2933,16,3120,87,3208,3,3213,13,3240,9,3540,79,3621,2,3625,2,3628,18,3659,9,3987,88,4076,4,4081,9,4113,14,4274,115,4396,20,4595,111,4707,1,4712,1,4716,1,4720,22,4758,1,4760,2,5051,129,5186,26,5233,4,5437,285,5724,4,5729,34,5764,1,5767,3,5772,2,5795,5,5801,3,6053,85,6140,5,6150,4,6155,2,6162,1],"p":[[0.016,119.573,5.296]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Small, round opening behind the body.","x":"Forms the thoracic part of the vertebral canal; the spinal cord is closely fitting here.","f":[1827,1,1830,1,1832,2,1907,1,1909,3,1979,4,2177,2,2182,2,2187,1,2192,12,2206,3,2211,34,2250,1,2275,15,2304,4,2326,1,2328,2,2344,1,2347,6,2354,2,2357,9,2379,2,2383,1,2386,4,2496,11,2509,3,2543,31,2575,53,2629,11,2643,5,2651,2,2667,1,2675,12,2711,10,2741,30,2775,1,2778,1,2780,13,2921,9,2931,2,2949,11,2961,5,2968,4,2974,2,2977,1,2979,12,3001,4,3007,2,3017,1,3021,10,3048,8,3064,8,3083,1,3085,3,3207,1,3211,2,3226,14,3249,3,3258,11,3272,8,3295,4,3319,7,3335,2,3340,9,3619,2,3623,2,3627,1,3646,13,3668,24,3695,5,3703,21,3738,4,3752,5,3760,1,3762,1,4075,1,4080,1,4090,23,4127,24,4152,1,4155,3,4159,1,4161,2,4164,2,4170,3,4174,12,4202,2,4205,2,4220,2,4389,7,4416,24,4441,3,4445,25,4472,6,4487,12,4515,14,4538,3,4543,2,4548,2,4551,3,4558,1,4708,2,4711,1,4713,3,4719,1,4742,16,4762,3,4766,101,4868,4,4873,2,4880,2,4883,1,4906,15,4948,1,4950,6,4957,1,4960,8,4969,1,4980,1,4985,27,5034,1,5213,3,5217,1,5243,2,5253,9,5266,3,5271,8,5280,3,5284,1,5286,5,5304,6,5333,2,5336,1],"p":[[-0.191,118.095,2.744]],"h":1},{"id":"pedicle","n":"Pedicle","t":"Pedicle","w":"Short strong bar joining the body to the arch on each side.","x":"Superior and inferior vertebral notches above and below form the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerve. Pedicle screws are used for spinal fixation.","f":[1127,1,1152,2,1155,1,1158,8,1168,7,1176,8,1211,1,1214,2,1219,67,1289,9,1303,8,1314,3,1318,6,1325,2,1377,2,1383,1,1620,2,1623,2,1633,23,1676,1,1680,48,1729,56,1788,2,1791,7,1799,2,1805,1,1808,1,1816,22,1839,20,1862,2,1865,6,1894,5,1900,11,2123,4,2129,17,2168,2,2171,7,2179,17,2204,5,2210,2,2216,2,2275,1,2277,1,2488,1,2490,3,2501,2,2504,1,2507,9,2538,1,2573,2,2578,1,2909,1,2912,1,2926,1,2929,2,2933,1,3206,1,4384,3,4701,4,4706,2,4710,1,4712,1,4716,1,4718,1,4738,1,4740,2,4759,3,4765,1,5169,5,5180,7,5203,1,5207,1,5211,2,5216,1,5218,17,5236,7,5245,8,5262,3,5269,2,5279,1,5283,1,5285,1,5310,4,5688,2,5692,2,5713,1,5715,2,5718,1,5721,8,5743,3,5748,1,5753,115,5870,3,5886,44,5959,10,5970,5,6128,3,6133,17,6154,48,6204,4,6211,1,6222,8,6233,1,6292,1],"p":[[1.586,118.837,3.689],[-1.586,118.837,3.689]]},{"id":"lamina","n":"Lamina","t":"Lamina","w":"Broad plate joining the pedicle to the spinous process.","x":"Overlap like roof tiles in the thoracic spine, which limits extension.","f":[1481,5,1798,1,1806,2,1809,2,1812,3,1878,2,1881,13,1911,1,1916,3,1920,2,1926,1,1928,3,1935,1,1937,1,1939,4,1945,12,1958,7,1967,16,1985,3,1989,6,1996,7,2004,9,2014,6,2209,1,2212,1,2245,5,2251,24,2276,1,2290,36,2327,1,2329,24,2354,1,2357,1,2361,1,2363,16,2381,2,2384,2,2390,19,2628,1,2640,3,2645,6,2653,3,2657,18,2687,24,2721,20,2771,4,2776,2,2779,1,2781,2,2784,2,2793,2,2797,15,2813,5,2824,1,2960,1,2966,2,2973,1,2975,1,2991,10,3009,2,3012,4,3018,1,3031,17,3056,8,3065,1,3073,13,3087,1,3092,2,3253,2,3257,1,3269,2,3281,3,3285,1,3287,1,3299,3,3303,1,3307,2,4166,4,4173,1,4196,6,4204,1,4224,6,4238,1,4243,1,4440,1,4444,1,4470,2,4478,9,4499,4,4504,11,4529,2,4532,1,4534,1,4536,2,4541,2,4545,3,4550,1,4554,4,4562,6,4569,1,4571,6,4588,1,4867,1,4872,1,4875,5,4882,1,4884,22,4921,27,4949,1,4956,1,4958,2,4968,1,4970,10,4981,4,5013,2,5016,18,5035,6,5042,9,5291,13,5314,19,5335,1,5337,10,5348,89,5868,2,5873,1,5875,11,5932,27,5975,5,5981,4,5990,6,5997,3,6003,9,6013,6,6020,2,6028,2,6031,3,6035,1,6037,1,6039,4,6044,9,6203,1,6288,1,6387,1],"p":[[1.008,118.401,2.399],[-1.008,118.401,2.399]]},{"id":"spine","n":"Spinous process","t":"Process","w":"Long spinous process pointing downward and backward.","x":"Overlaps the vertebra below, limiting extension. Attachment of trapezius, rhomboids, serratus posterior, erector spinae and multifidus. Counting from C7 (the vertebra prominens) is the way to locate thoracic vertebrae.","f":[2783,1,2826,1,2999,2,3011,1,3036,6,3045,3,3054,1,3056,25,3083,22,3106,14,3252,6,3269,4,3274,2,3277,18,3297,1,3299,241,3685,23,3709,3,3724,263,4145,2,4151,8,4160,4,4165,5,4171,3,4176,2,4186,88,4456,1,4465,1,4468,1,4471,1,4498,12,4511,2,4529,3,4536,1,4538,6,4558,7,4568,1,4577,2,4582,13],"p":[[0.298,116.858,1.69]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Large lateral process pointing backward and sideways.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint; attachment for levatores costarum, erector spinae and rotatores.","f":[0,525,704,33,740,2,743,7,751,1,753,102,856,41,1298,5,1311,3,1317,1,1324,1,1380,3,1384,1,1386,3,1392,8,1401,4,1407,1,1409,3,1423,5,1431,2,1441,5,1447,1,1450,1,1454,2,1459,1,1463,5,1469,2,1488,3,1492,1,1495,1,1498,1,1503,3,1511,1,1513,2,1516,3,6208,3,6212,10,6232,1,6234,2,6296,10,6307,1,6310,1,6312,5,6327,1,6331,4,6338,14,6355,12,6368,1,6370,17,6389,2,6399,20,6420,2,6423,7,6432,1,6434,3,6442,4,6447,9,6458,5,6464,2,6470,530],"p":[[2.521,117.908,2.734],[-2.521,117.908,2.734]]},{"id":"sap","n":"Superior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the upper process, facing backward and slightly lateral.","x":"Facets lie in the coronal plane, which allows rotation and lateral flexion but prevents flexion/extension. Mnemonic: T-spine = rotation, L-spine = flexion/extension.","f":[718,3,726,1,834,1,1116,2,1122,9,1169,1,1171,13,1247,2,1285,1,1312,2,1317,1,1319,8,1360,1,1363,10,1374,3,1386,4,1391,14,1406,6,1413,5,1422,1,1454,5,1463,6,1519,1,1618,8,1633,23,1691,9,1701,5,1707,5,1714,2,1717,8,1752,9,1762,2,1766,4,1772,1,1798,1,1800,1,1806,10,1834,8,1844,5,1852,1,1856,1,1874,16,1891,3,1912,6,1942,10,1957,5,1994,1,2123,4,2129,17,2172,12,2203,1,2205,11,2244,2,2247,28,2300,1,2302,2,2316,3,2320,4,2330,14,2373,1,2487,2,2490,3,2497,6,2504,2,2507,9,2560,7,2568,1,2570,1,2573,4,2597,2,2601,2,2604,1,2615,1,2618,1,2620,1,2623,1,2626,1,2690,1,2693,1,2696,3,2721,20,2772,1,2774,1,2898,1,2909,2,2912,1,2926,2,2929,2,2933,1,2996,1,3031,2,3035,1,3042,1,3206,1,4384,4,4391,2,4395,1,4510,1,4513,2,4537,1,4695,1,4699,6,4706,14,4749,9,4791,1,4795,6,4817,1,4820,1,4827,1,4833,1,4899,3,4921,4,4929,2,4970,9,5017,5,5169,5,5180,7,5212,21,5256,13,5287,17,5324,2,5327,1,5330,2,5348,1,5350,3,5380,3,5660,1,5683,11,5722,7,5779,2,5782,2,5786,3,5790,5,5832,3,5836,7,5863,3,5868,2,5873,1,5875,11,5906,2,5910,10,5933,6,5940,11,5952,3,5956,1,5958,1,5976,3,5990,1,5992,5,6006,4,6011,2,6119,2,6141,5,6148,2,6169,1,6173,1,6183,1,6189,1,6191,1,6193,1,6198,4,6203,1,6211,1,6213,1,6219,1,6222,14,6240,1,6272,4,6278,5,6288,3,6303,14,6318,3,6323,2,6335,3,6387,5,6469,1,6477,1,6485,3,6490,6,6504,2],"p":[[1.284,119.562,3.449],[-1.284,119.562,3.449]]},{"id":"iap","n":"Inferior articular process (facet)","t":"Facet","w":"Flat facet on the lower process, facing forward.","x":"Slides on the superior facet of the vertebra below at the zygapophyseal joint.","f":[770,1,773,4,779,2,846,1,2384,1,2389,2,2402,1,2404,1,2776,4,2781,2,2784,2,2797,10,2808,1,3081,2,4545,3,4550,1,4553,5,4565,3,4569,1,4571,2,4574,2,4979,1,4984,1,5022,14,5046,3,5383,12,5396,1,5412,17,6013,7,6021,7,6048,4,6339,3,6392,1,6395,9,6405,1,6408,11,6421,1,6428,1,6508,1],"p":[[1.312,116.407,2.769],[-1.312,116.407,2.769]]},{"id":"scf","n":"Superior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the upper back corner of the body (superior costal demifacet).","x":"Receives the head of the rib with the same number (e.g. rib 5 head on T5's upper facet and T4's lower facet).","f":[554,3,564,5,576,2,590,3,599,3,627,1,629,2,636,2,980,4,985,5,1002,9,1024,9,1045,3,1060,1,1062,9,1083,1,1085,4,1115,16,1173,11,1247,2,1591,1,1598,1,1602,1,1604,4,1610,2,1618,6,1625,1,1633,14,1649,1,1653,1,1691,9,1701,1,1710,1,5500,1,5502,2,5505,6,5528,4,5536,3,5552,2,5559,1,5580,1,5588,3,5608,8,5622,9,5653,6,5683,4,5691,3,5725,4,5786,2,6053,16,6081,6,6096,3,6119,2,6141,2,6144,2,6148,2,6169,1,6173,1],"p":[[1.548,119.422,4.889],[-1.548,119.422,4.889]]},{"id":"icf","n":"Inferior costal facet (demifacet)","t":"Facet","w":"Half-facet at the lower back corner of the body (inferior costal demifacet).","x":"Together with the superior demifacet of the vertebra below, forms the socket for the head of the rib below. Rib heads articulate with two vertebrae.","f":[557,1,561,2,569,1,571,2,574,2,578,10,604,13,638,26,672,26,699,5,1052,1,1089,5,1131,6,1142,3,1184,1,1186,25,1212,2,1215,1,1255,1,1659,4,1664,2,1730,1,5197,1,5200,2,5544,4,5568,3,5594,4,5633,4,5667,5,5696,6,5703,3,5729,4,5736,7,5747,6,5755,2,6069,10,6099,7,6121,7,6150,4],"p":[[1.731,117.623,4.869],[-1.731,117.623,4.869]]},{"id":"tcf","n":"Transverse costal facet","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval facet on the front of the transverse process tip.","x":"Articulates with the tubercle of the rib at the costotransverse joint. Absent on T11 and T12.","f":[0,8,13,3,18,2,25,1,118,12,133,3,143,2,188,5,194,1,197,3,207,1,211,2,302,3,306,2,326,3,6660,2,6674,1,6676,1,6690,1,6730,5,6738,12,6757,5,6830,5,6836,16,6853,5,6861,5,6867,3,6928,11,6940,4,6945,4,6950,1],"p":[[2.996,118.146,2.677],[-2.996,118.146,2.677]]}],"atlas":[{"id":"aa","n":"Anterior arch","t":"Arch","w":"Short, curved front arch.","x":"Carries the anterior tubercle in front and the fovea dentis behind. The longus colli attaches to the anterior tubercle.","f":[1666,1,1889,1,1891,1,1894,5,1901,1,1907,3,1922,1,2092,14,2107,2,2110,7,2120,3,2125,3,2130,2,2316,25,2342,3,2346,10,2357,9,2378,5,2524,17,2543,1,2546,5,2552,1,2554,2,2566,1,2721,6,2728,4,2740,4,2746,6,2848,42,2891,4,2896,7,2911,1,2915,1,2918,1,3067,54,3122,3,3126,7,3139,2,3310,42,3361,1,3363,2,3480,26,3510,5,3521,2,3526,1,3528,1,3531,1,3628,8,3637,3,3641,3,3646,1,3649,1,3654,6,3854,23,3878,19,3904,1,3908,6,3916,3,3922,2,3926,3,3934,1,3937,2,3940,1,3944,3,4127,7,4135,9,4146,4,4152,6,4160,2,4163,2,4167,1,4376,2,4379,2],"p":[[-0.022,148.016,10.058]]},{"id":"at","n":"Anterior tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small midline bump in front of the arch.","x":"Attachment for longus colli and the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane; the anterior longitudinal ligament ends here.","f":[2525,2,2529,1,2531,4,2536,3,2546,2,2721,6,2729,2,2740,1,2849,3,2853,35,3067,48,3126,2,3130,1,3310,17,3328,2,3480,6,3489,1,3493,2,3499,4,3504,1,3511,1,3634,1],"p":[[-0.013,147.879,10.088]]},{"id":"pa","n":"Posterior arch","t":"Arch","w":"Longer curved back arch.","x":"Has a groove on its upper surface for the vertebral artery and the first spinal nerve, which are vulnerable in neck trauma.","f":[2074,1,2087,1,2089,3,2301,3,2307,9,2495,4,2501,1,2503,3,2507,17,2689,1,2695,3,2700,2,2704,17,2778,1,2789,59,2949,1,2951,2,2954,3,2959,8,2968,99,3178,8,3187,4,3195,2,3205,1,3207,13,3221,89,3390,2,3393,4,3398,1,3400,80,3580,1,3585,4,3590,1,3592,36,3819,2,3828,1,3830,4,3837,17,4117,10,4334,1,4340,1,4342,8,4351,2,4548,2],"p":[[-0.094,147.436,5.671]]},{"id":"pt","n":"Posterior tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small rough bump in the midline of the back arch (replaces a spinous process).","x":"Attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and rectus capitis posterior minor.","f":[2712,8,2794,3,2805,15,2821,27,2959,2,2962,5,2969,3,2974,2,2990,13,3004,4,3009,3,3013,1,3015,5,3022,2,3026,41,3207,2,3210,2,3214,1,3216,4,3226,7,3234,4,3239,71,3393,1,3395,2,3401,1,3405,15,3423,4,3428,4,3435,10,3447,5,3453,27,3596,1,3598,1,3600,1,3605,16,3622,6,3850,3],"p":[[-0.082,147.803,5.394]]},{"id":"lmass","n":"Lateral mass","t":"Mass","w":"Thick block of bone on each side of the ring.","x":"Carries the load of the skull. The only vertebra without a body: the body of C1 became the dens of C2.","f":[712,3,717,3,761,1,763,1,768,3,774,10,851,1,854,4,860,9,924,1,926,2,929,1,936,4,980,2,983,1,993,5,1009,1,1011,2,1014,1,1087,1,1101,1,1205,1,1268,44,1313,11,1325,36,1370,4,1375,17,1394,1,1396,72,1471,1,1476,3,1481,16,1498,29,1530,27,1558,10,1569,1,1573,11,1589,1,1597,4,1606,1,1608,14,1624,11,1637,4,1642,2,1650,2,1657,202,1860,5,1884,1,1889,164,2055,1,2059,1,2062,1,2064,3,2092,21,2114,38,2154,142,2316,1,2320,1,2322,1,2325,1,2327,1,2331,2,2334,2,2341,1,2346,14,2361,1,2376,9,2386,1,2403,10,2414,2,2430,4,2456,1,2459,1,2467,2,2476,6,2484,3,2490,1,2492,2,3824,1,3855,2,3862,1,3864,2,3868,8,3880,1,3882,15,3907,8,3916,13,3933,2,3937,13,3959,4,3965,1,3968,1,3970,8,3979,1,3983,16,4007,1,4010,19,4034,60,4095,2,4098,3,4104,2,4111,6,4127,201,4329,3,4353,186,4540,3,4544,1,4546,1,4557,238,4796,1,4798,2,4803,13,4817,1,4819,3,4827,6,4834,7,4843,1,4857,6,4864,4,4869,2,4877,6,4885,1,4895,9,4905,1,4916,8,4937,6,4949,23,4974,1,4976,4,5011,18,5030,1,5032,1,5040,15,5070,8,5081,12,5094,3,5103,4,5109,1,5112,23,5136,1,5143,4,5164,2,5168,1,5170,1,5172,2,5178,1,5204,1],"p":[[1.527,148.465,8.072],[-1.527,148.465,8.072]]},{"id":"sfac","n":"Superior articular facet (for occipital condyle)","t":"Facet","w":"Kidney-shaped concave facet on the top of the lateral mass.","x":"Cups the occipital condyle at the atlanto-occipital joint (nodding, \"yes\").","f":[709,1,711,2,715,5,758,1,761,1,838,3,842,1,911,2,915,1,961,1,969,1,971,2,974,2,977,21,1082,5,1128,1,1130,2,1133,2,1139,5,1192,1,1196,1,1203,1,1205,1,1218,2,1224,1,1256,1,1260,1,1266,1,1279,9,1289,1,1319,2,1322,1,1325,1,1334,1,1370,4,1375,12,1394,1,1396,31,1431,25,1461,26,1530,27,1578,6,1609,1,1611,1,1616,10,1627,8,1645,1,1650,2,1679,2,1682,1,1684,1,1687,1,1715,1,1717,1,1719,27,1748,7,1757,2,1765,4,1800,5,1806,18,1828,23,1852,1,1854,1,1863,2,1884,1,1911,1,1914,10,1927,4,1932,4,1937,3,1950,5,1998,2,2001,4,2007,6,2026,9,2036,1,2039,2,2043,4,2051,1,2065,2,2077,1,2079,1,2083,1,2116,20,2139,1,2142,8,2154,1,2156,14,2207,15,2234,32,2267,1,2269,2,2272,1,2278,1,2281,5,2287,4,2296,1,2308,3,2332,4,2337,6,2344,1,2350,1,2372,14,2403,24,2428,1,2430,8,2456,4,2467,1,2473,1,2476,6,2490,5,2500,3,2504,2,2516,1,3817,1,3840,1,3866,8,3898,10,3912,1,3914,2,3918,4,3923,3,3950,1,3954,9,3966,11,3981,18,4004,1,4006,2,4010,1,4014,7,4022,1,4024,4,4061,1,4064,2,4068,1,4071,2,4092,2,4103,1,4105,12,4118,1,4142,4,4147,1,4149,3,4154,9,4176,8,4185,8,4195,7,4209,3,4244,5,4250,1,4252,2,4256,2,4275,1,4280,10,4291,1,4305,3,4315,1,4317,17,4341,5,4375,7,4383,4,4388,4,4394,3,4407,5,4414,18,4439,1,4443,6,4451,1,4453,3,4460,1,4462,1,4464,7,4508,9,4518,1,4520,1,4522,1,4531,7,4539,8,4548,1,4550,1,4553,2,4565,1,4567,1,4569,3,4573,7,4588,8,4598,3,4602,1,4605,3,4609,2,4612,5,4630,17,4648,4,4671,19,4697,10,4717,1,4745,9,4773,12,4787,4,4794,1,4798,2,4806,2,4809,2,4812,2,4827,10,4857,20,4892,24,4937,18,5011,30,5070,21,5101,1,5103,1,5106,1,5112,1,5114,1,5116,2,5119,1,5122,1,5128,1,5134,1,5144,4,5149,1,5157,2,5161,2,5164,2,5168,6,5178,1,5183,1,5219,6,5275,5,5297,1,5307,1,5315,1,5347,1,5398,4,5404,2,5407,1,5412,1],"p":[[2.044,148.6,8.236],[-2.044,148.6,8.236]]},{"id":"ifac","n":"Inferior articular facet (for axis)","t":"Facet","w":"Round, nearly flat facet on the underside of the lateral mass.","x":"Articulates with the superior facet of the axis in the lateral atlanto-axial joint (rotation, \"no\").","f":[701,1,736,6,744,11,763,21,786,2,789,1,851,18,884,1,923,13,938,2,998,11,1010,5,1018,1,1021,3,1087,3,1094,8,1155,1,1158,5,1164,5,1228,9,1258,1,1267,1,1269,2,1290,29,1345,17,1387,5,1427,4,1456,5,1487,5,1493,5,1499,2,1502,4,1508,19,1557,11,1635,9,1652,1,1657,1,1660,1,1690,18,1746,2,1755,2,1759,6,1770,1,1772,1,1777,1,1779,1,1781,7,1789,9,1799,1,1824,4,1853,1,1855,8,1865,19,1893,1,1895,8,1924,3,1931,1,1936,1,1940,4,1945,1,1955,1,1958,1,1962,3,1968,1,1972,2,1976,2,1983,5,2014,6,2037,2,2041,2,2047,4,2052,13,2067,9,2081,1,2098,2,2101,2,2104,7,2112,1,2136,3,2140,2,2150,4,2171,1,2177,1,2266,1,2273,1,2279,2,2286,1,2291,5,2297,5,2304,2,2307,1,2353,5,2359,1,2362,2,2387,4,2441,1,2452,1,2474,1,2484,1,2486,1,2495,2,3657,3,3701,1,3750,1,3793,1,3804,3,3812,1,3820,1,3824,1,3876,2,3880,5,3886,7,3926,24,3963,3,3977,3,3999,5,4028,1,4032,4,4081,2,4087,1,4090,1,4095,2,4098,3,4117,1,4128,2,4132,3,4163,13,4184,1,4193,2,4202,2,4212,1,4215,1,4261,3,4294,1,4297,6,4308,6,4316,1,4334,5,4347,1,4350,1,4356,1,4397,5,4406,1,4412,2,4432,4,4474,3,4484,1,4490,3,4495,2,4499,3,4503,5,4523,8,4538,1,4547,1,4580,2,4583,1,4585,3,4618,12,4652,19,4690,7,4707,10,4718,2,4721,3,4727,1,4729,1,4731,1,4736,2,4741,4,4754,2,4762,11,4785,2,4791,3,4795,3,4814,5,4821,2,4825,1,4837,17,4877,11,4889,1,4917,1,4919,1,4921,6,4928,1,4930,2,4956,2,4960,1,4963,2,4967,20,4989,1,4992,3,5001,1,5004,1,5006,1,5042,8,5051,2,5054,3,5058,7,5066,2,5091,10,5166,2,5174,3,5192,1,5463,4],"p":[[1.768,147.413,8.148],[-1.768,147.413,8.148]]},{"id":"tp","n":"Transverse process","t":"Process","w":"Wide lateral process, longer than in other cervical vertebrae.","x":"Acts as a lever for the muscles that rotate the head (obliquus capitis, rectus capitis lateralis, splenius). It is easily palpable between the mastoid and the angle of the jaw.","f":[0,225,227,1,229,5,236,19,256,1,263,13,277,1,279,1,281,66,348,6,355,9,365,3,369,27,397,75,475,1,477,241,720,35,758,1,761,1,763,6,770,5,777,1,779,2,784,52,838,3,842,1,851,9,862,1,869,45,915,1,923,13,940,53,995,14,1010,261,1276,5,1312,2,1346,1,1348,1,1350,1,1361,1,1427,9,1437,2,1456,2,1459,7,1467,19,1487,2,1490,1,1493,6,1516,1,1518,2,1527,16,1544,3,1548,2,1557,1,1568,10,1584,25,1612,4,1622,12,1635,2,1644,3,1648,1,1650,1,4803,2,4811,3,4816,3,4820,7,4830,5,4839,18,4859,1,4861,16,4880,1,4883,12,4899,4,4904,12,4921,16,4940,9,4953,2,4968,43,5018,3,5023,17,5042,1,5046,6,5053,17,5076,5,5088,6,5096,7,5104,8,5123,45,5169,3,5174,4,5179,993],"p":[[3.149,147.755,8.039],[-3.149,147.755,8.039]]},{"id":"foramen","n":"Vertebral foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Very large ring.","x":"A transverse ligament divides it in two: the front third holds the dens and the rear two-thirds the spinal cord (Rule of Thirds). Failure of the ligament (rheumatoid arthritis, Down syndrome) allows the dens to compress the cord.","f":[1458,3,1505,3,1737,1,1742,1,1745,1,1755,1,1759,2,1771,1,1775,4,1782,1,1784,1,1786,1,1789,1,1792,4,1799,1,1859,4,1878,1,1927,2,1930,1,1932,1,1934,2,1944,1,1946,4,1956,1,1959,1,1961,3,1965,18,1987,1,1989,9,2005,2,2008,1,2012,2,2015,2,2018,1,2020,6,2030,9,2041,2,2045,6,2052,1,2059,1,2062,3,2117,3,2123,2,2129,1,2132,4,2139,1,2142,1,2148,2,2154,2,2163,7,2172,5,2178,29,2208,11,2220,15,2236,3,2240,3,2244,3,2248,2,2251,30,2284,1,2286,10,2305,2,2345,1,2367,11,2383,4,2393,37,2431,1,2434,7,2444,2,2450,24,2475,15,2492,3,2499,1,2502,1,2506,1,2541,2,2545,1,2551,1,2553,1,2556,10,2567,45,2613,76,2690,5,2698,2,2702,2,2727,1,2732,8,2744,2,2754,24,2779,10,2890,1,2895,1,2903,8,2912,1,2914,1,2916,2,2919,30,2950,1,2953,1,2957,2,2967,1,3121,1,3125,1,3133,6,3141,37,3186,1,3191,4,3197,8,3206,1,3220,1,3352,9,3362,1,3365,25,3392,1,3397,1,3399,1,3506,4,3515,6,3523,3,3527,1,3529,2,3532,48,3581,4,3589,1,3591,1,3636,1,3640,1,3644,2,3647,2,3650,4,3660,39,3700,1,3702,48,3752,66,3821,3,3825,3,3829,1,3834,3,3877,1,3897,7,3905,3,3914,2,3919,3,3924,2,3929,1,3931,1,3950,8,3961,2,3970,1,3980,8,3991,3,3996,1,3998,1,4002,1,4004,22,4029,36,4066,28,4095,14,4112,1,4144,2,4151,1,4158,2,4162,1,4204,6,4212,14,4227,80,4308,4,4313,6,4375,1,4381,1,4407,4,4418,6,4429,2,4436,3,4442,5,4451,1,4464,1,4490,3,4494,2,4497,5,4505,9,4517,1,4588,1,4638,1],"p":[[-0.887,147.88,8.612]],"h":1},{"id":"fovea","n":"Fovea dentis (for dens of axis)","t":"Facet","w":"Small oval surface on the back of the anterior arch (fovea dentis).","x":"Articulates with the dens of the axis in the median atlanto-axial joint, where the head rotates (pivot).","f":[2367,2,2372,1,2545,1,2558,1,2561,5,2567,6,2575,9,2585,5,2591,21,2727,1,2732,8,2744,2,2753,21,2890,1,2894,2,2903,8,2912,1,2914,1,2916,2,2919,25,3117,1,3120,2,3125,1,3133,6,3141,33,3352,9,3362,1,3365,15,3506,4,3515,6,3523,3,3527,1,3529,2,3532,46,3636,1,3640,1,3645,1,3647,2,3650,2,3653,1,3660,18,3679,15,3702,1,3738,1,3740,1,3897,1],"p":[[0.07,148.212,9.524]]},{"id":"tfor","n":"Transverse foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Round opening in the transverse process.","x":"The vertebral artery passes up through it, then loops behind the lateral mass to enter the foramen magnum.","f":[284,1,325,4,331,1,334,2,340,1,344,2,351,1,362,1,365,3,369,3,373,19,403,3,407,8,416,2,419,4,426,2,436,1,439,1,465,1,467,1,470,2,481,1,484,50,535,3,564,1,588,3,592,3,599,1,602,2,606,29,637,2,641,1,643,1,784,3,789,47,840,1,842,1,854,4,859,1,862,1,869,45,915,1,923,7,931,5,940,53,998,1,1000,1,1003,1,1006,1,1015,7,1024,46,1071,8,1090,2,1108,1,1427,1,1429,2,4849,1,4854,3,4874,2,4885,10,4899,2,4904,12,4921,2,4924,13,4940,9,4954,1,4982,4,4987,2,4992,19,5033,1,5065,1,5218,1,5232,2,5238,7,5248,6,5257,18,5276,1,5279,1,5281,72,5359,1,5363,2,5367,2,5371,1,5381,3,5386,2,5512,1,5518,2,5524,3,5528,2,5534,25,5560,16,5581,1,5583,1,5587,1,5589,1,5593,1,5596,1,5598,5,5607,2,5611,1,5645,3,5651,4,5659,1,5667,1,5670,1,5672,1,5680,9,5690,20,5711,1,5714,21,5736,3,5740,1,5755,1,5794,2,5799,1,5805,16,5827,4,5832,4,5838,4,5846,2,5854,4,5863,3],"p":[[2.449,147.846,8.318],[-2.449,147.846,8.318]],"h":1}],"frontal bone":[{"id":"som","n":"Supraorbital margin","t":"Margin","w":"Sharp upper rim of the orbit, forming the superior boundary of the orbital opening.","x":"Lies beneath the eyebrow. Protects the eye from blows and gives origin to part of orbicularis oculi. Lateral end meets the zygomatic process; it is crossed medially by the supraorbital notch/foramen. A blow here commonly lacerates the skin over the bony edge.","f":[730,9,740,5,762,2,767,1,1155,2,1158,2,1163,1,1176,26,1216,1,1218,4,1223,2,1226,10,1237,1,1240,5,1246,1,1249,7,1290,1,1577,2,1580,2,1589,1,1593,6,1600,1,1635,5,1641,2,1644,4,1649,7,1657,1,1686,40,1727,1,1743,6,1751,1,1753,1,1755,6,1762,2,1766,6,1773,2,1776,2,1779,1,2080,1,2084,14,2181,3,2193,13,2207,2,2210,1,2212,4,2220,1,2227,2,2428,2,2431,5,2437,1,2449,1,2552,3,2731,3,2750,2,2753,6,3014,10,3026,2,3038,2,3321,19,3360,5,3385,1,3601,3,3605,1,3618,11,3630,7,3652,2,3665,1,3870,3,3885,3,3889,3,3907,1,3921,1,4107,1,4109,1,4120,7,4128,2,4131,2,4144,6,4352,1,4365,10,4387,14,4410,5,4416,1,4418,1,4424,1,4437,4,4450,8,4673,2,4676,2,4680,1,4682,2,4710,9,4722,7,4741,19,4769,35,4806,20,4828,3,4833,1,4836,3,4847,26,4876,5,4886,2,4891,29,4932,6,4939,3,4944,1,4946,3,4951,1,4955,1,4958,2,4964,1,5378,3,5383,1,5413,1,5431,3,5435,1,5448,2,5451,1,5522,1,5557,2,6238,1,6279,1,6284,1,6286,1,7782,1,7847,1,7967,4,8017,1,8021,3,8026,5,8033,3,8054,1,8107,1,8110,1,8426,1,8448,2,8454,1,8481,8,8490,1,8492,5,8516,3,8520,1,8522,5,8528,5,8562,2,8565,1,8567,8,8576,1,8578,5,8586,11,8619,6,8626,10,8639,1,8641,3,8647,1,8655,50,8706,1,8708,2,8715,1,8717,1,8720,1,8722,1,9001,7,9025,10,9048,13,9074,14,9096,11,9116,3,9349,2,9362,11,9374,1,9376,1,9378,2,9393,7,9630,6,9644,1,9646,3,9650,3,9669,2,9846,4,9855,4,9860,4,9878,2,9894,1,10105,3,10109,1,10123,18,10155,5,10175,1,10395,17,10420,1,10422,4,10695,1,10706,4,10712,1,10991,3,10997,6,11004,3,11016,1,11278,4,11292,3,11296,4,11388,6,11395,1,11603,8,11619,2,11652,1,11656,1,11677,17,11695,1,11697,2,11700,3,11714,14,11730,1,11735,1,11739,1,11742,1,11744,1,11746,1,11748,6,11755,2,11758,5,11765,5,12046,1,12048,2,12055,5,12098,1,12101,1,12108,4,12115,4,12120,2,12123,8,12132,17,12181,25,12207,3,12212,18,12582,6,12594,17,12612,2,12616,1,12642,4,12649,3,12654,1,12659,5],"p":[[2.846,155.171,16.62],[-2.846,155.171,16.62]]},{"id":"squam","n":"Squamous (vertical) part","t":"Part","w":"The large, convex vertical plate forming the forehead and the anterior part of the cranial vault.","x":"Articulates with the parietal bones at the coronal suture. Covered by the galea aponeurotica and the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis (frontalis), which inserts into skin and fascia, not bone. Internally it is grooved by the superior sagittal sinus. Contains the frontal sinuses. Mnemonic: the squamous part is the \"scale\" (squama) of the skull.","f":[3,1,14,1,18,1,20,2,23,4,51,4,153,1,184,2,187,1,189,1,193,1,200,6,208,2,220,1,222,2,320,1,327,1,329,2,360,3,385,1,390,1,392,4,399,3,403,1,407,1,431,1,537,4,679,1,682,1,729,1,746,1,753,4,759,3,774,1,777,1,779,1,782,1,784,1,801,1,803,2,827,1,829,1,856,1,999,3,1008,1,1051,1,1062,1,1070,1,1141,4,1165,6,1172,4,1205,1,1209,7,1289,1,1314,2,1344,2,1375,1,1417,4,1473,1,1477,1,1488,1,1551,1,1579,9,1597,1,1602,10,1683,3,1741,2,1812,1,1836,1,1867,1,1926,1,1961,1,1964,2,1987,1,1991,1,2002,1,2010,2,2013,3,2019,1,2021,1,2023,2,2035,1,2081,2,2092,3,2099,6,2122,2,2153,2,2180,1,2192,1,2236,1,2307,2,2348,1,2362,1,2367,1,2378,1,2386,3,2390,6,2427,1,2434,11,2467,3,2490,3,2524,1,2545,1,2566,2,2617,3,2651,1,2655,5,2661,5,2670,1,2673,1,2696,1,2701,1,2704,1,2734,4,2739,11,2764,4,2792,2,2813,3,2833,1,2843,1,2848,1,2875,2,2962,2,3002,1,3004,1,3008,6,3024,2,3029,2,3032,1,3034,3,3059,3,3079,2,3092,1,3119,2,3128,2,3161,1,3241,1,3260,1,3263,1,3265,1,3271,3,3290,1,3298,23,3351,1,3355,2,3358,2,3381,4,3390,2,3395,4,3404,1,3413,1,3420,2,3429,1,3439,3,3473,1,3535,2,3543,1,3564,2,3567,3,3581,2,3594,7,3604,1,3606,2,3611,7,3649,3,3663,2,3672,2,3676,1,3692,2,3697,1,3702,2,3710,2,3723,1,3790,1,3808,1,3810,1,3812,1,3815,1,3822,3,3851,1,3853,2,3859,11,3882,3,3903,3,3931,1,3938,2,3946,4,3960,1,3968,1,3977,2,3985,1,4000,3,4020,1,4022,6,4034,2,4039,1,4044,2,4054,1,4062,1,4064,4,4069,3,4076,1,4096,11,4108,1,4118,2,4157,1,4165,2,4186,1,4207,2,4216,2,4232,2,4238,1,4267,2,4271,3,4278,1,4352,13,4367,1,4372,3,4409,1,4423,1,4473,1,4477,1,4483,1,4494,1,4515,2,4592,2,4597,1,4603,1,4605,7,4651,1,4659,1,4662,2,4665,19,4699,1,4708,11,4722,7,4744,1,4748,1,4750,1,4754,1,4756,4,4844,1,4846,1,4890,1,4929,3,4969,2,5026,2,5053,2,5104,1,5145,1,5227,2,5234,1,5241,2,5262,6,5269,1,5272,1,5276,1,5288,1,5291,3,5295,3,5301,1,5303,1,5308,10,5319,9,5330,3,5334,3,5338,7,5371,1,5373,2,5378,3,5382,2,5387,1,5390,1,5396,1,5406,1,5408,1,5431,3,5435,5,5441,1,5444,2,5447,6,5514,1,5605,1,5664,1,5698,1,5722,2,5744,1,5767,2,5859,3,5867,1,5906,13,5920,2,5925,3,5929,8,5967,8,5979,1,5988,1,5990,1,5992,4,6030,1,6056,2,6059,1,6063,1,6081,2,6141,2,6196,1,6233,1,6275,1,6329,3,6458,2,6463,1,6470,1,6478,1,6540,22,6602,1,6606,2,6612,1,6616,2,6621,2,6690,1,6692,1,6694,5,6701,1,6703,1,6708,2,6725,1,6728,1,6745,12,6850,1,7074,1,7087,2,7091,2,7101,1,7106,2,7111,1,7113,1,7116,2,7121,1,7123,2,7146,1,7153,1,7159,1,7187,12,7202,2,7205,1,7207,2,7211,1,7224,2,7251,2,7254,1,7257,2,7260,5,7268,2,7271,1,7274,8,7283,2,7287,3,7291,1,7296,2,7349,2,7411,1,7482,1,7544,1,7559,1,7572,1,7584,2,7605,1,7622,1,7625,1,7628,3,7632,1,7644,1,7695,14,7711,1,7713,2,7716,1,7718,2,7721,1,7723,3,7754,1,7760,1,7766,1,7768,1,7773,2,7776,2,7781,2,7795,1,7826,1,7828,1,7831,3,7835,1,7837,11,7857,1,7916,1,7966,1,8015,2,8080,1,8143,1,8170,1,8203,2,8292,1,8355,2,8358,1,8363,1,8367,2,8372,1,8425,14,8440,15,8478,2,8481,8,8490,1,8492,5,8507,1,8517,4,8522,5,8529,2,8532,1,8616,3,8654,1,8713,1,8750,4,8777,1,8801,2,8824,1,8850,2,8947,1,8953,1,8955,1,8964,1,8983,1,8991,13,9005,3,9020,1,9023,10,9047,1,9049,1,9054,1,9072,1,9095,1,9126,1,9131,1,9139,1,9148,1,9153,1,9175,3,9271,1,9274,2,9284,3,9321,1,9339,10,9361,1,9388,1,9391,1,9412,2,9425,1,9429,1,9438,2,9446,2,9458,1,9476,3,9485,1,9534,2,9557,1,9559,1,9561,1,9603,1,9620,10,9641,3,9668,1,9682,1,9691,1,9699,1,9719,1,9725,2,9732,1,9741,1,9752,3,9769,2,9779,2,9784,1,9786,1,9813,1,9821,1,9826,4,9838,8,9850,2,9853,2,9875,1,9891,3,9910,1,9919,2,9925,3,9932,2,9948,1,9969,1,10013,2,10022,2,10066,3,10073,4,10084,1,10092,7,10101,4,10108,1,10110,13,10153,2,10172,3,10181,1,10184,1,10193,3,10205,2,10215,2,10241,1,10287,1,10294,1,10298,1,10340,1,10342,2,10354,4,10375,20,10418,2,10448,2,10460,1,10469,1,10475,2,10483,1,10493,1,10501,2,10508,2,10519,1,10603,2,10627,3,10631,1,10647,1,10658,2,10669,1,10672,3,10682,5,10694,1,10696,10,10724,3,10748,1,10762,2,10775,1,10797,2,10810,3,10866,1,10879,1,10895,1,10910,1,10916,2,10946,1,10951,1,10954,1,10958,1,10960,1,10986,1,10994,3,11006,7,11039,5,11057,3,11073,1,11087,1,11108,2,11193,1,11197,3,11201,1,11280,12,11298,1,11302,3,11329,2,11356,1,11373,2,11386,1,11411,1,11461,2,11480,1,11519,1,11522,1,11553,1,11555,2,11564,1,11568,1,11572,1,11603,1,11608,9,11624,2,11651,1,11676,1,11713,1,11776,3,11896,3,11963,2,11973,1,11992,1,11996,2,12030,1,12043,1,12046,2,12063,11,12102,6,12178,3,12253,2,12291,3,12306,1,12403,1,12433,1,12436,1,12444,1,12446,1,12449,1,12516,1,12560,1,12565,1,12571,5,12589,5,12617,2,12624,2,12628,1,12631,11,12699,2,12741,2,12769,3,12785,4,12856,4,12931,4,12985,2,12992,1,12995,1,12998,1,13002,3,13136,1,13140,5,13152,1,13167,2,13211,2,13265,2,13380,2,13503,1,13505,4,13511,1,13513,10,13525,6,13534,4,13549,2,13552,6,13567,2,13570,1,13601,2,13704,4,13837,1,13846,1,13879,7,13895,5,13946,2,13952,1],"p":[[3.345,159.102,16.731],[-3.345,159.102,16.731]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Frontal eminence (tuber)","t":"Eminence","w":"The smooth rounded bulge on each side of the forehead, about halfway up the squamous part.","x":"Frontal eminence (frontal tuber): the site where ossification began. No major muscle attaches here. Prominent in infants and children; smaller and less obvious in adult males. Differences in the eminence and the glabella are used in sex estimation.","f":[1684,1,2180,1,2444,1,2467,3,2490,3,2524,1,2545,1,2747,1,2764,4,2792,2,2813,3,2833,1,2843,1,2848,1,3032,1,3034,3,3059,3,3079,2,3092,1,3120,1,3320,1,3351,1,3355,2,3358,2,3381,4,3390,2,3395,4,3404,1,3613,1,3616,1,3649,3,3663,2,3672,2,3676,1,3884,1,3903,3,3931,1,3938,1,3946,1,4157,1,4165,2,4409,1,4423,1,9047,1,9072,1,9095,1,9388,1,9391,1,9412,2,9425,1,9643,1,9668,1,9682,1,9691,1,9699,1,9875,1,9891,3,9910,1,9919,2,10119,1,10121,2,10153,2,10172,3,10181,1,10184,1,10193,1,10394,1,10418,2,10448,2,10460,1,10469,1,10475,2,10483,1,10705,1,10724,3,10748,1,10762,2,10775,1,10797,2,11011,2,11039,5,11057,3,11073,1,11087,1,11330,1,11356,1,11373,2,11676,1],"p":[[3.054,159.102,16.939],[-3.054,159.102,16.939]]},{"id":"glab","n":"Glabella","t":"Prominence","w":"The smooth midline elevation between the two superciliary arches, just above the root of the nose.","x":"Used as a landmark for cranial measurement (the most anterior midline point of the forehead). Procerus and the medial part of corrugator supercilii act on the skin in this region. Overlies the frontal sinuses. Mnemonic: glabella = \"smooth, bald\" (hairless) area between the brows.","f":[5314,1,5316,2,5911,4,6549,3,7194,3,8431,1,8434,2],"p":[[0.016,155.648,18.208]]},{"id":"sca","n":"Superciliary arch","t":"Ridge","w":"The curved ridge above each supraorbital margin, beneath the eyebrow.","x":"Superciliary arch. Overlies the frontal sinus. It is more pronounced in males. Corrugator supercilii arises from the medial end and orbicularis oculi from the nearby orbital rim. Protects the eye.","f":[2734,2,2737,1,3008,2,3024,2,3027,1,3305,8,3328,1,3332,2,3336,1,3338,2,3594,2,3603,4,3861,4,3871,2,4096,5,4106,3,4354,1,4357,3,8993,2,9339,6,9621,3,9838,1,9847,1,9849,3,10105,8,10131,1,10135,2,10140,1,10375,7,10411,1,10696,3,10994,1],"p":[[2.263,155.69,17.924],[-2.263,155.69,17.924]]},{"id":"son","n":"Supraorbital notch / foramen","t":"Notch / foramen","w":"On the supraorbital margin about one-third of the way from the nasal midline, at the medial part of the orbital rim.","x":"Transmits the supraorbital nerve (from the frontal nerve, a branch of V1, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal) and the supraorbital artery and vein to the forehead and scalp. Often a notch but may be a complete foramen. Pressing it reproduces pain in trigeminal neuralgia tests; a blow can bruise the nerve.","f":[2757,2,2769,1,3014,7,3037,3,3062,3,3081,1,3083,1,3321,3,3325,3,3329,3,3334,4,3339,1,3360,5,3385,1,3392,2,3621,1,3630,5,3652,2,3665,1,3921,1,9879,1,9894,2,10129,11,10155,5,10175,1,10395,15,10420,7,10451,2,10462,2,10706,5,10727,1,10749,1],"p":[[2.846,155.008,17.161],[-2.846,155.008,17.161]]},{"id":"zyg","n":"Zygomatic process","t":"Process","w":"The lateral projection of the frontal bone at the outer end of the supraorbital margin.","x":"Articulates with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone at the frontozygomatic suture, forming the lateral orbital rim. Continues posteriorly as the temporal line, which gives origin to temporalis fascia. A weak point in orbital and zygomatic fractures (the frontozygomatic suture).","f":[747,1,764,2,768,5,1136,6,1145,10,1160,3,1164,1,1202,2,1217,1,1222,1,1225,1,1236,1,1238,2,1245,1,1247,2,1256,6,1265,1,1291,3,1588,1,1591,2,1599,1,1612,16,1634,1,1640,1,1643,1,1648,1,1656,1,1658,2,1726,1,1728,1,1749,2,1752,1,1754,1,1761,1,1764,2,1772,1,1775,1,1778,1,1780,24,1813,16,1837,9,1849,1,1869,8,1879,4,1884,11,2108,1,2124,4,2129,1,2155,2,2158,1,2184,1,2216,4,2221,4,2245,11,2258,4,2264,16,2284,1,2286,3,2309,1,11310,1,11359,1,11378,1,11396,1,11428,2,11432,2,11439,1,11451,1,11453,1,11622,2,11626,10,11653,3,11657,3,11694,1,11696,1,11699,1,11728,2,11731,4,11736,3,11740,2,11743,1,11747,1,11754,1,11757,1,11763,2,11771,2,11779,35,11816,5,11828,37,11899,10,11916,1,12051,4,12060,3,12064,1,12066,1,12074,24,12099,2,12112,3,12119,1,12122,1,12131,1,12206,1,12210,2,12230,2,12255,11,12280,2,12294,2,12307,2,12310,3,12337,5,12581,1,12620,2,12646,3,12652,2,12655,1,12657,2,12664,8,12673,3],"p":[[4.527,154.524,15.081],[-4.527,154.524,15.081]]},{"id":"orb","n":"Orbital part (roof of orbit)","t":"Part","w":"The thin, concave horizontal plate that forms most of the roof of the orbit.","x":"Separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa; the frontal lobes lie above. Contains the fossa for the lacrimal gland laterally and the trochlear fovea medially (for the pulley of superior oblique). Articulates with the sphenoid (lesser wing) posteriorly and the ethmoid medially. Fractures of the orbital roof can cause CSF leaks or pulsating exophthalmos.","f":[1847,1,1854,1,1856,1,1859,1,1900,3,1915,1,2098,1,2109,4,2128,1,2130,3,2157,1,2159,2,2185,1,2257,1,2280,2,2283,1,2285,1,2289,10,2310,8,2322,5,2328,1,2332,3,2339,1,2342,1,2430,1,2445,4,2450,5,2470,5,2493,3,2506,2,2525,4,2555,6,2598,1,2600,1,2603,1,2605,7,2620,9,2633,6,2641,3,2645,2,2652,2,2752,1,2768,2,2794,5,2816,4,2834,2,2844,2,2849,3,2862,2,2865,4,2912,14,2933,8,2946,1,2950,2,2957,2,3037,1,3062,3,3081,3,3093,1,3108,1,3121,2,3130,6,3143,12,3156,4,3162,2,3165,3,3170,1,3174,4,3181,2,3192,5,3201,1,3204,2,3210,1,3215,1,3222,3,3226,1,3228,3,3392,2,3405,3,3422,2,3430,2,3442,2,3445,1,3447,9,3457,11,3474,7,3482,19,3502,3,3511,1,3514,7,3525,2,3530,1,3533,1,3674,1,3677,2,3683,3,3694,1,3698,1,3704,1,3712,1,3717,2,3724,47,3772,4,3777,9,3791,4,3796,2,3801,1,3922,2,3932,2,3940,1,3950,4,3956,2,3961,1,3970,3,3974,1,3979,1,3986,9,3997,1,4003,1,4006,1,4011,1,4013,2,4150,1,4158,2,4167,5,4179,1,4187,4,4198,1,4209,2,4225,2,4234,3,4239,8,4248,3,4253,2,4257,1,4259,1,4261,1,4415,1,4417,1,4442,4,4463,1,4465,1,4467,2,4474,1,4480,2,4486,1,4495,1,4498,1,4508,2,4513,1,4519,2,4523,1,4557,1,4559,2,4563,1,4565,1,9120,2,9172,1,9225,1,9227,1,9229,1,9232,1,9406,3,9414,8,9430,6,9440,3,9448,2,9459,3,9469,1,9479,3,9486,3,9492,1,9495,2,9499,5,9511,2,9515,3,9520,8,9531,3,9539,1,9542,1,9548,1,9550,1,9683,2,9692,4,9700,3,9704,2,9711,1,9720,1,9733,2,9742,3,9755,9,9772,2,9775,3,9895,1,9906,1,9911,3,9921,3,9928,2,9934,2,9939,2,9943,3,9949,2,9953,14,9970,2,9973,1,9977,1,9983,2,9989,2,10182,1,10186,1,10188,2,10196,1,10200,1,10207,3,10213,1,10217,20,10242,12,10255,5,10261,9,10271,2,10283,2,10290,1,10426,1,10451,2,10461,3,10471,1,10477,1,10484,2,10510,7,10520,2,10523,1,10525,5,10535,2,10543,2,10546,9,10561,2,10566,2,10569,1,10571,2,10574,1,10577,1,10579,2,10582,1,10585,1,10587,1,10589,2,10594,1,10599,2,10710,2,10727,2,10749,4,10764,3,10776,2,10786,3,10799,3,10803,6,10828,5,10835,1,10867,2,10871,5,10880,4,10885,2,10888,6,10896,3,10902,2,10905,1,10908,1,11003,1,11013,3,11017,1,11044,3,11060,3,11074,3,11088,4,11097,5,11136,1,11138,2,11164,8,11174,8,11185,4,11295,1,11305,4,11311,4,11331,9,11357,2,11375,3,11379,1,11397,2,11400,2,11441,10,11452,1,11454,1,11463,16,11481,6,11490,2,11494,1,11502,4,11509,1,11815,1,11865,1,11868,9,11878,1,11880,2,11884,1,11888,1,11890,1,11911,5,11926,1,11930,3,11934,2,11946,1],"p":[[2.929,154.58,14.54],[-2.929,154.58,14.54]]},{"id":"lacf","n":"Fossa for lacrimal gland","t":"Fossa","w":"A shallow depression in the anterolateral part of the orbital roof, just behind the zygomatic process.","x":"Houses the lacrimal gland, which secretes tears. Gland swelling can displace the eye inferomedially. Mnemonic: lacrimal = tears.","f":[732,3,737,2,740,5,762,6,769,1,1136,3,1145,12,1158,7,1176,26,1216,6,1223,2,1226,10,1237,1,1240,5,1246,1,1249,7,1290,1,1592,1,1599,1,1601,1,1612,14,1627,1,1634,26,1686,25,1712,6,1719,10,1748,1,1750,2,1753,1,1756,1,1779,1,2155,1,2158,1,2182,3,11359,1,11621,2,11626,4,11632,1,11635,1,11652,6,11659,1,11681,22,11758,1,11765,2,11768,1,12052,1,12054,1,12061,1,12074,28,12108,41,12181,30,12212,18,12255,1,12582,5,12594,12,12607,3,12612,2,12642,22],"p":[[4.562,154.358,15.705],[-4.562,154.358,15.705]]},{"id":"cor","n":"Coronal border","t":"Border","w":"The serrated posterior edge of the squamous part that meets the parietal bones.","x":"Forms the coronal suture with the parietal bones; the bregma is the point where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet. The two frontal halves fuse in the metopic suture, which usually closes in early childhood. Premature closure (craniosynostosis) distorts skull shape.","f":[0,24,27,26,55,328,387,2,390,1,392,2,397,1,400,2,404,3,412,15,430,1,472,9,482,1,484,6,491,1,493,44,539,1,541,138,680,2,683,46,778,1,781,1,783,1,789,12,806,19,826,1,828,1,831,19,853,1,855,1,871,17,889,1,892,1,921,1,925,1,931,67,1002,5,1009,127,1271,3,1275,2,1278,5,1285,2,1288,1,1299,1,1301,1,1303,10,1335,1,1341,1,1370,2,1407,7,1415,1,1451,1,1459,1,1462,11,1474,1,1477,4,1483,94,1740,1,1956,124,2365,1,2368,59,2660,71,2961,1,2964,44,3234,71,3536,58,3805,1,3810,51,4021,1,4024,72,4271,1,4274,1,4276,76,4598,67,5240,1,5243,29,5273,35,5856,50,6461,1,6464,14,6479,61,7125,1,7129,1,7138,4,7145,1,7161,9,7171,2,7174,1,7176,1,7631,1,7633,62,8359,8,8368,57,8956,35,9279,6,9286,53,9560,1,9562,59,9784,54,9993,1,9995,108,10295,80,10602,2,10605,89,10911,80,11200,1,11202,76,11518,1,11521,1,11523,45,11569,3,11573,30,11966,7,11974,72,12243,7,12251,1,12276,1,12333,2,12390,3,12394,8,12426,2,12438,143,12681,7,12689,10,12715,6,12722,19,12756,1,12758,2,12773,1,12775,10,12790,6,12797,3,12803,1,12838,15,12855,1,12873,4,12878,16,12895,31,12927,1,12929,2,12935,200,13147,5,13157,10,13170,27,13198,10,13209,1,13245,14,13260,2,13263,1,13269,111,13382,121,13505,1,13507,1,13511,5,13517,2,13531,6,13538,16,13558,43,13603,101,13705,2,13708,172,13881,4,13886,9,13896,1,13899,99],"p":[[4.371,160.35,12.75],[-4.371,160.35,12.75]]},{"id":"nasp","n":"Nasal part","t":"Part","w":"The anteroinferior midline part of the frontal bone between the two orbits, forming the root of the nose.","x":"Articulates with the nasal bones (frontonasal suture), the frontal processes of the maxillae, the lacrimal bones and the ethmoid. The meeting of the frontonasal and internasal sutures is called the nasion. Roofs the ethmoidal air cells and nasal cavity.","f":[4424,1,4437,4,4450,1,4452,3,4674,2,4710,4,4715,5,4724,2,4727,2,4736,24,4769,45,4815,7,4823,3,4827,4,4833,1,4835,3,4847,17,4865,6,4872,1,4876,5,4882,2,4885,3,4894,1,4898,1,4904,1,4907,1,4910,3,4917,1,4919,1,5323,5,5330,3,5335,2,5338,1,5340,1,5342,2,5379,1,5382,2,5387,1,5390,1,5395,2,5409,5,5415,38,5463,1,5465,2,5469,2,5521,3,5528,2,5532,3,5538,1,5542,2,5557,2,5561,2,5916,2,5920,2,5925,2,5929,8,5954,9,5966,12,5979,1,5985,1,5987,9,6031,4,6036,1,6040,8,6050,2,6055,9,6540,2,6544,3,6562,11,6574,1,6577,15,6593,3,6598,5,6605,1,6607,1,6611,2,6616,2,6624,2,6627,5,6633,2,6636,1,6638,1,6641,1,6644,3,6648,1,6650,1,6652,2,6656,1,6661,5,6671,1,6676,1,6681,5,6688,22,6711,9,6722,4,6727,2,6731,5,6740,17,6861,1,7187,1,7189,3,7200,4,7205,1,7207,2,7211,1,7226,4,7231,1,7233,16,7250,32,7283,2,7287,3,7291,1,7296,2,7355,1,7357,4,7364,1,7367,1,7370,3,7545,8,7560,7,7568,1,7576,2,7695,1,7707,2,7711,1,7713,2,7716,1,7718,2,7721,1,7723,1,7755,1,7760,1,7766,1,7768,1,7773,2,7776,2,7781,2,7796,1,7798,3,7802,4,7807,3,7811,37,7877,2,7940,1,7943,4,7948,1,7967,4,7975,10,7991,1,7994,7,8017,5,8024,7,8033,25,8059,3,8081,29,8112,2,8116,15,8148,1,8151,1,8154,1,8158,1,8438,1,8440,9,8478,2,8481,8,8490,1,8492,5,8508,25,8555,3,8561,3,8565,10,8576,1,8578,4,8585,12,8619,6,8626,1,8628,16,8646,2,8655,3,8659,2,8663,4,8675,27,8705,5,9025,7,9048,9,9074,13,9096,5,9102,2,9108,1],"p":[[0.099,153.651,17.282]]},{"id":"nsp","n":"Nasal spine","t":"Spine","w":"The small downward-pointing midline projection of the nasal part.","x":"Nasal spine of the frontal bone; it supports the nasal bones and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, helping form the nasal septum. A fracture here can cause septal and ethmoid injury.","f":[5426,1,5428,2,5956,7,6032,23,6083,13,6097,4,6102,1,6104,1,6107,1,6562,36,6623,32,6656,4,6661,23,6685,2,6688,2,6851,25,6956,1,6958,1,7199,3,7226,12,7239,6,7246,3,7351,22,7412,5,7418,2,7798,13,7812,1,7858,1,7862,1,7866,1],"p":[[-0.109,153.442,17.314]]}],"parietal bone":[{"id":"sag","n":"Sagittal border","t":"Border","w":"The straight medial edge of the parietal bone along the top midline of the skull.","x":"Meets the opposite parietal at the sagittal suture. The superior sagittal sinus runs in the groove beneath the suture (sagittal sulcus). Arachnoid granulations lie beside it. The parietal foramen, if present, transmits an emissary vein.","f":[5,1,7,103,343,3,347,2,351,12,367,13,390,1,392,796,1189,2,1192,2,1195,5,1201,7,1209,59,1269,10,1280,224,1506,6,1514,40,1563,2,1567,1,1573,1,1579,37,1619,1,1622,1,1624,81,1707,51,1760,12,1775,8,1788,2,1792,2,1796,3,1801,11,1843,15,1861,1,2480,1,2483,2,2486,9,2496,6,2503,1,2505,24,2530,1,2533,1,2536,2,2539,3,2544,3,2550,1,2553,2,2558,9,2568,18,2587,54,2642,215,2858,1,2862,2,2865,1,2867,3,2871,21,2893,4,2898,263,3162,92,3255,1,3259,1,3267,1,3278,64,3343,2,3346,1,3348,91,3445,13,3461,4,3466,2,3469,2,3472,2,3481,2,3486,1,3491,43,3542,6,3550,4,3556,1,3558,6,3566,3,3571,3,3577,43,3621,8,3630,20,3690,1,3694,2,3698,3,3705,1,3718,1,3734,1,3736,1,3739,1,3769,1,4501,1,4512,2,4518,1,4521,1,4523,2,4526,4,4532,1,4534,3,4538,2,4542,4,4556,2,4559,8,4568,1,4570,1,4572,2,4581,1,4583,1,4585,2,4589,1,4592,4,4597,7],"p":[[-0.012,163.269,6.916]]},{"id":"cor","n":"Frontal (coronal) border","t":"Border","w":"The anterior edge of the parietal bone, a serrated margin that overlaps the frontal bone.","x":"Forms the coronal suture with the frontal bone. Its upper end meets the sagittal suture at the bregma. The suture runs from side to side across the top of the skull in front of the ears.","f":[0,5,6,1,238,105,346,1,350,1,363,4,380,10,391,1,2416,62,2479,1,2482,1,4431,67,4926,71,5189,60,5448,51,5500,13,5748,81,6010,5,6016,9,6026,1,6028,3,6033,42,6080,3,6085,3,6091,5,6099,3,6103,1,6107,20,6128,15,6314,1,6321,1,6327,1,6329,14,6344,11,6356,7,6364,39,6560,42,6603,48,6801,93,6895,4,6900,7,7151,87,7436,61,7499,1,7753,65,7819,1,8087,118,8539,91,8633,1,8635,2,8638,1,8648,143,9108,77,9188,3,9194,1,9196,1,9199,2,9202,5,9209,3,9217,10,9228,5,9234,1,9286,2,9326,133,9820,30,9852,79,9961,7,9969,1,9972,2,9975,1,9977,114,10117,84,10231,2,10742,15,10758,86,10848,182,11051,1,11054,1,11056,1,11060,63,11159,2,11823,6,11831,12,11846,1,11848,3,11854,1,11858,1],"p":[[4.315,160.758,12.542]]},{"id":"lam","n":"Occipital (lambdoid) border","t":"Border","w":"The posterior edge of the parietal bone, a deeply serrated margin that meets the occipital bone.","x":"Forms the lambdoid suture with the occipital bone; the lambda is where it meets the sagittal suture. Extra small bones called sutural (Wormian) bones commonly occur here. Mnemonic: lambdoid looks like the Greek letter lambda, \u039b.","f":[236,2,2082,2,2090,7,2107,3,2115,2,2126,7,2136,6,2157,1,2159,4,2177,1,2199,10,2210,3,2214,9,2224,1,2226,4,2233,6,2240,15,2256,2,2259,9,2274,3,2283,4,2294,3,2298,6,2311,10,2322,4,2327,89,3970,1,3980,1,3998,2,4004,2,4015,2,4019,2,4029,1,4033,1,4035,1,4060,2,4063,1,4079,2,4086,4,4091,8,4101,3,4105,7,4113,46,4161,1,4193,1,4199,7,4207,10,4218,2,4223,42,4268,2,4272,6,4279,9,4289,1,4291,5,4299,1,4302,3,4307,3,4313,10,4324,6,4331,100,4714,4,4719,3,4725,6,4734,1,4757,18,4778,26,4816,1,4821,6,4828,5,4838,2,4843,5,4849,2,4852,1,4854,72,5070,2,5075,2,5107,2,5111,1,5114,2,5117,1,5128,61,5317,1,5325,1,5348,1,5362,4,5371,2,5374,25,5400,5,5406,42,5578,3,5586,1,5599,1,5605,2,5611,4,5620,3,5625,3,5638,4,5647,4,5652,96,5880,1,5885,1,5890,1,5892,1,5894,4,5906,2,5911,2,5916,4,5924,86,6205,1,6209,3,6214,2,6217,6,6224,3,6228,4,6237,77,6462,1,6471,2,6476,7,6484,4,6489,3,6493,2,6498,62,6723,1,6728,1,6731,2,6740,1,6744,2,6748,1,6750,1,6753,1,6755,46,6981,4,6986,2,6989,2,6997,5,7003,1,7005,2,7008,4,7014,4,7019,20,7045,2,7055,5,7062,8,7071,24,7097,54,7328,5,7334,1,7337,1,7339,2,7350,3,7359,2,7367,1,7371,49,7422,14,7645,1,7649,1,7652,2,7657,2,7680,1,7683,1,7686,4,7691,1,7694,59,7999,1,8001,16,8018,1,8028,30,8059,3,8064,2,8068,19],"p":[[1.486,158.178,0.418]]},{"id":"squ","n":"Squamous border","t":"Border","w":"The curved lower edge of the parietal bone, beveled to be overlapped by the temporal bone.","x":"Forms the squamous suture with the squamous part of the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid. The bevel allows the temporal squama to overlap the parietal, like scales. The squamous suture lies near the course of the middle meningeal vessels.","f":[9313,2,9316,3,9320,1,9325,1,9549,21,9571,6,9584,24,9622,9,9633,4,9638,3,9643,9,9654,3,9658,4,9931,1,9933,10,10094,2,10097,9,10210,1,10213,1,10215,9,10225,1,10227,2,10236,5,10242,9,10256,13,10272,6,10344,10,10361,3,10365,4,10375,1,10378,1,10403,1,10421,1,10427,1,10429,1,10432,1,10470,2,10474,7,10482,1,10484,2,10487,1,10501,1,10505,2,10508,13,10522,8,10584,3,10589,3,10594,3,10598,2,10651,1,10844,3,11030,8,11123,13,11137,1,11163,29,11195,1,11211,26,11239,1,11251,27,11285,25,11317,8,11372,3,11381,5,11399,2,11404,1,11407,22,11442,30,11484,42,11539,35,11577,5,11614,1,11618,2,11621,2,11625,2,11628,4,11634,1,11636,3,11666,2,11671,6,11703,37,11741,13,11775,17,11855,2,11860,14,11896,12,11909,1,11929,8,11969,7,11977,3,11981,2,12003,24,12028,1,12030,1,12049,30,12095,9,12117,2,12139,1,12159,2,12162,1,12164,2,12168,2,12172,4,12181,2,12184,1,12191,24,12227,8,12251,1,12260,4,12278,1,12280,2,12287,2,12290,2,12293,1,12302,11,12322,9,12348,5,12384,3,12405,1,12447,4,12462,11,12474,2,12477,1,12486,15,12502,1,12510,31,12543,1,12556,28,12600,39,12655,29,12699,4,12704,1,12707,2,12713,2,12716,2,12720,3,12724,1,12727,1,12729,2,12774,3,12913,1,12915,1,12931,13,12967,1,12970,5,12976,3,13011,1,13013,1,13015,1,13037,2,13040,1,13043,2,13074,5,13108,3,13126,1,13147,5,13163,8,13181,1,13193,17,13211,2,13217,1,13226,26,13262,17,13311,4,13320,1,13323,1,13325,3,13363,1,13503,2,13620,16,13637,7,13706,9,13748,2,13827,1,13863,1],"p":[[6.299,154.641,8.331]]},{"id":"eminence","n":"Parietal eminence (tuber)","t":"Eminence","w":"The most convex point of the lateral surface of the parietal bone.","x":"Parietal eminence (tuber): the point where ossification began. The skull is widest at about this level. The superior and inferior temporal lines arch below it; temporalis fascia and the temporalis muscle attach along the lower line. Prominent in infants.","f":[12730,1,13205,1,13210,2,13220,2,13234,2,13238,16,13262,1,13264,1,13267,1,13270,15,13288,4,13311,1,13316,7,13325,8,13371,21,13397,2,13457,3,13461,1,13463,8,13561,1,13564,1,13566,1,13789,1,13815,9,13825,17,13844,89,13934,21,13960,10,13971,2,13975,12,13989,7],"p":[[7.056,155.681,8.456]]},{"id":"fang","n":"Frontal (anterosuperior) angle","t":"Angle","w":"The anterosuperior corner where the coronal and sagittal borders meet.","x":"Frontal angle; this is the region of the bregma and the adult remnant of the anterior fontanelle (closes at about 18\u201324 months). A bulging fontanelle in an infant suggests raised intracranial pressure; a sunken one suggests dehydration.","f":[0,27,28,2,31,9,45,2,49,6,56,1,71,2,82,8,96,1,238,161,404,7,414,1,417,1,419,1,421,1,2416,67,4431,67,4926,71,5189,3,5202,7,5210,4,5216,1,5235,3,5239,1],"p":[[-0.149,163.047,11.618]]},{"id":"sang","n":"Sphenoidal (anteroinferior) angle","t":"Angle","w":"The anteroinferior corner of the bone, the thin pointed end near the sphenoid.","x":"Sphenoidal angle; it articulates with the greater wing of the sphenoid at the pterion region. Pterion is the weak spot where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid meet, overlying the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery; a blow here may cause an epidural hematoma.","f":[8539,109,9108,108,9217,5,9235,50,9307,2,9312,1,9321,1,9820,20,9841,1,9850,5,9931,5,9937,4,9943,5,10844,1],"p":[[4.958,155.723,13.366]]},{"id":"oang","n":"Occipital (posterosuperior) angle","t":"Angle","w":"The posterosuperior corner where the sagittal and lambdoid borders meet.","x":"Occipital angle; corresponds to the lambda and the posterior fontanelle (closes about 2\u20133 months after birth).","f":[1597,2,1624,199,1843,23,3278,3,3283,2,3286,2,3290,1,3292,4,3320,1,3327,3,3332,1,3348,29,3378,29,3408,1,3411,1,3413,257,3686,1,3688,1,3690,1,3694,15,3710,6,3718,11,3730,62,3814,1,3818,3,3824,13,3838,5,4580,1,4582,43,4629,10,5034,3,5041,1,5046,1,5292,2,5296,1],"p":[[-0.004,162.298,3.671]]},{"id":"mang","n":"Mastoid (posteroinferior) angle","t":"Angle","w":"The posteroinferior corner of the bone.","x":"Mastoid angle; articulates with the mastoid part of the temporal bone near the asterion. Grooved internally by the sigmoid sinus.","f":[8878,2,9549,28,9584,24,9617,45,9669,31,9720,11,9732,1,9736,3,9741,2,9745,1,9747,10,9793,2,10410,10,10423,1,10425,2,10433,7,10441,1,10443,10,10454,4,10469,19,10499,33,10544,56,10619,47,10667,1,10669,31,10701,1,10709,22,11671,6,11678,4,11703,51,11775,17,11805,1],"p":[[5.273,153.726,3.247]]}],"zygomatic bone":[{"id":"tp","n":"Temporal process","t":"Process","w":"The posterior, narrow arm of the zygomatic bone.","x":"Joins the zygomatic process of the temporal bone at the zygomaticotemporal suture to form the zygomatic arch. Masseter attaches along the lower border and inner surface of the arch; temporalis passes deep to it. The arch is the cheek\u2019s side-to-side prominence and is easily fractured (tripod fracture).","f":[4096,1,4098,4,4103,10,4114,3,4118,4,4124,1,4126,4,4132,6,4140,22,4214,1,4216,8,4228,2,4231,171,4406,154],"p":[[5.64,150.879,13.304]]},{"id":"fp","n":"Frontal process","t":"Process","w":"The superior, upward-pointing process of the zygomatic bone.","x":"Articulates with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone at the frontozygomatic suture, forming the lateral wall and lateral rim of the orbit. It meets the greater wing of the sphenoid posteriorly in the orbit. A fracture-prone suture in facial trauma.","f":[235,1,238,2,416,3,480,2,486,1,488,1,495,3,500,4,506,4,512,3,517,1,522,3,531,1,533,1,535,1,937,4,942,1,944,11,956,2,966,17,984,1,998,1,1000,4,1005,8,1036,2,1039,4,1084,5,1090,1,1094,7,1615,3,1619,2,1622,6,1634,3,1651,2,1655,1,1660,3,1669,2,1672,8,1681,2,1686,2,1703,5,1712,1,1715,2,1720,1,1727,3,1732,6,2157,1,2273,2,2276,2,2279,1,2284,5,2300,4,2307,3,2312,3,2316,15,2332,12,2347,2,2355,35,2393,6,2425,2,2431,1,2434,1,2436,4,2441,3,2752,2,2875,22,2904,1,2909,3,2913,9,2927,2,2937,2,2940,3,2949,1,2951,12,2974,1,2981,1,2986,17,3010,2,3015,3,3021,6,3028,7,3073,1,3075,3,3079,3,3089,1,3112,3,3157,2,3165,1,3167,1,3177,1,3191,7,3209,1,3214,1,3221,1,3223,8,3259,2,3262,10,3328,12,3341,46,3397,19,3417,38,3483,15,3501,15,3524,33,3589,3,3593,1,3648,5,3663,4,3668,23,3698,14,3738,1,3740,11,3844,22],"p":[[4.482,153.501,15.003]]},{"id":"lat","n":"Lateral (malar) surface","t":"Surface","w":"The smooth convex outer (cheek) surface, the malar eminence or prominence of the cheek.","x":"Gives origin to zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor. Pierced by the zygomaticofacial foramen (not resolved here) for the zygomaticofacial nerve from V2. Masseter attaches to the lower border. Forms the cheekbone.","f":[272,1,547,2,552,8,561,3,566,1,568,1,1101,5,1116,5,1122,3,1134,2,1738,8,1749,2,1753,5,1785,1,2445,13,2463,1,2466,2,2476,7,2511,3,2515,14,2624,8,2778,2,2929,1,3035,16,3054,9,3066,3,3070,1,3115,24,3140,1,3198,11,3231,2,3234,2,3237,2,3240,3,3285,1,3340,1,3387,7,3455,28,3516,8,3557,1,3594,1,3604,6,3667,1,3691,5,3712,25,3751,3,3788,3,3792,1,3795,7,3804,6,3818,2,3821,7,3872,1,3876,3,3965,1,4004,21,4029,1,4032,2,4092,1,4162,18,4192,9,4205,1,4209,5,4215,1,4402,4],"p":[[4.951,150.567,15.418]]},{"id":"orb","n":"Orbital surface","t":"Surface","w":"The concave, smooth surface facing the orbit, forming part of the lateral wall and floor.","x":"Forms the lateral and inferolateral orbital wall; articulates with the maxilla and the greater wing of the sphenoid. Pierced by the zygomaticoorbital foramen, which leads to the zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial canals (branches of V2).","f":[171,5,178,2,188,1,195,17,214,1,217,3,222,1,225,1,234,1,337,1,350,4,359,2,370,1,372,1,381,1,388,1,390,1,395,4,431,1,609,1,685,2,712,1,719,1,724,1,741,8,750,3,754,1,758,2,761,1,763,3,767,6,774,4,781,2,799,1,809,2,813,1,818,3,823,1,836,2,839,2,896,7,932,1,1125,2,1128,1,1197,3,1350,4,1474,4,1570,1,1597,7,1762,1,1814,7,1994,3,2138,13,2483,1,2486,5,2547,7,2710,3,2854,3,2859,5,2870,5,3064,1,3139,1,3244,12,3296,7,3561,12,3616,2,3619,7,3754,17,3773,2,3776,3,3782,1,3784,4,3793,2,3810,2,3828,4,3885,4,3894,7,3902,1,3907,2,3911,1,3925,1,3929,2,3936,3,3947,3],"p":[[4.42,151.722,15.117]]},{"id":"mxb","n":"Maxillary border (articulates with maxilla)","t":"Border","w":"The anteroinferior edge of the zygomatic bone that meets the maxilla.","x":"Articulates with the zygomatic process of the maxilla at the zygomaticomaxillary suture, forming the inferolateral orbital margin and the infraorbital rim. A fracture along this suture and the frontozygomatic and zygomaticotemporal sutures is the classic tripod (zygomaticomaxillary complex) fracture.","f":[0,30,39,1,51,2,61,1,78,1,82,1,90,1,240,15,258,2,262,1,266,2,272,1,274,1,537,4,542,25,568,1,599,1,620,1,1101,5,1107,18,1134,2,1138,2,1142,2,1145,1,1147,17,1165,2,1168,1,1182,12,1201,1,1216,2,1738,8,1749,9,1765,2,1770,3,1776,6,1785,8,1800,1,1829,1,2445,13,2463,1,2466,2,2473,10,2506,1,2510,1,2512,17,2929,1,3035,11,3047,1,3116,5,3123,2,3126,10,3340,1,3388,1,3390,1],"p":[[3.983,150.036,16.258]]}],"nasal bone":[{"id":"inb","n":"Internasal border","t":"Border","w":"The medial edge of the nasal bone that meets its partner.","x":"Forms the internasal suture with the opposite nasal bone at the midline. The two bones form the bridge of the nose. The nasal septum\u2019s perpendicular plate of the ethmoid sits beneath it.","f":[0,14,16,64,81,22,104,34,139,153,293,41,336,2,339,1,341,2,369,17,390,1,394,1,426,3,430,2,435,1,448,1,454,1,467,1,477,1,484,2,508,2,513,3,534,1,552,1,554,5,561,1,567,1,579,1,589,2],"p":[[-0.136,152.684,18.604]]},{"id":"mxb","n":"Lateral (maxillary) border","t":"Border","w":"The lateral edge of the nasal bone.","x":"Articulates with the frontal process of the maxilla at the nasomaxillary suture. The nasal bone is thin, so a lateral blow often fractures it; the nose is the most commonly broken facial bone.","f":[745,1,759,1,783,1,785,1,789,1,792,1,795,1,797,4,807,26,834,2,842,10,854,14,869,15,885,1,887,7,901,1,903,1,909,4,918,1,935,1,946,1,999,1,1024,9,1034,5,1087,1,1097,27],"p":[[0.547,152.747,18.292]]},{"id":"frb","n":"Superior (frontal) border","t":"Border","w":"The thick, upper edge of the nasal bone.","x":"Articulates with the nasal part of the frontal bone at the frontonasal suture. The midpoint of the frontonasal suture is the nasion, a standard craniometric landmark. The upper bone is thick and strong; the lower part is thin.","f":[292,1,334,2,338,1,340,1,343,26,386,4,391,3,395,22,536,16,596,13,610,97,886,1,895,2,898,3,902,1,904,5,913,5,919,16,936,10,947,28],"p":[[0.238,153.964,17.73]]},{"id":"fre","n":"Inferior (free) border","t":"Border","w":"The thin lower free edge of the nasal bone.","x":"Continuous with the lateral nasal cartilages (upper lateral cartilages). Forms the upper margin of the piriform (nasal) aperture. Nasalis and procerus act on the skin and cartilage of this area; procerus arises from the nasal bone and lateral cartilage.","f":[14,2,417,9,433,1,449,2,707,9,719,21,749,9,760,7,768,1,975,22,1001,23,1033,1,1039,48,1088,8],"p":[[0.434,151.311,18.729]]},{"id":"surf","n":"Nasal bridge (anterior surface)","t":"Surface","w":"The outer convex surface forming the bridge of the nose.","x":"Smooth and slightly concave from above downward. Procerus arises from here and from the lateral nasal cartilage, inserting into the skin of the forehead between the eyebrows. Perforated by the nasal foramen (not resolved here), which transmits a small vein and branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve (external nasal nerve) in some bones.","f":[80,1,103,1,138,1,436,12,460,1,462,2,478,1,488,1,716,3,740,5,746,3],"p":[[0.288,152.185,19.047]]}],"lacrimal bone":[{"id":"plc","n":"Posterior lacrimal crest","t":"Crest","w":"The vertical ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone.","x":"Posterior lacrimal crest: gives attachment to the lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi (Horner\u2019s muscle, pars lacrimalis) and the orbital septum. It forms the posterior boundary of the lacrimal groove. The anterior lacrimal crest is on the maxilla.","f":[581,2,595,1,598,2,870,11,882,2,1000,1,1010,3,1049,2],"p":[[1.336,152.224,16.489]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Lacrimal groove","t":"Groove","w":"The vertical groove just anterior to the posterior lacrimal crest.","x":"Together with the groove on the frontal process of the maxilla it forms the fossa for the lacrimal sac, which drains into the nasolacrimal duct and then to the inferior nasal meatus. Blockage causes watery eyes (epiphora) and infection of the sac (dacryocystitis).","f":[420,3,426,1,430,1,432,3,437,1,452,1,459,1,464,2,468,1,470,3,474,2,514,5,542,11,591,1,594,1,784,4,818,9,881,1],"p":[[1.19,152.661,16.876]]},{"id":"orb","n":"Orbital surface","t":"Surface","w":"The smooth flat part of the lacrimal bone behind the crest, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit.","x":"Articulates with the ethmoid (orbital plate, lamina papyracea), the frontal bone and the maxilla. The lacrimal bone is one of the thinnest, most fragile bones of the face. Part of the medial orbital wall.","f":[408,6,670,1,724,1,728,1,731,13,766,1,769,1,778,2,783,1,893,4,952,4,957,5,963,2,966,7,1043,1,1051,2,1106,5,1114,1,1119,2,1122,1],"p":[[1.248,152.287,15.909]]},{"id":"ham","n":"Lacrimal hamulus","t":"Hook","w":"The small downward hooked projection at the lower end of the posterior lacrimal crest.","x":"Lacrimal hamulus: it meets the maxilla and encloses the upper opening of the nasolacrimal canal; it forms part of the nasolacrimal canal.","f":[828,1,840,2,884,4,889,1,891,1,897,2,902,1,976,3,983,1,1013,28,1053,35,1094,2,1097,2,1115,1],"p":[[1.592,150.882,16.127]]}],"inferior nasal concha":[{"id":"fb","n":"Inferior (free) border","t":"Border","w":"The lower, thickened, curled edge of the concha.","x":"Inferior free border projects into the nasal cavity. It covers the inferior nasal meatus. The mucosa over the concha is highly vascular and can swell (rhinitis). Not part of the ethmoid; the inferior concha is a separate bone.","f":[28,1,59,5,101,6,108,8,143,18,176,2,179,1,200,3,216,4,221,3,228,2,231,3,235,11,257,19,277,4,292,18,324,1,339,16,357,1,359,1,419,7,428,17,483,15,524,14,566,9,628,4,678,11,693,1,750,7,798,5,804,1,839,11,852,10,890,13,906,4,921,15,937,2,940,11,960,6,967,3,971,11,983,13,1003,17,1021,1,1079,8,1094,7,1103,7,1111,1,1115,4],"p":[[0.796,149.608,15.746]]},{"id":"lacp","n":"Lacrimal process","t":"Process","w":"The anterosuperior projection of the concha.","x":"Lacrimal process: articulates with the lacrimal bone and the maxilla, helping to form the medial wall of the nasolacrimal canal.","f":[16,10,50,2,54,5,92,1,327,1,331,1,335,4,381,38,459,1,461,22,507,1,517,1],"p":[[0.625,150.704,16.776]]},{"id":"ethp","n":"Ethmoidal process","t":"Process","w":"The posterosuperior projection of the concha.","x":"Ethmoidal process: articulates with the uncinate process of the ethmoid. It lies near the openings of the maxillary sinus (hiatus semilunaris).","f":[714,1,728,2,731,1,737,1,740,1,743,3,747,1,749,1,759,1,761,8,770,28,809,10,820,19,873,1,875,3,879,3,884,1,886,2,1229,1,1231,1,1235,2,1239,2,1244,1,1246,6,1257,39,1300,5],"p":[[0.765,150.357,15.028]]},{"id":"maxp","n":"Maxillary process","t":"Process","w":"The downward-turned flap on the superolateral side of the concha.","x":"Maxillary process: hooks over the maxillary hiatus and articulates with the maxilla and the palatine bone to reduce the opening into the maxillary sinus. Tiny and delicate.","f":[505,2,508,4,515,1,518,6,547,1,555,2,562,4,611,7,622,2,626,2,669,9,715,9,732,4,738,2,741,2,746,1,748,1,1112,3,1120,4,1125,54,1184,1,1186,4,1191,2,1194,2,1197,3,1205,3,1219,4,1237,1,1241,3,1245,1,1332,4,1339,1,1341,1,1347,1,1355,1,1358,4,1363,50,1423,1,1462,5,1474,1,1483,1],"p":[[0.875,150.621,15.902]]},{"id":"med","n":"Medial surface","t":"Surface","w":"The convex medial surface facing the nasal septum.","x":"Lined with a thick, vascular mucosa that warms and humidifies inhaled air. The inferior nasal meatus lies beneath and lateral to the concha, receiving the nasolacrimal duct.","f":[0,16,26,2,29,17,47,3,64,3,71,5,107,1,116,13,161,6,178,1,180,3,185,1,187,1,203,6,220,1,224,4,230,1,234,1,246,11,281,11,310,14,325,2,329,2,355,2,358,1,360,1,365,1,427,1,709,1,758,3,762,3,806,1,808,7,862,5,870,13,910,1,936,1,951,4,966,1,970,1,996,2,1022,5,1033,3,1038,1,1040,2],"p":[[0.328,149.951,15.902]]},{"id":"latrl","n":"Lateral surface","t":"Surface","w":"The concave lateral surface facing the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.","x":"Forms the roof of the inferior meatus together with the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The nasolacrimal duct opens into the inferior meatus below the concha.","f":[46,1,67,4,76,13,129,1,131,2,168,2,361,4,366,15,445,12,458,1,460,1,498,6,538,6,545,2,575,6,582,2,632,20,689,4,694,2,700,1,706,1,757,1,803,1,805,1,807,1,815,7,828,7,850,2,867,3,886,4,903,3,912,1,915,6,958,2,1020,1,1027,6,1036,2,1042,8,1051,1,1053,2,1062,17,1087,7,1101,2,1110,1,1228,4,1236,1,1252,7,1260,1,1296,4,1305,3,1309,2,1313,4,1319,13],"p":[[0.625,149.944,16.058]]}],"hyoid bone":[{"id":"body","n":"Body","t":"Body","w":"The central, flat, quadrangular part of the hyoid bone.","x":"Muscle attachments: mylohyoid and geniohyoid (upper anterior surface), sternohyoid and omohyoid (lower border), thyrohyoid (lower border/greater horn), hyoglossus (body and greater horn), and stylohyoid near the body\u2013horn junction. The hyoid is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone; it is held by muscles and ligaments, supporting the tongue and larynx. Fractures suggest strangulation. Mnemonic: hyoid is U-shaped.","f":[563,1,572,2,575,1,577,1,579,4,596,2,599,1,627,8,639,3,644,3,648,1,650,3,654,1,657,1,660,1,667,34,705,16,725,301,1027,2,1030,17,1049,2,1052,3,1057,20,1078,13,1092,1,1094,13,1109,1,1111,2,1115,1,1123,1,1125,1,1127,13,1142,4,1149,3,1154,12,1168,20,1190,4,1196,295,1492,25,1519,2,1525,4,1533,1,1546,4,1554,2,1557,2,1560,1,1563,2,1570,2,1573,1,1575,8,1584,4,1592,5,1598,2,1603,2,1743,1],"p":[[0.582,143.715,12.929],[-0.582,143.715,12.929]]},{"id":"gh","n":"Greater horn (cornu)","t":"Horn","w":"The long posterior projection on each side of the body.","x":"Greater horn (greater cornu). Attachments: middle constrictor of the pharynx, hyoglossus, and the thyrohyoid membrane at its tip (thyrohyoid muscle also attaches). The lateral thyrohyoid ligament runs to the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage. Its tip is palpable in the neck, level with C3.","f":[0,404,407,1,427,1,429,1,431,11,480,30,512,46,559,1,561,1,564,4,569,3,576,1,578,1,594,2,617,9,635,4,642,2,647,1,649,1,653,1,655,2,658,2,662,1,664,3,1517,2,1522,3,1529,4,1534,1,1545,1,1566,1,1568,2,1574,1,1583,1,1588,4,1597,1,1600,1,1602,1,1605,3,1616,8,1641,5,1647,11,1700,4,1705,38,1744,17,1769,1,1776,424],"p":[[1.688,144.328,11.467],[-1.688,144.328,11.467]]},{"id":"lh","n":"Lesser horn (cornu)","t":"Horn","w":"The small conical projection at the junction of the body and the greater horn.","x":"Lesser horn (lesser cornu). The stylohyoid ligament attaches to its tip, and the middle constrictor takes origin partly from the stylohyoid ligament. A remnant of the second branchial arch (the stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn are derived from Reichert\u2019s cartilage).","f":[404,3,408,19,428,1,430,1,442,38,510,2,558,1,560,1,562,1,583,11,600,13,614,3,701,4,721,4,1491,1,1535,10,1550,4,1556,1,1559,1,1561,1,1608,8,1624,17,1646,1,1658,42,1704,1,1761,8,1770,6],"p":[[1.424,144.296,12.864],[-1.424,144.296,12.864]]}],"maxilla":[{"id":"frontal","n":"Frontal process","t":"Process","w":"Superior projection from the body that rises beside the nose to meet the frontal bone.","x":"Articulates with the frontal bone above, the nasal bone medially and the lacrimal bone posteriorly. Forms the lateral side of the bridge of the nose and the anterior lacrimal crest, which forms part of the lacrimal fossa. Medial palpebral ligament attaches near it.","f":[525,4,593,55,761,53,997,37,1638,22,1715,74,1887,35,1960,38,2018,53,2209,1,2212,1,2226,1,2231,28,2274,3,2278,57,2388,41,2510,27,2548,23,2581,47,2632,26,2761,2,2765,3,2797,6,2805,49,2918,2,2970,8,3051,5,3147,29,3180,67,3250,69,3320,5,3420,1,3505,3,3560,1,3562,32,3603,30,3643,3,3647,74,3786,153,4210,1,4212,2,4364,1,4368,19,4527,15,4602,49,4735,1,4739,1,4747,27,5569,2,5666,1,5669,1,5674,18,5693,15,7372,1,7378,1],"p":[[0.897,152.952,17.587]]},{"id":"iof","n":"Infraorbital foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Opening on the anterior face of the body, just below the infraorbital margin.","x":"Transmits the infraorbital nerve (V2) and infraorbital artery to the cheek. Supplies skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose and upper lip. Dentists anaesthetise it as the infraorbital block. Memory aid: the foramen sits directly beneath the orbit.","f":[10605,2,10609,2,10612,10,10625,3,10630,1,10690,10,10701,2,10704,2,10708,2,10711,4,10724,3,10728,4,11770,1,11774,3,11780,6,11787,5,11794,1,11797,2,11829,1,11836,1,11847,16,11864,2],"p":[[2.577,150.348,16.681]],"h":1},{"id":"iom","n":"Infraorbital margin","t":"Margin","w":"Thickened lower rim of the orbit formed by the maxilla.","x":"Forms the inferior orbital rim together with the zygomatic bone laterally. A blow to the cheek can fracture it; orbital floor ('blow-out') fractures often involve the infraorbital canal behind it.","f":[7264,2,7272,1,7384,1,7386,3,7539,1,7553,4,8608,1,8667,13,8812,1,8814,1,8817,2,8820,4,8825,2,9707,2,9722,6,9802,8,9811,2,10558,1,10628,1,10631,6,11801,11,12583,4,12603,2,12606,2,12609,5,12872,4,12877,10,12889,2,13062,1,13066,1,13069,4,13075,1,13077,7,13093,1,13098,2,13328,1,13348,2],"p":[[2.609,150.885,16.681]]},{"id":"zyg","n":"Zygomatic process","t":"Process","w":"Lateral projection of the body that joins the zygomatic bone.","x":"Articulates with the zygomatic bone, forming the zygomaticomaxillary suture and the lower, outer part of the cheek prominence. Masseter origin lies on the zygomatic arch just beside it.","f":[11903,1,11973,1,12063,2,12162,1,12608,1,12628,1,12644,1,12683,1,12693,1,12850,1,12852,3,12861,6,12868,5,12874,13,12889,2,12897,1,12918,1,12924,3,12928,8,12958,1,12966,1,12969,4,12974,1,12976,3,12980,9,12991,10,13002,1,13015,4,13021,3,13029,25,13059,25,13089,4,13094,1,13096,4,13104,1,13110,6,13117,2,13136,1,13140,4,13163,6,13170,1,13217,4,13242,40,13283,51,13343,15,13360,2,13363,1,13376,14,13392,6,13399,1,13410,4,13433,2,13436,4,13442,6,13449,8,13460,6,13503,1,13506,19,13526,28,13558,1,13561,44,13616,15,13639,1,13641,1,13644,1,13646,5,13652,1,13669,1,13674,50,13733,2,13736,1,13738,3,13742,10,13766,6,13785,27,13859,11,13875,3,13879,1,13882,4,13887,44,13932,1,13934,21,13957,12,13971,6,13980,3,13984,1,13987,13],"p":[[3.951,150.299,15.813]]},{"id":"ans","n":"Anterior nasal spine","t":"Spine","w":"Small sharp projection at the front of the midline where the two maxillae meet.","x":"Bony anchor at the base of the nasal septum and the lower edge of the nasal aperture. Used as a landmark in cephalometric measurements of the face.","f":[35,2,64,7,73,4,130,2,133,4,140,1,144,4,150,6,157,1,159,2,166,7,174,4,180,1,206,1,211,1,213,1,495,1,499,1,507,4,513,2,516,2,519,6,588,5,724,13,741,3,745,1,747,14,921,4,927,1,929,15,945,2,949,9,963,7,974,1,978,1,982,3,988,9,1161,1,1696,8,1705,1,1709,2,1714,1,1858,2,1866,1,1870,1,1947,3,1951,2,1954,6,2009,9,2094,2,2097,1,2382,1],"p":[[0.05,149.185,17.524]]},{"id":"nn","n":"Nasal notch","t":"Notch","w":"Curved edge forming the lateral border of the anterior nasal opening.","x":"Together with the opposite maxilla and the nasal bones it makes up the pear-shaped nasal aperture. Cartilage of the nose attaches along its margin.","f":[2545,1,2547,1,2580,1,3092,1,3100,1,3144,2,3179,1,3546,1,3548,11,3600,3,3637,1,3729,1,4169,8,4179,1,4192,2,4287,3,4291,3,4296,4,4301,1,4307,7,4315,1,4317,22,4341,1,4345,5,4351,1,4449,1,4461,1,4464,4,4470,1,4473,1],"p":[[1.218,149.768,17.43]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Maxillary tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Rounded swelling at the back of the alveolar process behind the last molar.","x":"Posterior surface faces the infratemporal fossa and carries openings for the posterior superior alveolar nerves and vessels. The medial pterygoid muscle has a small origin here and the pyramidal process of the palatine bone abuts it.","f":[8226,1,8236,1,8240,1,8380,1,8383,1,8422,1,8425,1,8435,1,8470,1,8472,1,9429,1,9440,2,9470,1,9472,12,9547,3,9552,4,9557,9,9576,2,9581,1,9586,9,10498,2,10503,17,10527,12,10543,5,11609,1,11613,3,11617,1,11619,2,11622,1,11675,36,11714,20,11749,3,11753,17,12471,2,12474,1,12480,3,12500,9,12522,21,12558,18,12712,2,12748,17,12768,1,12782,27,12812,10,12960,2,12963,1,13006,2],"p":[[2.476,150.517,13.873]]},{"id":"orb","n":"Orbital surface","t":"Surface","w":"Smooth, flat triangular upper surface of the body forming most of the floor of the orbit.","x":"Contains the infraorbital groove and canal (not separately marked on this model). Roof of the maxillary sinus, so infections or tumours of the sinus can affect the eye. Thin: site of orbital 'blow-out' fractures.","f":[4831,1,4991,2,5894,5,6019,3,6025,10,6118,1,6120,1,6122,18,6197,2,6201,4,6244,1,6246,1,6250,1,6277,2,6370,2,6373,1,6378,1,6382,3,6390,5,6513,1,6517,5,6663,17,6808,11,6909,3,6923,5,6929,3,6933,7,6943,2,7060,1,7062,3,7067,1,7533,3,7538,1,7541,4,7645,4,7650,11,7720,7,7786,2,7830,1,7903,1,7943,1,7972,6,8054,10,8135,23,8223,18,8349,2,8352,1,8354,5,8365,1,8369,1,8372,1,8376,14,8391,7,8427,1,8432,1,8437,4,8442,2,8813,1,8815,2,8819,1,8824,1,8872,11,9008,5,9103,1,9174,3,9239,3,9302,1,9428,2,9440,2,9470,14,9550,3,9554,1,9556,2,9559,3,9563,1,9566,2,9810,1,9869,2,9939,1,10062,1,10207,2,10326,1,10384,2,10498,2,10508,1,10510,1,10513,1,10515,1,10518,1,10741,3,10940,1,11069,2,11167,3,11269,5,11364,5,11458,6,11608,15,11675,2,11678,11,11690,10,11701,3,11705,6,11720,1,11722,4,11728,4,11866,1,11902,1,12243,3,12248,1,12351,5,12412,8,12471,14,12502,7,12642,2,12659,7,12680,1,12691,2,12694,5,12716,19,12760,1,12762,8,12803,3,12927,1,12989,1],"p":[[2.234,151.511,14.778]]},{"id":"pal","n":"Palatine process","t":"Process","w":"Horizontal shelf projecting medially from the lower body; forms the front three quarters of the hard palate.","x":"Joins its partner at the intermaxillary suture and the palatine bone behind at the transverse palatine (palatomaxillary) suture. Floor of the nose, roof of the mouth. Cleft palate is a failure of the palatine processes to fuse. Mnemonic: palatine process of the maxilla = anterior palate; horizontal plate of the palatine bone = posterior palate.","f":[40,1,77,2,84,3,89,3,257,1,286,18,307,11,454,4,459,14,483,3,529,3,533,1,537,12,550,1,552,1,556,24,581,1,648,15,666,2,670,8,679,2,683,4,688,3,692,1,695,3,715,1,814,7,824,2,829,1,834,2,842,3,846,1,849,5,1034,4,1042,1,1046,1,1057,1,1060,3,1165,5,1171,6,1178,2,1245,8,1254,4,1270,1,1315,1,1317,6,1328,1,1336,1,1374,1,1384,15,1461,2,1495,1,1561,1,1602,8,1613,4,1660,12,1677,14,1695,1,1789,12,1802,1,1804,4,1822,1,1832,3,1836,2,1844,8,1853,2,1860,1,1862,2,1867,2,1874,1,1922,8,1998,11,2071,22,2102,5,2111,2,2114,2,2118,3,2122,2,2126,1,2128,2,2131,2,2134,1,2137,1,2142,2,2146,4,2168,2,2174,2,2180,1,2182,1,2259,9,2269,2,2335,14,2364,5,2373,2,2377,1,2429,1,2431,2,2494,1,2497,1,2537,4,2571,5,2628,3,2658,5,2666,3,2670,3,2674,2,2678,3,2689,1,2701,1,2704,1,2709,3,2715,2,2854,1,2858,1,2880,5,2888,3,2921,3,2925,8,2936,2,2978,2,2981,3,2987,1,2993,1,3000,1,3002,1,3004,1,3056,1,3176,3,3247,3,3319,1,3325,2,3330,4,3336,2,3340,1,3344,1,3346,1,3349,1,3358,1,3364,1,3366,1,3368,1,3436,2,3444,2,3447,2,3461,1,3508,4,3594,6,3633,4,3721,7,3939,8,3948,7,3956,1,3958,2,3971,13,3986,4,3999,2,4005,1,4010,2,4013,1,4031,1,4215,1,4219,1,4230,1,4387,3,4542,2,4651,8,4774,13,4793,2,4797,9,4809,5,4837,3,4846,5,4854,3,4859,1,4864,3,4870,4,4875,2,4886,1,4939,1,4945,1,5450,1,5454,1,5457,1,5571,7,5580,1,5585,1,5708,6,5717,3,5721,4,5804,25,5852,8,5899,2,6035,5,6140,13,6209,2,6215,4,6220,1,6284,5,6290,2,6293,1,6298,1,6405,1,7788,2,7831,1],"p":[[0.58,148.379,16.993]]},{"id":"alv","n":"Alveolar process","t":"Process","w":"Thick arched lower border of the maxilla that holds the upper teeth.","x":"Contains the tooth sockets (alveoli) for the upper teeth: 8 per side in a full adult set (16 in all). Resorbs when teeth are lost. The buccinator muscle attaches along its outer surface.","f":[0,35,37,3,41,21,63,1,79,5,87,2,94,36,132,1,137,3,141,3,148,2,156,1,161,2,164,1,185,20,208,3,212,1,214,1,217,1,219,3,223,10,234,23,258,28,304,3,318,3,322,3,326,4,331,123,458,1,474,9,486,7,496,1,501,6,511,2,515,1,518,1,532,1,534,3,678,1,681,2,716,8,821,3,826,3,830,4,836,6,845,1,847,2,854,31,887,7,896,10,908,13,925,2,1038,4,1043,3,1047,10,1058,2,1063,5,1069,9,1079,3,1084,6,1093,1,1095,3,1100,16,1117,3,1125,2,1135,3,1141,2,1146,5,1152,5,1158,1,1160,1,1162,3,1170,1,1177,1,1196,1,1200,3,1205,3,1209,6,1216,6,1223,1,1225,2,1228,17,1253,1,1259,1,1261,1,1263,2,1268,2,1271,3,1275,3,1279,3,1291,5,1308,1,1312,1,1314,1,1316,1,1323,1,1325,2,1329,5,1337,2,1342,1,1347,2,1350,6,1358,2,1368,6,1375,9,1400,2,1404,3,1408,38,1447,14,1463,27,1491,4,1496,44,1541,2,1544,5,1552,9,1562,12,1575,3,1579,2,1582,20,1610,3,1617,21,1691,4,1704,1,1706,3,1711,3,2093,1,2096,1,2098,4,2107,4,2113,1,2116,2,2121,1,2125,1,2127,1,2130,1,2133,1,2135,2,2138,4,2144,2,2150,2,2155,13,2170,4,2176,1,2181,1,2183,16,2268,1,2271,3,2375,2,2378,4,2383,5,2451,8,2478,9,2509,1,2542,6,2576,5,2631,1,2663,3,2669,1,2673,1,2676,2,2681,8,2690,11,2702,2,2705,4,2712,3,2717,7,2768,9,2855,3,2859,21,2887,1,2891,25,2933,3,2938,7,2949,20,2980,1,2984,3,2988,5,2994,6,3001,1,3003,1,3005,17,3023,3,3027,2,3031,1,3035,1,3038,1,3047,2,3057,51,3114,2,3119,2,3122,5,3129,6,3140,2,3143,4,3179,1,3327,3,3334,2,3338,2,3341,3,3345,1,3347,2,3350,8,3359,5,3365,1,3367,1,3369,10,3383,31,3422,9,3438,6,3446,1,3449,12,3462,26,3489,2,3494,4,3512,12,3527,3,3535,3,3541,2,3545,1,3947,1,3955,1,3957,1,3960,11,3984,2,3990,9,4001,4,4006,4,4012,1,4014,17,4032,81,4119,50,4214,1,4216,3,4220,10,4231,52,4390,38,4437,2,4814,2,4840,4,4851,3,4857,2,4860,4,4867,3,4874,1,4877,9,4887,52,4940,5,4946,12,4959,5,5311,72,5388,50,5451,3,5455,2,5458,60,5536,1,5542,3,5547,2,5578,2,5581,4,5586,48,5638,4,5716,1,5720,1,5725,25,5753,1,5760,4,5771,1,5802,2,6205,4,6211,4,6219,1,6279,5,6289,1,6292,1,6294,4,6299,8,6308,2,6311,3,6315,1,6321,5,6395,10,6406,43,6453,4,6458,1,6460,2,6463,2,6522,55,6579,1,6582,4,6680,88,6769,1,6776,2,6779,3,6819,9,6829,20,6852,1,6855,1,6947,3,7113,75,7190,67,7273,71,7346,2,7350,1,7355,1,7358,2,7365,1,7389,93,7486,2,7489,2,7492,2,7495,4,7501,5,7514,2,7557,65,7661,39,7727,18,7790,26,7832,40,7875,1,7877,1,7879,7,7891,3,7904,20,7944,6,7978,29,8008,1,8010,4,8015,1,8020,1,8022,3,8027,5,8039,1,8064,15,8080,1,8082,3,8087,2,8091,5,8101,2,8158,49,8241,103,8345,4,8398,6,8405,5,8411,3,8473,134,8609,32,8644,14,8659,4,8680,117,8802,1,8804,1,8810,2,8827,45,8883,125,9013,19,9042,51,9104,22,9127,1,9129,36,9177,56,9242,46,9303,34,9340,1,9344,1,9346,10,9361,57,9430,8,9442,28,9484,63,9568,2,9572,1,9595,111,9728,64,9813,56,9871,68,9940,60,10010,34,10063,38,10122,60,10209,93,10303,1,10327,32,10386,38,10459,39,10500,3,10520,7,10539,4,10548,7,10563,33,10637,44,10744,169,10941,70,11071,58,11170,94,11274,62,11339,5,11369,35,11408,8,11421,1,11464,37,11503,1,11509,2,11513,1,11515,3,11520,3,11525,2,11528,1,11530,15,11577,3,11583,1,11585,5,11591,5,11623,52,11711,3,11734,15,11752,1,11812,5,11818,1,11867,35,11904,69,11974,85,12066,95,12163,80,12249,102,12356,56,12420,51,12485,15,12509,13,12543,15,12560,1,12614,5,12621,7,12629,12,12646,11,12668,11,12684,7,12699,11,12735,13,12770,12,12809,3,12867,1,12887,2,12891,6,12904,5,12915,2,13024,2,13054,5,13084,5,13119,9,13137,2,13334,7,13342,1,13364,12,13554,1,13557,1,13605,11,13631,1,13633,1,13637,1,13735,1,13752,14,13771,14,13812,37,13852,1,13856,3,13868,1,13870,12],"p":[[1.879,148.645,16.307]]},{"id":"hiatus","n":"Maxillary sinus opening (hiatus)","t":"Opening","w":"Large opening in the medial wall of the maxilla leading into the maxillary sinus.","x":"In the articulated skull it is mostly closed by the palatine bone, the inferior nasal concha, the ethmoid and the lacrimal bone, leaving a small drainage opening into the middle meatus. Blocked drainage causes sinusitis.","f":[4819,1,4845,1,4964,27,4992,1,5017,89,5108,8,5184,1,5189,6,5197,1,5200,1,5206,1,5209,1,5215,1,5220,1,5225,1,5227,2,5908,2,5915,1,5917,2,5920,3,5928,3,5937,3,5954,7,5963,10,5976,4,5983,1,5985,1,5991,1,5997,1,6001,1,6005,6,6015,1,6017,1,6074,2,6079,1,6082,1,6084,10,6096,2,6099,3,6104,12,6175,12,6188,1,6190,6,6199,2,6236,8,6245,1,6247,3,6251,26,6350,17,6368,2,6372,1,6374,8,6385,5,6479,11,6496,1,6505,6,6512,1,6514,2,6628,16,6645,14,6661,1,6797,1,6801,1,6803,1,6805,1,7758,1,7766,20,7829,1,7926,17,7953,9,7964,1,7966,2,7970,1,8026,1,8044,4,8113,9,8123,5,8129,6,8210,7,8218,1,8220,3,9041,1,9102,1,9236,3,9290,1,9293,7,9301,1,9357,1,9359,2,9420,8,9438,2,10060,2,10121,1,10201,6,10319,7,10373,11,10424,35,11050,2,11053,1,11055,3,11059,9,11151,16,11264,5,11344,20,11428,30,11596,12],"p":[[1.485,151.079,14.824]],"h":1},{"id":"body","n":"Body of maxilla","t":"Region","w":"Pyramid-shaped main part of the maxilla containing the maxillary sinus.","x":"Largest air sinus of the face lies inside. Four surfaces: anterior (facial), infratemporal (posterior), orbital (superior) and nasal (medial). Forms the upper jaw, the cheek, part of the orbit, nose and palate: a keystone bone of the face.","f":[2177,3,2199,10,2210,2,2213,13,2227,4,2277,1,2724,37,2763,2,2777,20,2803,2,2916,2,2969,1,3050,1,3379,4,3414,6,3421,1,3431,5,3501,4,3559,1,3561,1,3638,5,3646,1,3731,55,4113,6,4177,2,4180,12,4194,16,4211,1,4290,1,4294,2,4300,1,4302,5,4316,1,4339,2,4342,3,4350,1,4352,12,4365,3,4471,2,4474,53,4544,58,4659,76,4736,3,4740,7,4787,6,4795,2,4806,3,4816,3,4820,11,4832,5,4844,1,4993,24,5106,2,5116,5,5122,62,5185,4,5195,2,5198,2,5201,5,5207,2,5210,5,5216,4,5221,4,5226,1,5229,82,5383,5,5438,12,5564,5,5642,24,5667,2,5670,4,5692,1,5773,29,5829,23,5860,34,5901,7,5910,5,5916,1,5919,1,5923,5,5933,4,5940,1,5945,9,5961,2,5986,5,5992,5,5998,3,6002,3,6011,4,6016,1,6018,1,6022,3,6040,34,6076,2,6080,2,6094,2,6098,1,6116,2,6121,1,6153,9,6163,1,6167,5,6173,2,6221,11,6307,1,6310,1,6314,1,6316,2,6319,2,6326,18,6345,1,6349,1,6449,4,6459,1,6462,1,6465,14,6577,2,6580,2,6586,42,6770,1,6772,4,6778,1,6782,15,6798,3,6802,1,6804,1,6806,2,6828,1,6849,3,6853,2,6856,5,6862,2,6865,20,6886,23,6912,11,6928,1,6932,1,6940,3,6945,2,6950,57,7008,1,7010,1,7012,1,7019,7,7027,1,7029,19,7049,1,7051,9,7061,1,7065,1,7068,45,7188,2,7257,7,7266,6,7371,1,7373,5,7379,5,7385,1,7516,17,7536,2,7540,1,7546,7,7622,23,7649,1,7700,20,7745,2,7750,1,7756,1,7818,1,7822,1,7950,3,8019,1,8025,1,8207,3,8217,1,8219,1,8353,1,8359,4,8364,1,8366,1,8390,1,8414,8,8423,2,8429,1,8444,26,8607,1,8663,4,9036,5,9094,3,9098,1,9167,1,9169,5,9234,1,9288,2,9291,2,9570,2,9578,2,9582,4,9706,1,9709,13,9792,10,10000,1,10003,7,10044,1,10046,7,10055,1,10058,2,10101,20,10182,19,10318,1,10555,3,10559,4,10596,9,10607,2,10622,3,10629,1,10681,9,10706,1,10718,1,10734,1,10913,27,11011,38,11052,1,11054,1,11058,1,11068,1,11129,22,11792,2,11795,2,11799,2,11819,10,11830,6,11837,10,11863,1,12059,1,12061,2,12576,1,12578,5,12587,16,12619,2,12822,28,12851,1,12855,6,13008,7,13019,2,13027,2],"p":[[1.57,150.33,15.87]],"c":3900100,"reg":1}],"palatine bone":[{"id":"hor","n":"Horizontal plate","t":"Plate","w":"Horizontal flat plate that forms the posterior quarter of the hard palate.","x":"Joins its partner at the midline and the palatine process of the maxilla in front. Together they form the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the mouth. The tensor veli palatini aponeurosis and the soft palate attach behind its edge.","f":[0,19,22,135,160,1,172,2,193,1,195,1,227,28,258,174,436,1,440,1,485,55,554,1,556,1,587,54,655,2,658,2,809,59,887,26,1111,7,1127,18,1159,12,1184,4,1212,3,1232,6,1240,5,1246,1,1275,30,1307,11,1353,11,1436,3,1440,4,1445,1,1751,2,1755,2,1794,23,1824,1,1828,1,1857,28,1927,5,1986,2,1989,4,1996,3,2002,3,2532,23,2557,1,2559,1,2561,2,2564,33,2603,2,2608,2,2613,3,2619,10,2633,3,2638,1,3049,18,3068,4,3085,8],"p":[[0.379,148.936,14.849]]},{"id":"perp","n":"Perpendicular plate","t":"Plate","w":"Thin vertical plate rising from the lateral edge of the horizontal plate, forming part of the nasal cavity's lateral wall.","x":"Lies between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. Forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of the greater palatine canal. Carries the conchal and ethmoidal crests for the inferior and middle nasal conchae (not separately marked here).","f":[660,3,664,1,666,63,730,1,733,1,744,3,750,3,754,10,765,1,767,1,769,40,868,19,913,45,960,4,966,15,983,1,986,3,990,2,996,8,1006,1,1026,1,1031,4,1036,2,1042,2,1045,8,1055,5,1071,1,1073,1,1089,2,1092,17,1118,9,1145,14,1171,13,1188,24,1215,17,1245,1,1247,28,1318,32,1364,58,1423,13,1444,1,1446,77,1524,2,1527,6,1543,17,1564,1,1568,22,1592,3,1596,2,1607,6,1615,14,1649,9,1659,1,1674,1,1676,5,1699,2,1703,1,1707,3,1711,2,1714,37,1753,2,1757,37,1817,7,1825,3,1829,28,1885,42,1932,54,2008,27,2068,28,2116,15,2133,7,2141,1,2144,5,2159,3,2163,14,2185,1,2187,4,2195,1,2200,1,2203,2,2236,3,2242,12,2290,1,2293,3,2297,1,2299,20,2320,1,2323,53,2379,3,2400,1,2407,2,2431,2,2434,6,2441,1,2443,20,2465,32,2498,2,2501,2,2505,2,2510,10,2527,5,2555,2,2558,1,2560,1,2563,1,2597,6,2606,2,2637,1,2639,2,2690,4,2707,1,2709,1,2712,3,2738,1,2748,1,2764,1,2768,2,2775,1,2880,1,2909,1,2913,3,2962,1,2968,7,2981,3,2986,1,2988,18,3007,1,3010,1,3012,4,3017,2,3034,1,3042,1,3044,2,3209,3,3213,2,3216,5,3222,9,3232,1,3234,2,3315,5,3321,4,3326,2,3330,1,3332,1,3337,3,3514,1,3547,2,3550,1],"p":[[0.874,150.546,13.788]]},{"id":"pyr","n":"Pyramidal process","t":"Process","w":"Wedge-shaped projection at the back of the junction of the two plates that fits between the pterygoid plates.","x":"Fits into the angle between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates of the sphenoid. Has the lesser palatine foramina (transmit the lesser palatine nerves and arteries to the soft palate and tonsil). Part of the medial pterygoid muscle (deep head) arises from it.","f":[1238,2,1305,2,1350,3,1439,1,1988,1,1993,3,1999,3,2005,3,2035,35,2074,1,2096,20,2117,2,2177,11,2254,36,2291,3,2295,2,2298,1,2610,3,2616,3,2629,4,2636,1,2641,49,2691,23,2749,15,2765,2,2918,44,3022,12,3072,12,3093,120,3215,4,3221,2,3224,11,3273,42,3317,1,3319,6,3390,27,3429,124,3554,88],"p":[[1.659,148.795,13.632]]},{"id":"orbp","n":"Orbital process","t":"Process","w":"Anterior, upper projection of the perpendicular plate that reaches the floor of the orbit.","x":"Smallest part of the palatine bone seen in the orbit, at the back of its floor. Articulates with the maxilla, ethmoid and sphenoid. Forms the anterior border of the sphenopalatine notch.","f":[1422,1,1523,1,1526,1,1533,10,1560,4,1565,3,1613,2,2233,3,2239,3,2377,2,2382,18,2401,4,2409,22,2433,1,2440,1,2442,1,2716,22,2739,9,2884,1,2887,1,2892,1,2901,1,2904,5,2910,3,2916,2,2963,5,2975,6,2984,2,2987,1,3006,1,3008,2,3016,1,3019,3,3035,1,3038,4,3046,3,3236,37,3343,2,3346,15,3362,7,3370,2,3373,17,3417,12,3553,1],"p":[[1.346,151.514,13.529]]},{"id":"sphp","n":"Sphenoidal process","t":"Process","w":"Posterior, upper projection of the perpendicular plate.","x":"Articulates with the pterygoid process and the body of the sphenoid, closing the sphenopalatine foramen from behind. Forms the posterior border of the sphenopalatine notch.","f":[665,1,729,1,731,2,734,8,743,1,981,2,984,2,992,4,1004,2,1007,3,1011,9,1021,5,1027,1,1038,4,1053,2,1060,10,1074,1,1076,13,1091,1,1109,2,1590,2,1598,9,1629,20,1658,1,1660,14,1675,1,1681,18,1701,2,1704,3,1710,1,1713,1,2463,2,2526,1],"p":[[0.816,151.195,12.758]]},{"id":"gpg","n":"Greater palatine groove (canal)","t":"Groove","w":"Vertical groove on the lateral surface of the perpendicular plate.","x":"Together with the maxilla it forms the greater palatine canal. Carries the descending palatine (greater palatine) nerve and artery from the pterygopalatine fossa down to the hard palate.","f":[2131,2,2140,1,2142,2,2149,10,2162,1,2191,4,2196,4,2202,1,2205,28,2322,1,2715,1,2767,1,2770,5,2776,60,2837,6,2844,4,2849,1,2853,1,2859,1,2861,2,2864,5,2870,1,2872,8,2903,1,3325,1,3328,2,3331,1,3333,4,3340,3],"p":[[1.378,150.265,13.671]]},{"id":"gpf","n":"Greater palatine foramen","t":"Foramen","w":"Lower opening of the greater palatine canal on the hard palate.","x":"Transmits the greater palatine nerve (V2) and artery to the mucosa of the hard palate. Dentists anaesthetise the nerve here. Memory aid: greater = anterior hard palate, lesser = soft palate behind.","f":[445,1,462,2,465,2,484,1,543,3,547,1,555,1,561,5,568,1,570,1,581,6],"p":[[0.161,148.895,13.725]],"h":1},{"id":"pns","n":"Posterior nasal spine","t":"Spine","w":"Pointed projection at the back midline of the horizontal plates.","x":"Where the two plates meet behind. The musculus uvulae attaches to it. Marks the posterior end of the hard palate.","f":[157,3,161,11,174,19,194,1,196,31,432,4,437,3,441,44,540,14,555,1,557,30,641,14,657,1],"p":[[-0.187,148.798,13.788]]},{"id":"spn","n":"Sphenopalatine notch","t":"Notch","w":"Deep notch between the orbital and sphenoidal processes at the top of the perpendicular plate.","x":"Completed by the body of the sphenoid into the sphenopalatine foramen, which connects the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity. The sphenopalatine (posterior nasal) artery and nasopalatine and posterior nasal nerves pass through. Source of many posterior nosebleeds.","f":[1607,1,1609,1,1615,7,2349,1,2356,2,2359,1,2362,23,2386,1,2394,3,2398,4,2403,6,2411,2,2416,2,2465,11,2477,1,2479,6,2486,1,2489,4,2498,2,2964,1],"p":[[1.19,151.07,13.288]]}],"tibia":[{"id":"plat_m","n":"Medial tibial plateau (superior articular surface)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Upper surface of the medial condyle (medial tibial plateau): slightly concave, larger than the lateral one.","x":"Articulates with the medial femoral condyle and carries the medial meniscus. Bears most of the weight transmitted through the knee, so it is the usual site of medial compartment osteoarthritis.","f":[3486,2,3491,1,3496,1,3521,3,3530,2,3537,1,3539,3,3546,15,3657,1,4415,3,4423,3,4436,1,4438,1,4446,1,4451,4,4457,9,4468,14,4483,7,4491,3,4497,13,4512,3,4592,1,4598,4,4607,1,4609,1,4611,5,4617,3,4621,4,4627,31,4664,2,4678,2,4681,1,5370,1,5401,15,5418,4,5423,6,5430,6,5437,19,5498,9,5510,2,5513,6,5520,38,5561,3,5568,1,5571,3,5577,2,5581,5,5587,18,5610,1,5612,52,5665,3,5670,14,5689,5,6234,1,6245,2,6270,1,6302,18,6348,31,6381,13,6395,22,6518,1,6549,20,6570,7,6594,1,6597,1,6600,49,6685,3,6704,1,6710,1,6713,9,6724,3,6734,1,6739,4,6749,3,6759,1,6761,1,6767,7,6775,7,6788,5,6800,18,6819,3],"p":[[5.834,39.623,6.544]]},{"id":"plat_l","n":"Lateral tibial plateau (superior articular surface)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Upper surface of the lateral condyle (lateral tibial plateau): flatter, even slightly convex, and smaller than the medial one.","x":"Articulates with the lateral femoral condyle and carries the lateral meniscus. Tibial plateau fractures are most often lateral (a bumper strikes the outside of the knee) and can depress the surface.","f":[138,4,171,1,173,5,179,6,193,3,198,1,200,33,234,1,237,8,246,9,256,11,543,10,554,9,565,4,571,2,575,6,582,43,1238,1,1305,19,1325,13,1339,4,1345,1,1347,1,1352,22,2245,27,2273,3,2281,1,2284,2,2287,43,2866,1,2868,2,2873,1,2876,3,2880,12,2893,2,2919,2,2924,4,2933,1,2948,64,3015,9,3040,2,3063,2,3588,1,3592,1,3618,39,3658,1,4606,1,4608,1],"p":[[9.389,40.162,6.992]]},{"id":"emin","n":"Intercondylar eminence","t":"Eminence","w":"Raised ridge between the two plateaus (intercondylar eminence).","x":"Separates the medial and lateral articular surfaces. The menisci and cruciate ligaments attach to the rough areas in front of and behind it (anterior and posterior intercondylar areas). Mnemonic: ACL attaches in the anterior intercondylar area, PCL in the posterior one.","f":[2847,1,2855,1,2858,1,2862,2,2865,1,2892,1,2895,22,2934,1,2939,3,2943,3,2947,1,3012,3,3024,16,3042,21,3065,7,3510,3,3514,1,3516,5,3524,6,3532,5,3538,1,3542,4,3599,19,3659,19,3679,89,4412,3,4418,5,4426,10,4437,1,4439,7,4447,4,4557,23,4581,7,4591,1,4593,3,4602,4,4658,6,4666,12,4680,1,4682,88,4771,31,4803,1,4806,2,4809,2,5605,5,5611,1,5664,1,5668,2],"p":[[7.337,40.259,6.151]]},{"id":"tub_m","n":"Medial intercondylar tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Medial peak of the intercondylar eminence.","x":"Sits in the intercondylar notch of the femur. The two tubercles help to stabilise the knee against sideways sliding.","f":[4668,3,4672,6,4680,1,4682,6,4689,2,4693,4,4699,11,4766,1,5500,1,5504,2,5604,8,5613,14,5629,13,5644,6,5652,2,5659,15,5675,2,5678,6,5690,1],"p":[[6.534,40.463,7.417]]},{"id":"tub_l","n":"Lateral intercondylar tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Lateral peak of the intercondylar eminence; usually the taller one.","x":"Lies against the lateral femoral condyle in the notch. Avulsion of the eminence (ACL pull-off fracture) occurs mainly in children and adolescents.","f":[3016,1,3019,2,3023,2,3026,1,3028,3,3033,4,3038,25,3064,3,3068,1,3070,2,3680,5,3686,3,3690,3,3694,4,3699,8,3709,47,3758,4,3763,1,3766,1,4710,4],"p":[[7.726,40.561,6.434]]},{"id":"cond_m","n":"Medial condyle","t":"Condyle","w":"Medial expansion of the upper end of the tibia.","x":"Larger than the lateral condyle. The semimembranosus tendon inserts on its posterior surface; the medial collateral ligament and the pes anserinus (sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus) attach to the upper medial shaft just below it.","f":[3436,1,3438,4,3446,2,3492,4,3497,3,4287,1,4289,1,4291,8,4301,13,4319,24,4346,42,4389,23,4455,2,4466,2,4482,1,4490,1,4494,3,4510,2,4530,27,4616,1,4620,1,4625,2,5215,1,5218,1,5220,1,5222,148,5371,30,5416,2,5422,1,5429,1,5436,1,5456,42,5558,3,5564,4,5569,2,5574,3,5579,2,5586,1,6090,144,6235,10,6247,23,6271,31,6320,28,6379,2,6394,1,6418,100,6519,30,6569,1,6577,17,6595,2,6598,2,6649,36,6688,10,6699,5,6706,4,6711,2,6722,2,6727,7,6735,4,6743,6,6752,7,6760,1,6762,5,6774,1,6782,6,6793,5,6799,1,6818,1],"p":[[4.725,38.075,5.066]]},{"id":"cond_l","n":"Lateral condyle","t":"Condyle","w":"Lateral expansion of the upper end of the tibia.","x":"Bears the fibular articular facet on its underside at the back. The iliotibial tract inserts on Gerdy's tubercle on its anterolateral surface; extensor muscles of the leg (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus) arise from its lateral surface.","f":[0,3,4,6,11,7,23,115,142,29,172,1,178,1,185,8,196,2,199,1,233,1,235,2,245,1,350,11,377,27,406,2,417,3,434,7,442,101,553,1,563,2,569,2,573,2,581,1,1106,1,1109,5,1115,3,1120,1,1123,1,1130,15,1151,21,1182,17,1205,3,1210,28,1239,66,1324,1,1338,1,2018,2,2024,1,2026,19,2046,199,2272,1,2286,1,2648,1,2652,195,2848,3,2852,1,2856,1,2859,1,2867,1,2870,3,2874,2,2917,2,2921,3,2928,3,2935,2,2942,1,2946,1,3354,1,3357,1,3359,11,3372,1,3374,30,3406,23,3442,2,3448,16,3465,4,3472,7,3500,9,3561,5,3567,1,3569,6,3577,7,3585,3,3589,1,3591,1,3593,6,4314,1,4343,1],"p":[[10.442,37.714,8.021]]},{"id":"fibf","n":"Fibular articular facet","t":"Articular facet","w":"Small oval facet on the posterolateral underside of the lateral condyle.","x":"Forms the proximal tibiofibular joint with the head of the fibula (a plane synovial joint). Mnemonic: the fibula sits under the lateral condyle, like a prop under a shelf.","f":[0,25,28,7,36,8,45,1,53,6,67,15,84,6,91,4,97,6,104,5,114,1,117,1,361,1,363,14,404,2,408,32,441,2,474,7,488,1,493,3,1172,11,1199,7,1208,2],"p":[[10.716,38.498,6.051]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tibial tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Large rough bump on the front of the upper shaft, below the condyles.","x":"Insertion of the patellar ligament, carrying the pull of the quadriceps femoris. Inflammation of its growth plate in active adolescents is Osgood-Schlatter disease. Easily palpable below the kneecap.","f":[1134,1,1160,1,1950,1,1954,2,1964,1,1966,3,1980,4,2015,5,2021,1,2024,4,2036,51,2093,42,2143,10,2645,1,2650,2,2662,19,2706,33,2751,14,2766,10,2777,6,2784,7,2792,1,3328,2,3333,10,3344,1,3353,5,3359,4,3374,30,3448,4,3453,8,4314,1,4343,1],"p":[[8.786,36.75,10.143]]},{"id":"ant_b","n":"Anterior border (tibial crest)","t":"Border","w":"Sharp ridge down the front of the shaft: the shin (tibial crest).","x":"Lies directly under the skin, so it is the classic site of shin splints and of open fractures. Gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg.","f":[1815,1,1829,1,1840,1,1871,2,1884,1,1887,4,1901,2,1906,2,1919,2,1937,1,2459,3,2469,2,2472,3,2477,1,2482,2,2485,8,2494,3,2498,5,2504,3,2508,14,2524,10,2537,13,2551,6,2561,3,2582,4,2591,1,2595,2,2601,2,2609,1,2621,2,2627,5,2636,3,2643,1,2645,1,3189,2,3197,1,3203,2,3209,2,3213,4,3219,4,3227,2,3234,1,3237,1,3243,2,3300,1,3313,1,3328,1,3333,5,3355,1,4055,2],"p":[[8.362,23.185,9.141]]},{"id":"int_b","n":"Interosseous border","t":"Border","w":"Lateral ridge of the shaft, facing the fibula (interosseous border).","x":"Attachment of the interosseous membrane, which joins the tibia and fibula and gives origin to deep flexor and extensor muscles.","f":[1086,2,1089,2,1092,4,1667,2,1673,3,1680,2,1683,12,1700,3,1707,2,1713,5,1719,4,1727,2,1731,1,1733,1,1736,2,1741,2,1748,6,1763,2,1766,2,1770,1,1773,7,1782,1,1789,7,1801,11,1817,3,1822,1,1831,8,1842,4,1857,1,1874,1,1876,1,1891,1,1895,2,1903,1,1908,1,1912,1,1929,1],"p":[[9.038,22.009,6.839]]},{"id":"med_b","n":"Medial border","t":"Border","w":"Rounded ridge on the medial side of the shaft.","x":"Attachment of the medial collateral ligament high up and of the deep fascia; soleus and flexor digitorum longus take origin from the posterior part.","f":[3242,1,3252,1,3262,2,3265,2,4061,1,4065,1,4070,1,4072,2,4076,3,4080,3,4087,1,4092,2,4095,4,4102,2,4107,2,4111,1,4113,2,4116,7,4124,24,4149,22,4173,5,4180,6,4187,2,4190,9,4202,14,4217,3,4221,1,4223,3,4227,3,4235,8,4249,3,5168,1,5171,2,5176,1,5178,1,5180,3,5187,1,5189,4,5195,3,5199,1,5205,2,5211,1],"p":[[7.019,24.388,6.918]]},{"id":"med_s","n":"Medial surface","t":"Surface","w":"Smooth surface on the medial and front of the shaft between the anterior and medial borders.","x":"Subcutaneous: you can feel it just under the skin. A common site for bone grafts and for open fractures because there is so little soft tissue over it.","f":[2534,1,2564,1,2592,1,2597,1,3229,1,3233,1,3235,1,3238,3,3247,2,3251,1,3254,3,3258,3,3264,1,3274,1,3287,5,3314,1,3318,3,3324,2,3329,2,3339,1,3341,1,3343,2,4060,1,4067,3,4071,1,4084,3,4099,3,4104,3,4115,1,4148,1,4171,2,4178,2,4186,1,4189,1,4199,3,4216,1,4220,1,4222,1,4232,3,4246,3,4256,1,4268,5,4277,2,4286,1,5169,2,5173,3,5177,1,5184,3,5188,1,5200,3,5204,1,5221,1],"p":[[7.156,28.027,8.273]]},{"id":"lat_s","n":"Lateral surface","t":"Surface","w":"Surface between the anterior and interosseous borders, facing forward and laterally.","x":"Origin of tibialis anterior in its upper two-thirds, the main dorsiflexor and inverter of the foot.","f":[1654,1,1660,1,1664,1,1669,4,1679,1,1682,1,1695,5,1703,2,1706,1,1712,1,1724,3,1732,1,1735,1,1740,1,1746,2,1786,3,1799,2,1816,1,1821,1,1827,2,1830,1,1841,1,1855,2,1873,1,1885,2,1893,2,1904,2,1911,1,1913,1,1921,6,1928,1,1938,17,1956,4,1961,7,1969,40,2015,2,2020,1,2025,1,2448,3,2456,3,2464,5,2471,1,2475,2],"p":[[9.08,28.061,9.229]]},{"id":"post_s","n":"Posterior surface","t":"Surface","w":"Flat surface behind the shaft between the medial and interosseous borders.","x":"Origin of tibialis posterior (just below the soleal line, laterally), flexor digitorum longus (medially), and popliteus above the soleal line. The nutrient foramen for the main artery of the tibia opens here.","f":[1088,1,1091,1,1096,1,1657,1,1659,1,1677,2,1705,1,1709,3,1718,1,1723,1,1729,2,1734,1,1738,2,1743,3,1754,9,1765,1,1768,2,1771,2,1780,2,1783,3,1796,3,1812,3,1820,1,1823,3,1839,1,1846,9,1858,13,1877,7,1892,1,1897,4,1909,2,1914,5,1930,7,2011,2,2451,1,2454,2,2462,2,2478,4,2484,1,2493,1,2497,1,2503,1,2507,1,2522,2,2535,2,2550,1,2559,2,2565,17,2586,5,2593,2,2598,3,2603,6,2610,11,2623,4,2632,4,2639,4,2644,1,2646,2,2649,1,3198,5,3205,4,3211,2,3217,2,3223,4,3230,3,3236,1,3241,1,3246,1,3249,2,3253,1,3257,1,3261,1,3267,7,3275,12,3292,8,3301,12,3315,3,3321,3,3326,2,3331,2,3345,2,3348,1,4062,3,4088,4,4094,1,4109,2,4112,1,4226,1,4230,2,4243,3,4252,4,4257,11,4273,4,4282,2,5179,1,5183,1,5193,2,5207,2],"p":[[8.189,26.875,6.469]]},{"id":"sol","n":"Soleal line","t":"Line","w":"Oblique ridge running down and medially on the upper part of the back of the shaft (soleal line).","x":"Origin of soleus, tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus fibres; popliteus inserts on the triangular area above it. Mnemonic: the Soleal line is where Soleus starts.","f":[1091,1,1096,1,1102,1,1104,1,1910,1,1917,2,1931,6,1960,1,2009,4,2593,2,2598,3,2603,1,2605,4,2610,11,2623,3,2632,2,2639,1,3275,1,3277,10,3292,1,3301,5,3312,1,4206,2,4211,1],"p":[[8.11,32.079,6.2]]},{"id":"plaf","n":"Inferior articular surface (tibial plafond)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Smooth, slightly concave undersurface of the lower end (tibial plafond).","x":"Articulates with the trochlea of the talus to form the ankle (talocrural) joint, together with the two malleoli. Pilon fractures crush this surface.","f":[267,1,284,1,295,10,320,3,340,3,625,84,711,11,724,3,728,4,743,7,755,5,761,3,771,12,784,2,798,3,810,6,819,1,826,4,853,1,893,1,1374,87,1462,51,1523,2,1531,2,1559,1,2330,71,3072,59,3133,4,3141,2,3146,3,3150,3,3155,2,3768,22,3791,6,3798,65,3866,3,3879,2,3887,1,3897,2,3902,1,3905,4,3910,2,4983,5,4989,2,5015,3,5019,3,5032,1],"p":[[8.11,7.074,5.766]]},{"id":"medmal","n":"Medial malleolus","t":"Malleolus","w":"Strong medial projection of the lower end: the bump on the inner ankle.","x":"Forms the medial wall of the ankle mortise. The deltoid ligament attaches to its tip. Its posterior surface is grooved for tibialis posterior; fracture of the malleolus (eg. in inversion/eversion injuries) destabilises the ankle.","f":[3797,1,3876,1,3882,1,3884,3,3888,8,3924,6,3932,10,3951,6,3965,12,3998,4,4005,1,4007,1,4811,2,4816,1,4818,24,4855,3,4862,21,4887,1,4894,1,4900,6,4914,1,4918,16,4937,6,4944,39,4988,1,4991,1,4995,19,5022,10,5033,124,5158,2,5164,2,5694,393,6417,1],"p":[[4.827,7.354,6.311]]},{"id":"mal_art","n":"Articular surface of the medial malleolus","t":"Articular surface","w":"Lateral surface of the medial malleolus.","x":"Articulates with the medial side of the body of the talus, keeping the talus from sliding medially.","f":[3768,1,3787,1,3789,4,3813,1,3815,1,3817,1,3828,5,3850,9,4813,3,4817,1,4842,13,4858,4,4883,17,4906,7,4915,3,4934,3,4943,1,4983,3,4990,1,4992,3,5014,8],"p":[[6.019,6.61,6.314]]},{"id":"fibn","n":"Fibular notch","t":"Notch","w":"Triangular concavity on the lateral surface of the lower end (fibular notch).","x":"Receives the lower end of the fibula and anchors the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis (anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments plus the interosseous membrane). High ankle sprains tear this syndesmosis.","f":[267,61,329,2,333,3,337,6,344,5,738,5,769,1,788,8,807,1,871,5,893,2,909,5,915,28,944,9,957,1,963,1,970,1,972,1,981,6,990,1,992,1,996,1,1000,2,1003,1,1005,18,1024,7,1036,1,1041,43,1624,1,1634,5,1648,2,1651,1,1655,1],"p":[[9.381,8.499,6.035]]},{"id":"mgroove","n":"Malleolar groove","t":"Groove","w":"Shallow groove on the back of the medial malleolus (malleolar groove).","x":"Carries the tendon of tibialis posterior; the tendon of flexor digitorum longus lies in the groove just behind it. Mnemonic: Tom (tibialis posterior), Dick (flexor digitorum longus), And Harry (flexor hallucis longus) pass behind the medial malleolus, in that order from front to back.","f":[3786,1,3875,21,3918,5,3924,18,3959,1,3961,16,3998,1,4000,1,4002,6,4019,2,4938,5,4947,2,4952,3,4956,4,4963,4,4971,4,4977,6,5022,10,5046,2,5049,33,5128,4,5133,4,5846,7,5855,2,5858,8,5870,8,5882,4,5890,3,5979,5,5987,1,5991,1,6053,2,6056,1,6058,3],"p":[[5.959,7.813,4.663]]}],"fibula":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of fibula","t":"Head","w":"Expanded upper end of the fibula, lateral and below the knee.","x":"Forms the proximal tibiofibular joint with the tibia. Biceps femoris and the fibular collateral ligament insert on it, so it is an easy landmark for the lateral side of the knee. Does not take part in the knee joint.","f":[428,15,1524,5,1531,4,1537,4,1542,349,2603,3,2607,234,3698,2,3702,1,3704,2,3708,153,4167,8,4176,2,4180,226,4421,123],"p":[[11.417,38.479,6.102]]},{"id":"apex","n":"Apex (styloid process) of the head","t":"Process","w":"Pointed top of the head (styloid process, apex of the head).","x":"Insertion of the biceps femoris tendon and the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, together with part of the arcuate popliteal ligament.","f":[1672,3,1693,1,1706,45,1752,9,1762,129,2727,1,2729,5,2751,1,2767,6,2774,1,2780,13,2796,22,2825,1,2828,13],"p":[[11.297,39.049,5.035]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facet of the head","t":"Articular facet","w":"Flat facet on the top-medial surface of the head.","x":"Articulates with the fibular facet on the underside of the lateral tibial condyle.","f":[2736,1,2738,2,2742,1,2744,2,2750,2,2753,14,2773,7,2787,1,2791,1,2793,8,2802,1,2804,1,2809,19,2834,1,2837,4,3791,2,3795,3,3799,1,3803,1,3809,4,3816,20,3839,3,3843,1,3845,16,4249,1,4254,1,4267,7,4278,7,4289,1,4298,2,4304,2,4311,1,4320,25,4347,9,4365,2,4368,38,4478,1,4485,1,4488,1,4490,2,4494,1,4498,18,4525,1,4534,8],"p":[[11.386,38.387,6.309]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of fibula","t":"Neck","w":"Narrowed part just below the head.","x":"The common fibular (peroneal) nerve winds around it just under the skin, so a blow to the outside of the knee or a fracture here can cause foot drop. Gives origin to parts of fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus.","f":[421,7,1367,1,1376,1,1380,14,1395,1,1397,127,1529,2,1535,2,1541,1,2493,110,2606,1,3577,2,3583,1,3587,1,3589,4,3594,104,3700,2,3703,1,3706,2,4151,16,4175,1,4178,2],"p":[[10.542,34.64,5.127]]},{"id":"ant_b","n":"Anterior border","t":"Border","w":"Anterior ridge of the shaft.","x":"Attachment of the anterior intermuscular septum, which separates the extensor from the fibular (lateral) compartment.","f":[2175,5,2186,4,2197,2,2210,1,2232,1,3168,1,3171,1,3180,8,3189,5,3195,11,3215,12,3231,8,3242,1,3244,10,3259,1,3264,4,3269,1,3271,4,3276,2,3279,5,3285,23,3309,3,3313,13,3327,10,3339,5,3346,10,3358,3,3362,6,3370,9,3380,1,3382,3,3386,6,3393,3,3397,8,3406,1,3408,2,3411,12,3424,15,3442,2,3446,1,3449,3,3455,14,3472,13,3487,3,3495,6,3504,3,3508,4,3514,3,3521,2,3524,3,3528,10,3540,9,3550,2,3553,13,3569,6,3580,3,3584,3,3588,1,3593,1,4085,66],"p":[[10.903,22.529,5.981]]},{"id":"int_b","n":"Interosseous border","t":"Border","w":"Medial ridge facing the tibia (interosseous border).","x":"Gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. The extensor muscles of the leg and tibialis posterior take origin on either side of it.","f":[959,1,966,1,973,1,976,1,1010,1,1048,1,1070,5,1081,9,1098,5,1119,8,1145,5,1162,5,1182,15,1208,1,1210,9,1232,9,1267,7,1285,1,1287,3,2173,1,2181,4,2190,7,2199,8,2211,4,2218,10,2233,1,2235,10,2247,8,2257,4,2266,9,2278,23,2303,3,2307,3,2311,10,2324,1,2327,8,2337,1,2339,1,2341,17,2360,13,2376,16,2395,16,2412,7,2424,7,2437,2,2442,2,2448,4,2453,1,2456,2,2461,1,2466,7,2476,7,2486,3,2490,2,3176,1,3194,1,3206,1,3209,4,3214,1,3227,2,3230,1,3239,2,3254,3,3258,1,3260,3,3379,1,3392,1,3552,1,3580,1],"p":[[10.307,20.904,4.925]]},{"id":"post_b","n":"Posterior border","t":"Border","w":"Posterior ridge of the shaft.","x":"Attachment of the posterior intermuscular septum, separating the lateral from the posterior compartment.","f":[961,1,969,2,977,3,985,3,995,1,1003,5,1015,3,1023,1,1033,1,1049,1,1051,3,1057,1,1062,3,1075,5,1092,4,1106,12,1127,2,1131,7,1151,8,1167,1,1170,4,1197,8,1220,4,1241,14,1274,5,1282,1,1290,2,1293,1,1295,5,1303,4,1312,7,1320,4,1326,3,1332,2,1339,2,1342,3,1360,5,1378,2,2169,1,2174,6,2185,5,2197,2,2207,4,2215,3,2228,4,2245,2,2255,2,2261,5,2275,3,2301,1,2306,1,2321,1,2335,1,2373,3,2419,1,2433,2,2439,2,2444,4,2459,1,2462,3,3167,2,3171,1,3180,8,3190,1,3195,4,3215,3,3221,1],"p":[[11.361,22.796,4.778]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft of fibula","t":"Shaft","w":"Long thin body between the neck and the lateral malleolus.","x":"Bears no weight (the tibia carries about 90% of the load) and serves for muscle attachment: fibularis longus and brevis laterally, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior behind, extensors in front. A useful donor bone for grafts.","f":[351,2,354,67,913,46,960,1,962,4,967,2,971,2,974,2,980,5,988,7,996,7,1008,2,1011,4,1018,5,1024,9,1035,13,1050,1,1054,3,1058,4,1065,5,1080,1,1090,2,1096,2,1103,3,1118,1,1129,2,1138,7,1150,1,1159,3,1168,2,1174,8,1205,3,1209,1,1219,1,1224,8,1255,12,1279,3,1283,2,1286,1,1292,1,1294,1,1300,3,1307,5,1319,1,1324,2,1329,3,1334,5,1341,1,1346,13,1365,2,1368,6,1394,1,2234,1,2441,1,2455,1,2460,1,2465,1,2473,3,2484,2,3445,1,3452,3,3469,3,3485,2,3492,1,3512,2,3519,2,3523,1,3549,1,3567,2,3575,2],"p":[[10.861,21.781,4.628]]},{"id":"lmal","n":"Lateral malleolus","t":"Malleolus","w":"Expanded lower end of the fibula: the bump on the outer ankle.","x":"Extends lower than the medial malleolus, which stops the talus from dislocating laterally. Anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments attach here; these are the ones sprained in an ankle inversion injury. Fibularis longus and brevis tendons run behind it.","f":[0,287,288,6,295,1,300,1,443,449,1891,252,2841,240,3082,1,3088,2,3096,2,3861,224,4406,15],"p":[[9.787,5.409,4.819]]},{"id":"mfac","n":"Articular facet of the lateral malleolus","t":"Articular facet","w":"Triangular facet on the medial surface of the lateral malleolus.","x":"Articulates with the lateral surface of the talus in the ankle mortise.","f":[158,7,202,10,236,7,255,4,266,1,274,1,284,1,286,1,633,12,646,5,653,1,658,4,666,45,713,7,721,3,730,8,748,27,778,34,819,19,844,13,866,2,869,5,875,3,879,4,885,1,1965,1,1979,4,1984,7,1994,2,1998,6,2007,3,2011,21,2049,20,2072,35,2115,13,2131,3,2137,1,2139,1,2937,1,2941,2,2952,5,2965,5,2981,34,3018,16,3043,1,3046,8,3055,2,3070,1,3075,1,3872,1,3877,1,3879,1,3883,5,3889,1,3892,2,3897,1,3923,2,3928,1,3931,2,3938,1,3946,3,3982,1,3985,2,3993,12,4042,1,4045,1,4048,1,4056,12,4072,2,4077,1,4081,2],"p":[[9.309,6.376,4.912]]},{"id":"mfoss","n":"Malleolar fossa","t":"Fossa","w":"Rough depression behind the articular facet (malleolar fossa).","x":"Attachment of the posterior talofibular ligament, the strongest of the three lateral ankle ligaments. The anterior talofibular ligament (the one sprained most often) attaches to the front edge of the malleolus, and the calcaneofibular ligament to its tip.","f":[61,1,63,7,72,11,86,10,141,1,144,17,193,4,198,8,208,4,216,1,218,25,247,2,250,20,271,2,274,1,566,4,682,5,693,5,707,1,732,2,748,13,778,6,785,4,819,7,844,1,846,3],"p":[[9.635,6.081,4.102]]}],"clavicle":[{"id":"send","n":"Sternal (medial) end","t":"End","w":"Medial, thicker end of the clavicle (sternal end).","x":"Triangular and blunt. Forms the sternoclavicular joint with the clavicular notch of the manubrium, the only bony link between the arm and the axial skeleton. The sternocleidomastoid (clavicular head) and pectoralis major (clavicular head) arise near it; the articular disc of the joint attaches here.","f":[0,750,751,1,753,2,756,5,762,174,937,12,950,1,952,3,968,1,1031,118,1150,17,1168,8,1177,1,1182,1,1609,151,1761,18,1780,3,1785,1,1791,1,2164,48,2214,33,2249,1,2268,10,2280,1,2286,2],"p":[[1.534,134.315,13.657]]},{"id":"sfac","n":"Sternal articular facet","t":"Articular facet","w":"Oval facet on the medial end facing the manubrium (sternal articular surface).","x":"Articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium and, a little, with the cartilage of rib 1. Posterior dislocation of this joint can compress the trachea and great vessels, so it is rare but an emergency.","f":[0,132,167,1,169,1,172,2,177,1,179,7,192,3,196,1,202,3,206,10,227,39,267,8,276,26,304,12,318,10,331,5,340,53,437,15,453,5,460,4,467,2,473,1,478,2,481,1,552,65,620,4,629,3,633,1,636,2,644,3,648,1,656,1,674,12,687,3,692,5,769,23,793,4,801,44,846,6,853,3,857,1,859,4,892,1,1033,2,1037,4,1042,4,1048,2,1071,4,1076,3,1080,1,1086,7,1096,2,1103,1],"p":[[1.248,134.5,12.989]]},{"id":"aend","n":"Acromial (lateral) end","t":"End","w":"Lateral, flattened end of the clavicle (acromial end).","x":"Broad and flat from above downward. Forms the acromioclavicular joint with the acromion of the scapula. The deltoid and trapezius attach to its borders and upper surface.","f":[2146,1,2148,1,2150,4,2156,2,2159,5,2584,1,2587,1,2597,1,2599,104,3013,1,3016,1,3019,7,3027,95,3358,85,3867,4,3873,3,3877,122,4347,3,4351,1,4353,1,4355,158,4569,571],"p":[[13.93,135.583,6.177]]},{"id":"afac","n":"Acromial articular facet","t":"Articular facet","w":"Small oval facet on the lateral tip (acromial articular surface).","x":"Articulates with the acromion at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, a plane synovial joint. A shoulder separation is a sprain or tear of the AC ligaments, with the clavicle riding up.","f":[3951,2,3960,6,3971,5,3978,4,3984,5,3994,2,3997,2,4439,7,4448,15,4464,49,4685,2,4694,3,4698,1,4706,4,4712,4,4717,82,4821,1,4835,1,4841,1,4859,1,4861,1,4865,15,4884,1,4887,2,4890,115,5008,3,5012,9,5023,7,5031,109],"p":[[14.759,135.908,6.439]]},{"id":"ctub","n":"Costal tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Rough oval area on the underside of the medial end (costal tuberosity, impression for the costoclavicular ligament).","x":"Attachment of the costoclavicular ligament, which binds the clavicle to the cartilage of rib 1. Subclavius arises from the groove just lateral to it.","f":[1085,1,1138,7,1157,5,1171,3,1177,4,1182,4,1712,13,1732,3,1737,4,1744,2,1748,1,1772,12,1791,16,1811,3,1817,6,1824,15,1849,1,1851,6,1867,4,2192,1,2298,2,2329,11,2348,12,2361,4,2366,1,2368,1,2746,1],"p":[[2.768,133.962,13.701]]},{"id":"sgrv","n":"Subclavian groove","t":"Groove","w":"Long shallow groove along the underside of the middle third (groove for subclavius).","x":"Origin of the subclavius muscle, which pulls the clavicle down and holds it steady. The subclavian vessels and brachial plexus pass just behind the groove, which is why a displaced clavicle fracture can injure them.","f":[2762,1,3144,1,3159,2,3168,1,3221,3,3231,1,3237,1,3453,3,3459,1,3494,8,3518,18,3551,9,3567,5,3577,2,3587,3,3591,1,3597,3,3602,6,3611,17,3632,11,3645,1,3651,5,4015,9,4026,1,4028,1,4030,1,4032,1,4062,19,4085,3,4114,8,4137,1,4139,1,4146,9,4177,12,4190,1,4192,1,4210,3,4214,1,4222,7,4245,1],"p":[[7.065,134.32,12.22]]},{"id":"conoid","n":"Conoid tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Bump on the underside of the lateral third, at the back where the bone bends (conoid tubercle).","x":"Attachment of the conoid ligament, the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament, which hangs the scapula from the clavicle. Mnemonic: moving out from the sternal end the order is Conoid (medial) then Trapezoid (lateral), C before T.","f":[1005,1,1009,2,1013,1,1018,1,1023,1,1318,3,1323,1,1325,1,1329,1,1345,1,1395,14,1426,21,1453,70,1524,5,1532,5,1550,8,1560,16,2046,4,2051,1,2053,11,2065,9,2077,14,2093,3,2099,1,2533,2,2545,4,2550,3,2558,2],"p":[[10.665,135.062,5.877]]},{"id":"trap","n":"Trapezoid line","t":"Line","w":"Rough oblique ridge on the underside of the lateral third, running forward and outward from the conoid tubercle (trapezoid line).","x":"Attachment of the trapezoid ligament, the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament. Together with the conoid ligament it keeps the clavicle and coracoid process tied together.","f":[2534,1,2539,1,2547,2,2551,1,2554,2,2988,3,2993,1,3319,1,3321,1,3327,7,3335,1,3339,1,3344,1,3347,1,3349,2,3861,1,3863,8,4327,1,4357,8,4384,4,4574,4,4580,2,4587,1,4651,2,4665,6,4805,3,4810,3,4844,4,4849,3,4853,5],"p":[[12.923,135.766,6.721]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft of clavicle","t":"Shaft","w":"Middle S-shaped part of the bone, curved convex forward in the medial two thirds and concave forward in the lateral third.","x":"The only long bone that lies horizontally. It is the most commonly fractured bone in the body, usually at the junction of the middle and lateral thirds (the weakest point, where the curves meet and no muscle attaches). The sternocleidomastoid pulls the medial fragment up, and the weight of the arm drags the lateral fragment down.","f":[750,1,752,1,755,1,761,1,936,1,949,1,951,1,955,13,969,36,1006,3,1011,2,1014,4,1019,4,1024,7,1149,1,1167,1,1181,1,1186,132,1321,2,1324,1,1326,3,1330,15,1346,49,1409,17,1447,6,1523,1,1529,3,1537,13,1558,2,1576,33,1760,1,1784,1,1786,5,1807,4,1814,3,1823,1,1839,10,1850,1,1857,10,1871,175,2050,1,2052,1,2064,1,2074,3,2091,2,2096,3,2100,46,2147,1,2149,1,2154,2,2158,1,2212,2,2247,2,2250,18,2278,2,2281,5,2288,10,2300,29,2340,8,2360,1,2365,1,2367,1,2369,164,2535,4,2540,5,2549,1,2556,2,2560,24,2585,2,2588,9,2598,1,2703,43,2747,7,2756,6,2763,225,2991,2,2994,19,3014,2,3017,2,3026,1,3122,22,3145,14,3161,7,3169,52,3224,13,3238,81,3320,1,3322,5,3334,1,3336,3,3340,4,3345,2,3348,1,3351,7,3443,10,3456,3,3460,34,3502,16,3536,15,3560,7,3572,5,3579,8,3590,1,3592,5,3600,2,3608,3,3628,4,3643,2,3646,5,3656,205,3871,2,3876,1,3999,16,4024,2,4027,1,4029,1,4031,1,4033,29,4081,4,4088,26,4122,15,4138,1,4140,6,4155,22,4189,1,4191,1,4193,17,4213,1,4215,7,4229,16,4246,81,4328,19,4350,1,4352,1,4354,1,4513,56],"p":[[8.052,135.172,9.916]]}],"sacrum":[{"id":"base","n":"Base of sacrum (superior surface of S1)","t":"Base","w":"Broad upper surface of S1, the top of the sacrum.","x":"Articulates with the body of L5 at the lumbosacral joint through an intervertebral disc. Its front edge is the sacral promontory. The fifth lumbar vertebra can partly fuse with it (sacralization).","f":[1967,1,2164,3,2171,3,2177,1,2179,1,2190,4,2202,1,2204,10,2236,2,2508,1,2515,3,2522,1,2525,3,2534,1,2539,2,2544,2,2553,1,2709,1,2902,1,2904,3,2910,8,2921,7,2929,7,2938,7,2949,4,2955,3,2965,1,3056,5,3062,1,3082,1,3084,4,3090,1,3326,1,3328,13,3342,9,3355,4,3363,1,3368,5,3376,1,3421,1,3439,7,3447,3,3465,1,3485,4,3705,1,3710,6,3718,6,3728,6,3742,4,3749,3,3756,4,3764,1,3830,5,3836,1,3865,8,3875,2,3881,1,3883,2,3895,1,4151,1,4153,1,4155,1,4157,7,4165,5,4175,4,4182,2,4191,8,4233,1,4275,2,4282,4,4288,2,4291,5,4299,5,4311,1,4314,1,4319,1,4778,1,4780,3,4784,4,4790,2,4795,5,4803,6,4811,3,4823,1,4829,2,4837,7,4849,4,4855,1,4858,9,4870,1,4872,8,5318,5,5324,2,5327,9,5338,2,5343,1,5354,1,5371,2,5380,1,5382,2,5386,4,5392,9,5404,5,5416,1,5421,1,5770,2,5776,4,5785,5,5793,4,5801,3,5812,1,5814,6,5823,5,5830,2,5834,2,5838,1,5842,1,6174,4,6180,11,6193,5,6204,1,6206,1,6208,9,6218,2,6223,2,6577,4,6582,10,6599,4,6604,3,6608,5,6615,2,6618,3,6960,1,6962,11,6976,3,6981,14,6999,5,7331,1,7333,8,7343,7,7352,5,7362,2,7365,6,7372,4,7377,1,7380,1,7385,3,7390,1,7733,1,7736,2,7739,3,7743,4,7749,3,7754,4,7760,11,7772,8,7781,3,8215,1,8217,5,8223,1,8225,3,8230,1,8235,2,8239,3,8243,2,8251,3,8256,2,8260,2,8266,2,8280,4,8285,1,8289,7,8300,1,8604,1,8606,11,8618,6,8626,4,8632,4,8637,3,8650,2,8653,1,8659,2,8687,1,8690,1,8694,4,8700,2,8703,4,8713,1,8715,2,9121,5,9127,12,9143,1,9147,2,9161,2,9164,1,9167,1,9181,2,9186,1,9188,1,9190,2,9195,11,9210,1,9212,1,9593,6,9600,9,9610,4,9618,3,9622,4,9631,2,9638,3,9652,7,9660,4,9695,3,9700,3,9706,7,9714,3,9723,2,9986,5,9993,3,9997,6,10005,2,10010,2,10015,2,10019,1,10021,1,10023,1,10082,5,10090,4,10095,4,10109,1,10111,5,10340,2,10348,5,10355,5,10362,9,10374,2,10382,4,10390,4,10461,3,10465,5,10471,2,10503,10,10514,1,10558,1,10561,1,10828,3,10832,1,10834,5,10840,3,10845,7,10853,8,10864,2,10869,3,10878,4,10883,2,10886,1,10979,1,11001,5,11046,1,11052,1,11256,2,11261,3,11274,1],"p":[[0.104,91.758,6.601]]},{"id":"prom","n":"Sacral promontory","t":"Promontory","w":"Forward-projecting upper edge of the body of S1 (sacral promontory).","x":"Marks the boundary between the false and true pelvis. The obstetric conjugate is measured from it to the back of the pubic symphysis, so it is an important landmark in assessing the birth canal.","f":[2886,1,2892,5,2900,1,2904,1,2906,1,3302,19,3322,5,3690,11,3702,1,4139,14,4758,21,4780,1,5308,12,5755,16,5772,1,6158,16,6557,17,6576,1,6939,24,7320,15,7723,13,8202,15,8218,2,8594,11,8606,1,9104,16,9581,12,9594,6,9971,18,10323,17,10341,1,10344,1,10813,8,10824,3,10828,1],"p":[[0.127,90.624,9.044]]},{"id":"ala_l","n":"Ala of sacrum (left)","t":"Ala","w":"Wing of the sacrum, the broad lateral part of S1 on the left side.","x":"Formed from the fused transverse processes and costal elements of S1. The lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5 nerve fibres) crosses its front on the way to the sacral plexus. Its side surface carries the auricular surface for the ilium.","f":[10839,1,10844,1,10859,1,10884,4,10894,1,10899,1,10908,1,10914,2,10927,1,11065,3,11076,1,11237,2,11240,9,11250,11,11264,7,11272,2,11275,2,11279,2,11283,1,11288,2,11297,10,11310,9,11320,4,11325,3,11330,1,11332,5,11342,3,11346,7,11355,1,11370,2,11376,1,11378,8,11390,1,11425,9,11436,3,11466,15,11531,3,11651,33,11685,2,11689,1,11692,2,11696,1,11700,16,11717,9,11729,5,11741,9,11753,4,11760,2,11771,2,11777,1,11781,1,12023,45,12069,1,12073,2,12263,25,12293,2,12462,23,12487,4,12494,3,12668,7,12677,5,12685,2,12690,3,12884,13,12901,2,12904,12,12920,5,12927,3,12936,1,13108,9,13120,2,13133,1,13137,7,13148,8,13169,5,13194,3,13242,1,13334,7,13346,7,13358,1,13362,2,13369,1,13381,7,13414,6,13429,6,13441,4,13513,17,13533,1,13535,4,13543,2,13555,2,13570,6,13586,10,13605,1,13607,2,13610,2,13644,15,13663,4,13673,2,13685,4,13700,1,13708,7,13724,10,13759,21,13781,2,13784,12,13808,6,13824,4,13832,5,13843,3,13847,18,13876,3,13883,2,13886,1,13888,1,13890,1,13892,2,13912,9,13923,2,13927,1,13929,7,13937,4,13947,5,13953,1,13955,1,13964,1,13967,6,13975,5,13981,3,13985,2,13996,1],"p":[[4.423,91.218,7.288]]},{"id":"sap_l","n":"Superior articular process (left)","t":"Process","w":"Upward-projecting process on the back of the base on the left side (superior articular process).","x":"Its facet articulates with the inferior articular process of L5 at a zygapophyseal joint, which stops L5 from sliding forward on the sacrum (spondylolisthesis occurs when this fails).","f":[9664,8,9679,14,10021,32,10071,5,10088,2,10392,3,10396,18,10420,4,10440,2,10473,2,10880,1,10882,2,10885,1,10887,1,10891,25,10920,11,10953,5,10983,1,11289,1,11297,10,11310,27,11365,9,11416,4,11453,9,11517,12,11693,1,11700,6,11712,14,11733,30,11769,39,11814,1,11820,18,11875,10],"p":[[2.833,93.001,5.772]]},{"id":"aur_l","n":"Auricular surface (left)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Ear-shaped surface on the side of the sacrum on the left side (auricular surface).","x":"Articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint, a strong, almost immobile synovial joint that transmits body weight from the spine to the pelvis. Mnemonic: 'auricular' means ear-shaped.","f":[12368,1,12389,1,12402,1,12404,1,12417,1,12423,2,12427,1,12449,2,12562,2,12567,1,12575,1,12577,3,12581,3,12590,8,12608,4,12616,4,12624,8,12638,12,12661,7,12700,6,12712,6,12721,3,12742,1,12747,6,12765,4,12775,1,12777,2,12781,1,12784,14,12800,32,12834,25,12861,23,12940,3,12946,11,12964,1,12966,1,12974,2,12977,4,12985,1,13014,94,13160,1,13175,19,13197,27,13249,28,13278,2,13282,1,13284,2,13312,22,13435,2,13438,3,13445,8,13491,6,13511,1,13603,1,13613,8,13628,2],"p":[[4.724,88.803,4.686]]},{"id":"ala_r","n":"Ala of sacrum (right)","t":"Ala","w":"Wing of the sacrum, the broad lateral part of S1 on the right side.","x":"Formed from the fused transverse processes and costal elements of S1. The lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5 nerve fibres) crosses its front on the way to the sacral plexus. Its side surface carries the auricular surface for the ilium.","f":[0,18,23,1,28,1,33,1,35,4,51,1,54,1,56,5,70,3,76,6,89,1,91,3,98,15,114,1,116,2,120,8,135,4,148,7,163,5,180,8,197,6,207,6,227,1,240,4,245,1,247,15,267,1,274,3,282,2,289,3,297,7,310,8,326,8,342,5,380,3,388,4,418,3,425,2,434,8,447,7,457,3,469,8,528,6,547,2,558,2,588,6,596,3,604,2,610,3,631,1,633,1,713,10,739,1,753,7,781,4,799,2,810,1,992,4,997,1,999,4,1006,2,1009,1,1011,5,1019,2,1031,1,1055,1,1322,11,1335,5,1342,1,1345,6,1353,1,1355,1,1359,2,1512,9,1522,6,1529,3,1711,34,1748,2,1752,3,1756,3,1947,34,1982,1,1984,4,1990,1,2153,1,2155,4,2161,3,2167,5,2174,3,2178,5,2184,3,2188,2,2192,1,2194,3,2203,1,2205,1,2219,3,2521,1],"p":[[-4.69,90.626,7.294]]},{"id":"sap_r","n":"Superior articular process (right)","t":"Process","w":"Upward-projecting process on the back of the base on the right side (superior articular process).","x":"Its facet articulates with the inferior articular process of L5 at a zygapophyseal joint, which stops L5 from sliding forward on the sacrum (spondylolisthesis occurs when this fails).","f":[1757,3,1767,1,1979,1,1986,6,1998,1,2000,3,2004,1,2188,4,2193,1,2200,14,2230,2,2233,20,2260,13,2276,1,2278,18,2335,1,2337,18,2376,1,2381,3,2545,3,2553,5,2566,15,2615,23,2659,8,2726,1,2728,3,2956,1,2958,3,2965,11,2979,8,3007,5,3033,1,3369,1,3376,10,3388,2,3401,2,3404,3,3812,1],"p":[[-2.79,92.806,5.732]]},{"id":"aur_r","n":"Auricular surface (right)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Ear-shaped surface on the side of the sacrum on the right side (auricular surface).","x":"Articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint, a strong, almost immobile synovial joint that transmits body weight from the spine to the pelvis. Mnemonic: 'auricular' means ear-shaped.","f":[213,3,320,1,324,1,334,7,347,3,446,1,454,3,460,9,477,3,595,1,599,1,601,3,606,4,613,4,619,1,638,1,671,16,688,10,699,10,768,1,773,2,777,2,785,1,787,7,795,4,801,8,813,5,835,28,882,19,920,4,925,15,941,15,958,1,962,5,970,3,976,9,986,2,989,3,1027,4,1032,5,1039,16,1056,6,1068,12,1082,1,1089,2,1092,8,1105,4,1110,17,1129,4,1138,1,1155,18,1188,11,1200,22,1225,15,1244,10,1259,19,1280,2,1286,22,1310,8,1319,3,1367,10,1378,1,1380,1,1394,5,1410,1,1412,1,1418,4,1423,3,1429,11,1441,2,1446,3,1459,2,1469,7,1481,8,1493,8,1502,10,1597,1,1604,4,1612,4,1624,2,1648,2,1702,1,1705,1],"p":[[-4.369,88.659,4.827]]},{"id":"af1_l","n":"Anterior sacral foramen S1 (left)","t":"Foramen","w":"Upper opening for the first sacral nerve on the front (pelvic) surface, on the left side (anterior sacral foramen S1).","x":"The anterior ramus of S1 leaves through it to join the sacral plexus, with spinal branches of the lateral sacral artery. The four anterior foramina are on the pelvic surface, lateral to the vertebral bodies.","f":[8312,1,8326,1,8717,1,8720,2,8727,6,8736,4,8746,2,8750,2,9206,1,9208,1,9214,5,9220,2,9223,3,9227,1,9244,8,9268,10,9279,1,9295,4,9314,2,9336,1,9338,1,9718,1,9725,3,9775,9,9807,2,9812,3,9816,1,10163,3,10167,1,10169,11,10181,1,10656,2,10686,1,10688,2,10691,3,11099,1,11101,1,11144,2,11147,1],"p":[[1.717,87.537,3.607]]},{"id":"af1_r","n":"Anterior sacral foramen S1 (right)","t":"Foramen","w":"Upper opening for the first sacral nerve on the front (pelvic) surface, on the right side (anterior sacral foramen S1).","x":"The anterior ramus of S1 leaves through it to join the sacral plexus, with spinal branches of the lateral sacral artery. The four anterior foramina are on the pelvic surface, lateral to the vertebral bodies.","f":[2422,1,2770,3,2806,2,3130,2,3153,9,3209,2,3546,6,3568,1,3923,13,3950,2,3953,1,4360,8,4386,1,4891,2,4894,7,4928,3,4932,1,4947,5,4953,2,4975,1,5423,2,5432,5,5444,6,5457,5,5466,1,5878,1,5880,1],"p":[[-1.462,87.446,3.412]]},{"id":"af2_l","n":"Anterior sacral foramen S2 (left)","t":"Foramen","w":"Second opening on the front (pelvic) surface, on the left side (anterior sacral foramen S2).","x":"Transmits the anterior ramus of S2 (sciatic nerve root) and sacral vessels. Smaller than the S1 foramen; the foramina get smaller toward the apex.","f":[7887,1,7935,1,8350,1,8401,1,8405,6,8779,4,8828,17,8875,11,8887,12,8932,3,8936,1,8944,1,8948,1,9367,2,9370,1,9372,1,9416,11,9486,1,9488,11,9539,1,9541,2,9546,1,9847,14,9862,1,9864,2,9879,22,9922,19,9958,1,9962,1,9968,1,10198,1,10217,1,10219,22,10251,5,10284,1,10286,23,10725,3,10740,3,10791,1,10793,1],"p":[[1.803,84.673,2.332]]},{"id":"af2_r","n":"Anterior sacral foramen S2 (right)","t":"Foramen","w":"Second opening on the front (pelvic) surface, on the right side (anterior sacral foramen S2).","x":"Transmits the anterior ramus of S2 (sciatic nerve root) and sacral vessels. Smaller than the S1 foramen; the foramina get smaller toward the apex.","f":[2842,1,3204,1,3206,3,3223,4,3262,4,3293,1,3590,9,3610,5,3616,3,3627,1,3630,17,3671,7,3679,1,3985,1,3987,22,4029,28,4084,11,4111,1,4468,15,4538,2,4542,2,4545,31,4613,6,4620,2,4623,4,5028,3,5086,1,5091,7,5126,3,5130,7],"p":[[-1.646,84.805,2.414]]},{"id":"tr1","n":"Transverse ridge (between S1 and S2)","t":"Ridge","w":"Horizontal ridge across the front of the sacrum between the S1 and S2 bodies (transverse ridge).","x":"Marks where the original sacral vertebral bodies fused. There are normally four of these ridges, between S1/S2, S2/S3, S3/S4 and S4/S5.","f":[6733,2,6736,1,7071,5,7132,2,7427,7,7820,2,7837,2,7841,1],"p":[[0.427,86.212,3.042]]},{"id":"pf1_l","n":"Posterior sacral foramen S1 (left)","t":"Foramen","w":"Upper opening on the back (dorsal) surface, on the left side (posterior sacral foramen S1).","x":"Transmits the posterior ramus of S1 to the skin and muscles of the back and buttock. Posterior foramina are smaller than the anterior ones and lie lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.","f":[8776,1,8789,3,8854,5,8910,3,8915,1,9229,7,9252,2,9257,6,9282,9,9300,2,9303,7,9316,2,9319,12,9342,13,9388,11,9440,1,9442,5,9520,1,9739,9,9756,4,9765,1,9770,4,9784,21,9806,1,9825,10,9872,2,10117,3,10124,4,10136,4,10145,4,10153,10,10182,4,10204,6,10562,4,10599,2,10621,1,10634,5,10660,2,10663,17,10695,5,10701,6,10730,7,11057,1,11068,1,11081,3,11090,7,11104,15,11148,10,11174,4,11539,1,11607,2],"p":[[1.9,88.968,3.612]]},{"id":"pf1_r","n":"Posterior sacral foramen S1 (right)","t":"Foramen","w":"Upper opening on the back (dorsal) surface, on the right side (posterior sacral foramen S1).","x":"Transmits the posterior ramus of S1 to the skin and muscles of the back and buttock. Posterior foramina are smaller than the anterior ones and lie lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.","f":[2447,3,2467,1,2469,3,2481,1,2749,1,2759,1,2764,2,2777,5,2810,11,2830,9,2860,3,3091,4,3112,1,3132,1,3134,2,3138,5,3163,26,3211,11,3230,1,3233,3,3467,1,3489,2,3509,4,3520,6,3529,8,3538,1,3552,11,3569,8,3604,6,3887,1,3889,4,3901,1,3908,2,3916,2,3936,9,3952,1,3954,3,3972,4,4019,2,4322,2,4338,7,4350,4,4368,12,4387,2,4392,11,4409,20,4490,10,4602,1,4914,3,4937,4,4942,2,4962,1,4964,3,4968,2,4979,8,4993,4,5048,6,5110,1],"p":[[-1.892,88.934,3.554]]},{"id":"pf2_l","n":"Posterior sacral foramen S2 (left)","t":"Foramen","w":"Middle opening on the back (dorsal) surface, on the left side (posterior sacral foramen S2).","x":"Transmits the posterior ramus of S2 to the skin and muscles of the back and buttock. Posterior foramina are smaller than the anterior ones and lie lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.","f":[8333,2,8343,2,8525,1,8527,1,8529,1,8567,1,8762,1,8765,11,8783,6,8845,8,8899,8,8955,13,9001,9,9043,7,9334,2,9337,1,9339,3,9378,10,9427,2,9430,1,9432,6,9499,2,9503,16,9559,1,9563,5,9809,3,9820,5,9866,4,9905,9,9916,3,9949,5,10166,1,10168,1,10199,5,10244,3,10248,1,10262,16,10321,1,10687,1,10690,1,10728,2,10752,3,10756,1,10761,27,10795,3,10800,1,10803,10,11168,3,11192,9,11211,5,11217,7,11228,8,11605,1,11618,1,11633,2,11648,3],"p":[[2.011,87.153,2.338]]},{"id":"pf2_r","n":"Posterior sacral foramen S2 (right)","t":"Foramen","w":"Middle opening on the back (dorsal) surface, on the right side (posterior sacral foramen S2).","x":"Transmits the posterior ramus of S2 to the skin and muscles of the back and buttock. Posterior foramina are smaller than the anterior ones and lie lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.","f":[2466,1,2486,1,2828,2,2854,3,2867,3,2877,6,3229,1,3232,1,3238,1,3241,14,3266,26,3298,4,3567,1,3599,5,3621,3,3647,21,3683,7,3945,5,3971,1,4009,8,4058,1,4060,19,4100,1,4102,6,4383,3,4407,2,4486,3,4577,2,4581,17,4599,2,4627,17,4672,2,4676,3,4708,1,4710,2,4973,2,4989,4,5039,9,5102,8,5138,18,5185,15,5220,12,5250,11,5463,3,5472,3,5476,3,5517,2,5671,2,5694,4,5729,1,5731,2,6126,1],"p":[[-1.368,87.083,2.25]]},{"id":"pf3_l","n":"Posterior sacral foramen S3 (left)","t":"Foramen","w":"Lower opening on the back (dorsal) surface, on the left side (posterior sacral foramen S3).","x":"Transmits the posterior ramus of S3 to the skin and muscles of the back and buttock. Posterior foramina are smaller than the anterior ones and lie lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.","f":[8187,1,8561,1,8580,11,8592,2,8930,1,8939,5,8945,2,8949,6,8986,13,9025,1,9028,2,9031,10,9065,15,9082,1,9085,1,9087,17,9543,3,9547,6,9554,3,9571,10,9961,1,9963,2],"p":[[1.444,85.027,1.253]]},{"id":"pf3_r","n":"Posterior sacral foramen S3 (right)","t":"Foramen","w":"Lower opening on the back (dorsal) surface, on the right side (posterior sacral foramen S3).","x":"Transmits the posterior ramus of S3 to the skin and muscles of the back and buttock. Posterior foramina are smaller than the anterior ones and lie lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.","f":[3680,2,4095,4,4112,2,4115,3,4119,20,4658,12,4686,22,4719,1,4722,36,5129,1,5137,1,5177,8,5248,1,5275,4,5280,4,5291,17,5708,2,5714,2,5734,10],"p":[[-1.567,84.967,1.278]]},{"id":"mcrest","n":"Median sacral crest","t":"Crest","w":"Ridge down the middle of the back of the sacrum (median sacral crest).","x":"Formed by the fused spinous processes of S1 to S4. Attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia and erector spinae aponeurosis. Spinous processes: median crest; articular processes: intermediate crest; transverse processes: lateral crest.","f":[5976,2,6009,1,6011,2,6042,3,6078,1,6095,2,6101,1,6104,1,6107,2,6111,3,6118,3,6122,4,6128,2,6145,1,6147,1,6149,1,6151,1,6413,1,6441,11,6453,1,6457,1,6468,4,6488,3,6505,31,6537,20,6793,8,6811,15,6827,1,6829,1,6833,1,6858,81,7190,5,7196,1,7206,12,7219,1,7243,2,7262,58,7578,3,7583,2,7596,1,7622,2,7645,1,7647,1,7650,1,7652,1,7655,2,7660,3,7670,4,7676,1,7680,1,7683,6,7691,2,7694,1,7699,2,7703,4,7708,9,7936,1],"p":[[0.232,86.079,1.205]]},{"id":"hiatus","n":"Sacral hiatus","t":"Hiatus","w":"Opening at the bottom of the sacral canal, where the laminae of S4/S5 fail to fuse (sacral hiatus).","x":"The route for caudal epidural anaesthesia, injected through the sacrococcygeal ligament between the two sacral cornua. The filum terminale and S5 nerves leave through it.","f":[6096,1,6108,1,6112,2,6119,1,6506,2,6512,1,6514,13,6528,1,6539,6,6858,1,6860,1,6863,14,6878,1,6890,17,7271,15,7288,1,7305,8,7684,2,7691,1,7694,1],"p":[[0.008,84.462,0.968]]},{"id":"icrest_l","n":"Intermediate sacral crest (left)","t":"Crest","w":"Ridge on the back on the left side, lateral to the median crest (intermediate sacral crest).","x":"Formed by the fused articular processes of S1 to S5. It ends below in the sacral cornu. The multifidus arises from it.","f":[7624,1,7657,3,7681,2,7689,2,7693,1,7695,4,7701,2,7707,1,7974,2,8052,2,8093,20,8144,25,8176,26,8451,3,8475,3,8506,4,8524,6,8558,11,8575,2,8578,16,8907,8,8956,1,8958,1,8960,2,8964,5,8993,4,8998,2,9001,10,9035,2,9038,1,9040,10,9061,3,9068,2,9072,4,9077,27,9567,1,9571,1],"p":[[1.097,85.859,0.958]]},{"id":"cornu_l","n":"Sacral cornu (left)","t":"Cornu","w":"Small projection at the lower end of the intermediate crest, on the left side of the hiatus (sacral cornu).","x":"The two cornua are the landmarks for finding the sacral hiatus; they are the remains of the inferior articular processes of S5 and connect to the coccygeal cornua by ligaments.","f":[7265,1,7620,2,7641,3,7646,10,7661,7,7670,10,7718,5,7995,1,7999,1,8007,6,8041,1,8043,1,8045,1,8113,14,8129,17,8147,2,8169,7,8379,1,8434,1,8436,1,8443,8,8466,9,8504,1,8523,1,8532,7,8540,18,8569,10,8870,3,8926,2,8937,1,8969,7,8977,6,8985,1,9011,13,9050,13,9481,2,9529,2,9532,2,9535,1,9537,3,9568,3],"p":[[1.268,83.202,1.213]]},{"id":"icrest_r","n":"Intermediate sacral crest (right)","t":"Crest","w":"Ridge on the back on the right side, lateral to the median crest (intermediate sacral crest).","x":"Formed by the fused articular processes of S1 to S5. It ends below in the sacral cornu. The multifidus arises from it.","f":[4138,1,4489,1,4491,6,4582,5,4588,1,4594,2,4598,5,4636,1,4638,7,4669,4,4674,2,4678,1,4683,4,4705,1,4707,5,4716,1,4718,2,4721,4,4726,1,4728,3,4732,12,4745,3,4749,9,5111,1,5148,1,5155,5,5194,8,5225,9,5248,13,5273,35,5604,3,5671,5,5692,7,5704,3,5708,47,6076,2,6099,2,6105,2,6109,2,6114,4,6121,1,6126,1,6130,15,6146,1,6148,1,6150,1,6152,1,6154,4],"p":[[-1.104,86.133,1.049]]},{"id":"cornu_r","n":"Sacral cornu (right)","t":"Cornu","w":"Small projection at the lower end of the intermediate crest, on the right side of the hiatus (sacral cornu).","x":"The two cornua are the landmarks for finding the sacral hiatus; they are the remains of the inferior articular processes of S5 and connect to the coccygeal cornua by ligaments.","f":[4082,1,4451,1,4456,1,4534,3,4608,5,4645,5,4653,2,4679,7,4712,7,5073,1,5076,1,5080,1,5083,2,5123,3,5171,1,5173,2,5176,1,5211,3,5216,2,5219,1,5234,14,5261,14,5561,1,5563,1,5566,1,5592,3,5596,8,5629,8,5666,5,5676,4,5681,12,5699,9,6067,9,6088,11,6102,1,6487,1,6503,1,6505,1],"p":[[-1.026,83.279,1.601]]},{"id":"apex","n":"Apex of sacrum","t":"Apex","w":"Narrow lower end of the sacrum.","x":"Articulates with the coccyx at the sacrococcygeal joint (a symphysis). Mnemonic: base is up and wide, apex is down and narrow.","f":[4458,4,4464,1,4534,1,4608,2,4645,1,4679,2,4713,1,5009,10,5072,13,5123,3,5171,6,5211,9,5234,14,5261,4,5266,3,5270,1,5496,9,5551,16,5589,15,5627,10,5662,7,5676,11,5699,3,5961,6,5998,4,6065,11,6088,1,6091,2,6401,3,6429,5,6487,1,6499,6,6758,1,6790,1,6847,1,6851,10,7149,1,7181,4,7254,12,7270,1,7566,5,7572,1,7619,3,7639,17,7661,15,7717,6,7918,13,7995,18,8036,16,8083,10,8113,27,8169,7,8377,12,8429,22,8464,11,8488,1,8497,9,8511,13,8530,20,8551,1,8569,6,8778,1,8806,9,8817,1,8870,4,8926,2,8969,6,9011,5,9050,4,9358,1,9481,2,9529,1],"p":[[0.006,82.91,1.477]]},{"id":"coccyx","n":"Coccyx (fused coccygeal vertebrae)","t":"Coccyx","w":"Small tail at the very bottom, made of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae (this model includes it with the sacrum).","x":"Attachment of the gluteus maximus (lowest fibres), the coccygeus, levator ani (via the anococcygeal ligament) and the external anal sphincter. Often fractured by a fall onto the buttocks (coccydynia).","f":[3976,3,4021,7,4429,21,4500,34,4603,5,5002,7,5055,17,5114,9,5160,11,5202,9,5482,14,5521,30,5575,14,5609,18,5637,25,5890,16,5917,44,5981,17,6013,29,6045,20,6079,9,6288,7,6302,46,6365,36,6417,12,6459,9,6472,15,6491,8,6637,9,6663,26,6704,26,6739,19,6769,21,6805,6,6836,11,6848,3,7021,3,7046,25,7094,37,7135,14,7166,15,7202,4,7221,22,7245,9,7456,30,7494,43,7546,20,7589,7,7597,22,7625,14,7827,8,7844,34,7894,24,7941,33,7976,19,8013,23,8054,29,8349,1,8358,19,8413,16,8454,10,8478,10,8489,8,8510,1,8792,14,8859,11,8916,10,9399,7,9447,34,9522,7],"p":[[0.05,80.874,2.635]]}],"manubrium":[{"id":"jug","n":"Jugular (suprasternal) notch","t":"Notch","w":"Dip in the middle of the top border of the manubrium (jugular, or suprasternal, notch).","x":"Easily felt between the two clavicles at the base of the neck. The trachea lies just behind it, and the arch of the aorta lies about at this level. Landmark at the level of the T2/T3 vertebra.","f":[771,2,779,1,788,2,794,1,806,2,809,1,871,2,876,3,884,9,894,1,954,1,958,1,964,1,968,3,1012,2,1027,3,1094,1,1106,10,1171,2,1174,4,1218,1,1224,1,1228,10,1285,1,1288,3,1294,1,1296,8,1362,2,1365,1],"p":[[0.022,134.197,14.041]]},{"id":"clav_l","n":"Clavicular notch (left)","t":"Notch","w":"Oval facet at the upper side corner of the manubrium on the left side (clavicular notch).","x":"Articulates with the sternal end of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint, the only joint between the shoulder girdle and the trunk. It is shallow, which allows great mobility but little stability, so the joint depends on its disc and strong ligaments.","f":[1462,1,1478,1,1480,4,1487,1,1491,1,1495,3,1499,1,1612,1,1615,6,1623,2,1626,1,1630,10,1644,22,1733,1,1735,1,1737,2,1740,1,1744,10,1756,30,1837,3,1843,5,1849,1,1855,3,1859,13,1893,1,1896,8,1906,2,1911,1,1914,1,1919,1,1921,2,1925,2,1970,2,1976,4,1982,1,1984,3,1990,11,2005,20,2028,18,2047,5,2054,2,2057,1,2059,5,2066,5,2072,5,2152,1,2154,13],"p":[[1.866,133.583,13.898]]},{"id":"rib1_l","n":"Costal notch for rib 1 (left)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Rough area just below the clavicular notch on the left side (costal notch for the 1st rib).","x":"Receives the costal cartilage of rib 1, which joins by a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) that does not ossify until old age.","f":[1724,1,1828,1,1892,1,1894,1,1933,3,1937,2,1941,3,1945,16,1963,7,1972,2,1984,1,2077,1,2079,13,2093,19,2113,3,2117,3,2127,3,2132,12,2145,5,2167,7,2176,21,2198,2],"p":[[2.47,132.303,14.626]]},{"id":"rib2_l","n":"Costal demifacet for rib 2 (left)","t":"Costal demifacet","w":"Half-facet at the lower corner on the left side (costal notch for the 2nd rib).","x":"Forms the upper half of the articulation for the 2nd costal cartilage. The other half is on the body of the sternum, so rib 2 articulates across the sternal angle. This is why the 2nd rib is the landmark for counting ribs.","f":[1320,2,1382,3,1387,1,1389,4,1398,1,1400,8,1413,1,1416,15,1435,2,1438,1,1500,27,1528,1,1530,2,1533,2,1536,23,1560,2,1564,1,1566,20,1587,1,1590,5,1597,1,1666,6,1675,2,1678,9,1693,6,1700,4,1705,2,1708,2,1786,13,1801,7],"p":[[1.307,130.112,17.015]]},{"id":"clav_r","n":"Clavicular notch (right)","t":"Notch","w":"Oval facet at the upper side corner of the manubrium on the right side (clavicular notch).","x":"Articulates with the sternal end of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint, the only joint between the shoulder girdle and the trunk. It is shallow, which allows great mobility but little stability, so the joint depends on its disc and strong ligaments.","f":[94,3,98,1,100,3,104,1,107,2,112,8,122,20,144,6,151,3,202,1,204,7,212,5,218,10,230,14,245,4,259,6,298,9,308,1,310,2,319,18,389,1,391,11,405,4,416,3,420,5,427,8,503,2,506,3,511,5,520,8,529,15,644,1,647,2,650,1,652,2,655,1,657,7,666,1,669,3,674,7,773,1,777,2,780,1,786,1,796,1],"p":[[-1.882,133.588,13.906]]},{"id":"rib1_r","n":"Costal notch for rib 1 (right)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Rough area just below the clavicular notch on the right side (costal notch for the 1st rib).","x":"Receives the costal cartilage of rib 1, which joins by a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) that does not ossify until old age.","f":[0,2,3,11,15,8,24,16,41,1,43,3,49,17,71,1,74,10,87,1,89,2,161,1,163,5,169,23,194,3,198,3,203,1,294,1],"p":[[-2.501,132.293,14.668]]},{"id":"rib2_r","n":"Costal demifacet for rib 2 (right)","t":"Costal demifacet","w":"Half-facet at the lower corner on the right side (costal notch for the 2nd rib).","x":"Forms the upper half of the articulation for the 2nd costal cartilage. The other half is on the body of the sternum, so rib 2 articulates across the sternal angle. This is why the 2nd rib is the landmark for counting ribs.","f":[338,4,343,21,369,1,435,3,439,4,444,4,451,2,454,9,464,1,466,16,544,5,551,2,556,12,570,7,580,28,609,11,705,5,724,3,728,7,736,4,741,4,810,1],"p":[[-1.313,130.103,17.055]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Sternal angle (manubriosternal joint surface)","t":"Joint surface","w":"Lower end of the manubrium, where it meets the body of the sternum (manubriosternal joint, or sternal angle).","x":"A secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis) that often ossifies with age. The sternal angle is felt as a ridge at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage and T4/T5. Marks the carina of the trachea, the start and end of the aortic arch, and the plane separating superior from inferior mediastinum. Mnemonic: Angle of Louis, 2nd rib, T4.","f":[337,1,339,2,342,1,346,2,351,1,435,2,439,1,441,4,447,4,453,1,455,4,463,1,465,12,480,1,544,17,568,1,572,2,575,1,577,12,590,6,599,12,612,5,619,1,703,4,708,9,719,4,724,12,741,1,743,3,748,2,810,23,835,5,895,23,919,3,923,2,926,1,971,12,985,3,1031,12,1048,4,1053,3,1116,7,1124,1,1126,3,1130,2,1178,9,1188,4,1193,3,1238,15,1255,3,1259,4,1304,15,1322,4,1381,10,1392,6,1399,1,1401,5,1408,15,1424,3,1431,4,1437,1,1500,4,1505,1,1507,16,1524,2,1527,13,1549,2,1553,8,1562,2,1565,1,1567,2,1570,5,1576,1,1578,1,1580,10,1592,4,1666,9,1676,2,1679,14,1694,2,1697,3,1702,1,1705,1,1786,7],"p":[[0.108,129.726,17.022]]},{"id":"ant","n":"Anterior surface of manubrium","t":"Surface","w":"Smooth front surface of the manubrium.","x":"The sternocleidomastoid (sternal head) arises from it, and the pectoralis major (sternocostal fibres) arises along its edge.","f":[491,1,620,1,623,1,628,1,630,1,636,1,746,1,752,1,756,1,758,1,761,1,765,1,840,1,844,1,847,6,854,1,857,4,866,1,927,2,931,2,934,4,939,2,942,2,948,1,950,1,989,5,995,3,999,4,1006,1,1059,4,1066,1,1068,1,1070,4,1075,2,1078,2,1082,3,1133,1,1136,1,1138,1,1140,1,1142,2,1197,1,1200,1,1202,1,1204,2,1207,1,1209,1,1266,2,1269,2,1326,1,1328,1,1330,3,1446,1],"p":[[-0.152,132.421,16.395]]}],"body of sternum":[{"id":"cn2_l","n":"Costal notch for rib 2 (left)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the left edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 2 (the lower half of the joint; the upper half is on the manubrium).","x":"Sternocostal joint of rib 2 (plane synovial joint) spans the manubriosternal joint, which is why the 2nd rib is found at the sternal angle.","f":[8348,1,8350,4,8359,2,8365,1,8368,1,8371,1,8373,1,8375,3,8379,4,8386,3,8753,1,8768,5,8774,5,8798,1,8805,5,8816,3,8827,30,8879,1,8882,5,8888,3,8894,1,8897,11,8909,13,8923,15,8939,8,8948,45,8994,4,8999,2,9495,1,9501,1,9503,24,9528,5,9534,1,9537,1,9539,1,9541,53,9595,15,9611,1,9613,6,9620,1,9624,52,9680,13,9694,6,11075,2,11083,9,11093,1,11099,48,11148,2,11162,1,11165,23,11189,3,11193,3,11197,56],"p":[[1.282,129.27,17.28]]},{"id":"cn2_r","n":"Costal notch for rib 2 (right)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the right edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 2 (the lower half of the joint; the upper half is on the manubrium).","x":"Sternocostal joint of rib 2 (plane synovial joint) spans the manubriosternal joint, which is why the 2nd rib is found at the sternal angle.","f":[2564,1,2566,1,2568,6,2579,14,2594,26,3854,31,3886,1,3893,1,3895,1,3897,14,3917,9,3927,30,3960,3,3966,1,3968,2,3971,104,4076,7,4084,2,4590,7,4600,43,4644,53,4699,17,4718,40,4760,2,4763,12,4778,18,4799,4,4804,10,4815,2,4819,4,5234,1,5244,3,5257,6,5264,6,5274,1,5277,1,5280,3,5284,2,5287,1,5289,1,5338,1,5372,1,5814,2],"p":[[-1.319,129.187,17.295]]},{"id":"cn3_l","n":"Costal notch for rib 3 (left)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the left edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 3.","x":"Sternocostal joint (plane synovial joint) with the costal cartilage of rib 3, one of the true ribs whose own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[8246,2,8251,2,8698,2,8705,6,8713,1,8717,3,9368,9,9382,13,9400,17,9422,9,9439,6,9450,2,9455,3,10497,19,10521,18,10540,1,10600,28,10629,5,10642,1,10645,1,10648,2,10653,16,10672,8,10682,8,10691,1,10696,16,10717,9,10730,11,10748,1,10750,22,10782,11,10794,6,10805,1,10807,9,10819,1,10822,18,10856,2,10859,22,10899,16,10916,4,10921,1,10936,5,10944,1,10951,1,10956,1,10959,2,10962,5,10969,19,10995,2,10998,8,11015,5,11021,3,12331,2,12347,3,12361,1,12363,2,12366,3,12374,19,12397,4,12402,9,12412,9,12425,17,12447,9,12457,1,12459,10,12472,1,12475,25,13596,10,13608,6],"p":[[1.481,127.013,17.983]]},{"id":"cn3_r","n":"Costal notch for rib 3 (right)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the right edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 3.","x":"Sternocostal joint (plane synovial joint) with the costal cartilage of rib 3, one of the true ribs whose own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[2209,1,2211,5,2218,6,2226,1,2285,4,2290,4,2296,1,2298,2,2303,3,2325,4,2337,9,2349,1,2351,1,2354,6,2361,14,2381,17,2399,2,2402,11,2416,18,2447,24,2472,4,2478,7,2491,2,2503,10,2530,1,2534,7,2542,21,3409,3,3416,2,3419,25,3447,1,3450,8,3462,2,3469,6,3476,3,3484,29,3515,10,3530,25,3558,7,3567,1,3571,39,3623,1,3625,44,3671,6,3683,1,3688,1,3691,4,3696,12,3709,1,3713,4,3719,27,3747,17,3768,10,3780,3,3784,11,3818,1,4477,1,4481,1,4487,1,4489,4,4498,2,4501,4,4511,1,4518,1,4525,1,4540,3],"p":[[-1.488,126.926,17.981]]},{"id":"cn4_l","n":"Costal notch for rib 4 (left)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the left edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 4.","x":"Sternocostal joint (plane synovial joint) with the costal cartilage of rib 4, one of the true ribs whose own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[9316,2,9322,1,9325,1,9329,1,9331,2,9335,2,9342,1,10142,42,10187,1,10190,35,10226,4,10235,43,10292,50,10348,37,10391,26,10424,1,10429,1,10431,1,11743,5,11749,1,11751,2,11763,1,11765,1,11814,22,11837,3,11846,9,11856,2,11859,3,11863,4,11873,16,11895,7,11903,4,11912,2,11915,6,11926,4,11937,3,11944,1,11946,1,11948,6,11956,1,11965,11,11986,3,11996,16,12015,1,12041,20,12065,3,12074,1,12089,2,12093,22,12125,1,12129,3,12133,1,12144,9,12154,1,12157,4,12163,1,12165,9,12201,1,12203,1,12206,1,12210,3,12214,1,12216,1,13259,1,13262,1,13266,4,13312,1,13314,2,13331,17,13350,19,13371,10,13383,2,13386,21,13412,19,13444,8,13478,4,13483,12,13496,1,13500,9,13512,6,13523,3,13528,21],"p":[[1.56,124.465,18.773]]},{"id":"cn4_r","n":"Costal notch for rib 4 (right)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the right edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 4.","x":"Sternocostal joint (plane synovial joint) with the costal cartilage of rib 4, one of the true ribs whose own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[791,10,804,13,818,2,821,1,823,1,826,20,847,1,851,1,853,1,858,2,861,1,863,1,867,1,871,1,876,9,888,1,892,2,895,5,917,7,925,1,927,11,943,2,946,3,958,15,974,3,979,8,988,2,1639,1,1641,2,1645,5,1652,1,1665,2,1701,17,1719,2,1722,2,1725,1,1737,6,1745,1,1747,6,1754,2,1760,16,1777,4,1782,1,1785,2,1788,6,1795,14,1810,6,1819,8,1828,21,1852,46,1902,1,1904,1,1907,1,1909,39,1949,10,1981,1,1989,3,1993,1,1998,1,2000,16,2022,23,2050,4,2056,1,2059,11,2079,1,2084,2,2097,2,3033,10,3046,4,3055,2,3062,2,3066,2,3070,53,3124,4,3132,34,3167,2,3175,21,3197,2,3204,25,3231,2,3243,1,3245,30,3288,3,3293,31,3332,1,3351,1,4414,1,4418,1,4422,2],"p":[[-1.589,124.632,18.776]]},{"id":"cn5_l","n":"Costal notch for rib 5 (left)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the left edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 5.","x":"Sternocostal joint (plane synovial joint) with the costal cartilage of rib 5, one of the true ribs whose own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[11542,20,11566,1,11568,1,11572,34,11610,18,11630,10,11642,16,11659,4,11664,33,11700,8,11710,1,12711,1,12715,16,12748,1,12750,1,12755,2,12767,47,12815,9,12832,6,12843,17,12861,16,12885,1,12887,8,12897,16,12916,2,12922,9,12938,16,12955,1,12964,18,12987,18,13006,5,13019,17,13039,2,13042,13,13056,15,13075,11,13093,21,13117,1,13128,1,13130,6,13137,2,13143,2,13147,1,13149,1,13156,2,13159,3,13164,2,13167,2,13657,1,13659,8,13668,2,13672,32,13705,4,13710,7,13718,17,13737,3,13744,21,13769,12,13784,14,13804,11,13820,3,13824,5,13831,9,13843,1,13845,11,13861,1,13873,12,13909,4,13915,1,13917,1,13919,1,13938,1,13944,5,13953,7,13961,8],"p":[[1.834,121.718,19.309]]},{"id":"cn5_r","n":"Costal notch for rib 5 (right)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the right edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 5.","x":"Sternocostal joint (plane synovial joint) with the costal cartilage of rib 5, one of the true ribs whose own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[0,16,20,2,23,10,36,1,41,1,54,5,60,2,65,3,69,1,73,1,112,6,123,5,188,27,216,4,221,24,247,3,251,3,255,1,258,13,286,11,299,17,318,1,323,21,346,2,350,13,364,1,366,4,372,2,376,3,380,1,382,10,400,15,416,6,423,15,442,1,444,10,455,1,458,2,464,1,466,1,470,10,484,14,500,1,505,4,514,1,530,1,534,1,538,14,553,1,555,1,560,2,563,20,628,1,630,13,646,1,667,18,686,2,689,1,691,1,698,1,1240,6,1250,19,1272,11,1284,1,1286,1,1289,52,1348,11,1366,3,1371,26,1398,7,1408,1,1410,23,1439,5,1454,27,1496,33,1537,31,1571,1,2941,1,2944,1,2954,7,2963,7,2975,1],"p":[[-1.845,121.69,19.759]]},{"id":"cn6_l","n":"Costal notch for rib 6 (left)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the left edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 6.","x":"Last notch on the body (rib 6). The cartilage of rib 7 attaches near the xiphisternal joint. Ribs 8-10 join the cartilage above them instead of the sternum.","f":[8534,1,8562,1,9185,2,9188,2,9191,3,9195,2,9215,2,9735,2,9747,4,9758,1,9761,8,9802,1,9812,1,9816,24,9841,6,9849,3,9858,25,9889,54,9944,1,9946,12,9963,46,10013,15,10032,21,10055,1,10062,1,10069,1,10074,1,10077,8,10088,4,10094,1,10096,3,11253,79,11333,6,11340,1,11342,1,11346,12,11373,1,11377,12,11391,2,11396,2,11403,2,11407,13,11423,15,11441,2,11447,4,11452,11,11464,1,11466,1,11468,2,11471,1,11473,1,11477,11,11489,4,11494,4,11505,6,11512,3,12500,43,12544,25,12574,1,12577,1,12594,7,12602,3,12607,2,12704,1,13614,11,13630,3,13636,1,13642,5],"p":[[1.508,119.917,19.873]]},{"id":"cn6_r","n":"Costal notch for rib 6 (right)","t":"Costal notch","w":"Scalloped notch on the right edge of the body for the costal cartilage of rib 6.","x":"Last notch on the body (rib 6). The cartilage of rib 7 attaches near the xiphisternal joint. Ribs 8-10 join the cartilage above them instead of the sternum.","f":[77,4,82,1,84,3,88,5,94,5,104,5,110,2,1015,21,1037,17,1055,5,1061,2,1064,2,1067,9,1077,2,1085,9,1097,2,1100,1,1102,2,1118,2,1121,6,1128,3,1132,7,1140,1,1143,1,1149,4,1216,1,1230,4,2620,100,2721,1,2725,35,2763,9,2778,16,2795,19,2815,2,2818,4,2827,1,2829,5,2839,11,2856,18,2876,1,2891,1,2898,1,2900,1,2904,2,2910,24,4086,3,4091,1,4093,3,4098,23,4123,5,4131,2,4138,1,4152,2,4157,3,4161,4,4171,1,4173,1,4176,17,4232,1,4234,1,4238,46,4288,7,4296,3,4300,16,4318,1,4321,9,4850,4,4856,1,4859,1,4862,1,4871,1,4874,1,4885,1,4887,2,4891,1,4898,7,4927,1,4929,2,4945,4,4957,6,5003,2,5532,2,5535,1],"p":[[-1.49,119.712,19.908]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Sternal angle (superior end of the body)","t":"Joint surface","w":"Upper end of the body where it joins the manubrium (sternal angle).","x":"The body is the longest part of the sternum and is formed from four fused sternebrae. The sternal angle is the palpable ridge at the manubriosternal joint, level with the 2nd costal cartilage.","f":[4790,1,4792,4,4799,5,4805,2,4813,2,4817,24,5344,1,5349,3,5354,1,5364,39,5869,2,5872,1,5876,12,5889,1,5891,2,5894,2,5897,7,5908,2,5912,2,5916,1,5919,5,6306,7,6314,2,6317,9,6327,1,6329,1,6337,8,6348,1,6353,2,6358,1,6362,4,6370,1,6372,2,6376,2,6380,11,6638,8,6648,23,6901,11,6913,30,7262,2,7265,11,7278,1,7280,3,7284,17,7305,13,7324,7,7333,2,7336,5,7348,8,7360,2,7364,2,7367,3,7638,1,7640,5,7647,1,7649,2,7653,2,7657,6,7667,7,7679,7,7687,3,7692,4,7943,6,7950,2,7957,21,8355,1,8358,1,8361,22,8385,1,8389,16,8981,4],"p":[[-0.016,130.066,17.844]]},{"id":"ridges","n":"Transverse ridges (sternebral fusion lines)","t":"Ridges","w":"Faint horizontal ridges across the front of the body (transverse ridges).","x":"Mark the fusion of the four sternebrae. Each lies between two costal notches.","f":[2998,1,3016,2,3026,1,3349,2,3352,1,3362,2,3399,2,3817,1,3820,3,3839,6,3852,2,3926,1,4380,2,4383,3,4457,2,4461,1,4467,1,4472,1,4474,1,4562,2,4570,1,4588,2,5030,1,5033,1,5061,1,5063,2,5068,1,5071,4,5115,1,5117,2,5123,6,5134,1,5136,1,5210,1,5220,4,5232,1,5616,1,5626,1,5628,1,5650,1,5653,1,5657,1,5660,1,5702,1,5709,2,5720,2,5768,1,5774,2,5777,1,6136,2,6142,1,6158,1,6162,2,6165,1,6201,1,6203,3,6246,2,6253,2,6483,1,6485,1,6517,1,6552,4,6558,1,6586,7,6754,2,6758,3,6762,2,6785,2,6810,1,6812,3,6817,2,6821,3,6852,1,6854,4,6859,4,6865,1,7048,1,7052,2,7056,1,7092,1,7096,3,7146,3,7152,3,7203,3,7209,4,7216,1,7456,1,7470,2,7473,1,7550,2,7553,4,7560,1,7588,2,7594,4,7780,2,7785,1,7812,6,7850,4,7860,1,7885,1,7893,3,7897,2,8144,3,8148,1,8151,1,8153,1,8175,1,8204,4,8210,1,8218,1,8258,1,8265,3,8275,5,8283,1,8580,1,8587,2,8619,2,8623,6,8664,1,8667,1,8670,2,8673,2,8732,2,8740,1,8742,1,9283,2,9287,1,9292,1,9346,1,9348,1,9464,4,9470,2,9480,1],"p":[[0.022,125.756,19.171]]},{"id":"xs","n":"Xiphisternal joint (inferior end)","t":"Joint surface","w":"Lower end of the body where it meets the xiphoid process (xiphisternal joint).","x":"The xiphisternal joint lies at about the level of T9 and is a landmark for the upper surface of the liver and the central tendon of the diaphragm. It often fuses in adults.","f":[4841,9,4854,2,4857,2,4860,2,4863,5,4869,1,4871,3,4875,6,4894,1,5403,10,5418,5,5424,1,5427,4,5432,1,5434,5,5442,3,5447,1,5449,5,5455,1,5457,14,5474,4,5480,3,5487,2,5492,6,5499,8,5508,10,5519,3,5524,1,5526,4,5924,2,5927,1,5929,4,5935,7,5943,2,5946,4,5952,1,5955,7,5963,24,5988,8,5998,1,6000,16,6018,11,6032,1,6034,25,6061,25,6087,2,6090,5,6096,2,6392,5,6400,1,6409,26,6436,10,6447,1,6449,1,6693,1,6702,14,6731,1,6952,11,7376,17,7421,1,7696,11,7734,2,7740,2,7745,2,7978,39,8018,35,8079,1,8081,4,8086,5,8093,4,8098,2,8106,1,8116,1,8405,45,8452,1,8458,3,8465,1,8468,11,8488,1,8492,1,8496,1,8514,3,8519,2,8524,1,8526,1,9001,21,9023,16,9045,20,9066,1,9068,1,9070,9,9081,5,9088,2,9091,2,9096,2,9700,22,9723,3,9727,8,9739,8,9751,1],"p":[[-0.227,119.023,20.079]]},{"id":"ant","n":"Anterior surface of the body","t":"Surface","w":"Smooth front surface of the body.","x":"The pectoralis major arises along its edge. It is the usual site for the bone marrow biopsy and the place where chest compressions are performed (lower half).","f":[4351,1,4363,1,4368,1,4370,1,4450,1,4484,3,4495,3,4507,4,4519,6,4543,3,4550,1,4555,2,4599,1,4642,2,4696,3,4754,1,5018,2,5024,2,5036,2,5040,9,5051,3,5060,1,5077,3,5081,1,5088,1,5104,1,5107,3,5135,1,5137,1,5144,3,5149,2,5155,5,5165,4,5177,5,5185,5,5198,1,5231,1,5233,1,5254,3,5270,2,5273,1,5329,1,5596,1,5604,1,5610,2,5630,1,5635,1,5638,3,5644,3,5658,2,5661,1,5663,3,5674,1,5682,3,5689,7,5697,4,5703,2,5727,1,5734,2,5737,4,5747,2,5751,9,5766,1,5769,2,5784,1,5810,2,6124,1,6126,2,6130,1,6141,1,6145,1,6149,2,6166,2,6170,1,6174,1,6185,1,6187,4,6192,4,6197,1,6207,1,6218,1,6221,3,6226,9,6236,8,6258,1,6475,1,6481,2,6491,2,6499,3,6503,1,6508,1,6518,1,6522,2,6528,1,6533,2,6538,2,6541,1,6543,5,6557,1,6560,1,6563,5,6570,6,6581,1,6600,1,6746,1,6748,1,6753,1,6764,1,6767,1,6771,1,6776,1,6779,2,6789,2,6795,1,6798,1,6800,5,6825,5,6831,2,6834,5,6840,5,6847,4,6863,2,6869,1,6876,1,7030,1,7034,1,7057,1,7063,2,7068,1,7075,4,7081,1,7106,1,7114,3,7120,2,7123,2,7128,1,7131,1,7138,2,7157,3,7164,2,7171,7,7180,9,7191,5,7197,3,7215,1,7226,1,7441,1,7445,5,7455,1,7457,2,7485,1,7489,2,7493,1,7496,1,7500,1,7508,1,7511,3,7517,3,7523,1,7527,1,7529,1,7534,5,7543,2,7547,1,7557,3,7561,1,7564,2,7567,1,7570,2,7573,5,7580,5,7586,2,7598,1,7604,2,7763,1,7765,1,7775,1,7779,1,7792,2,7797,2,7802,3,7806,1,7809,1,7818,1,7821,3,7827,2,7831,3,7836,9,7846,1,7861,4,7867,1,7869,3,7874,9,7902,3,7911,2,7915,1,8134,4,8139,2,8152,1,8155,1,8159,6,8166,1,8170,1,8176,3,8182,1,8185,2,8188,2,8194,3,8199,1,8220,4,8227,2,8230,17,8248,2,8253,1,8255,2,8259,1,8298,2,8305,3,8322,2,8349,1,8570,2,8573,1,8598,1,8600,3,8604,4,8632,1,8658,1,8691,1,8706,1,8728,1,8773,1,9260,1],"p":[[0.026,125.189,19.402]]}],"xiphoid process":[{"id":"base","n":"Base of the xiphoid process (xiphisternal joint)","t":"Base","w":"Upper end of the xiphoid process, joined to the body of the sternum (xiphisternal joint).","x":"Rib 7 may articulate with it. The rectus abdominis, the diaphragm and the transversus thoracis attach near this region.","f":[0,104,162,10,184,2,188,1,206,19,227,3,234,1,237,1,240,193,478,1,480,4,486,3,492,69,625,1,629,3,633,44,758,2,761,2,764,43,908,1,912,50,1038,1,1040,1,1055,1,1057,57,1212,1,1214,3,1218,69,1372,1,1374,1,1376,1,1379,3,1383,41,1513,1,1518,1,1522,2,1525,1,1528,87,1686,2,1701,1,1703,3,1714,153,1914,3,1918,1,1941,78,2033,1,2035,1,2037,1,2039,1,2042,1,2044,1,2046,1,2049,151],"p":[[-0.021,119.069,19.935]]},{"id":"tip","n":"Tip (apex) of the xiphoid process","t":"Apex","w":"Pointed lower tip of the xiphoid process.","x":"Cartilage at birth; ossifies after about 40 years. It can be bifid or perforated. It projects into the epigastric region and may be mistaken for a lump. Hard compressions during CPR can fracture it.","f":[433,7,447,3,452,1,454,4,561,42,605,1,608,12,623,1,677,69,748,4,807,79,887,9,900,1,962,62,1025,1,1027,1,1029,1,1035,3,1114,75,1190,3,1195,4,1200,1,1287,59,1347,3,1351,4,1356,8,1365,1,1367,1,1369,1,1371,1,1424,85,1510,2,1615,31,1648,17,1670,2,1673,2,1676,2,1867,2,1878,1,1881,1],"p":[[-0.018,117.194,20.028]]},{"id":"body","n":"Xiphoid process: shaft","t":"Shaft","w":"Narrow middle part of the xiphoid process.","x":"The rectus abdominis arises from its front, the linea alba (midline tendon of the abdominal wall) attaches at its tip, and the diaphragm and transversus thoracis arise from its back. Xiphoid means sword-shaped.","f":[104,58,172,12,186,2,189,17,225,2,230,4,235,2,238,2,440,7,450,2,453,1,458,20,479,1,484,2,489,3,603,2,606,2,620,3,624,1,626,3,632,1,746,2,752,6,760,1,763,1,886,1,896,4,901,7,909,3,1024,1,1026,1,1028,1,1030,5,1039,1,1041,14,1056,1,1189,1,1193,2,1199,1,1201,11,1213,1,1217,1,1346,1,1350,1,1355,1,1364,1,1366,1,1368,1,1370,1,1373,1,1375,1,1377,2,1382,1,1509,1,1512,1,1514,4,1519,3,1524,1,1526,2,1646,2,1665,5,1672,1,1675,1,1678,8,1688,13,1702,1,1706,8,1869,9,1879,2,1882,32,1917,1,1919,22,2019,14,2034,1,2036,1,2038,1,2040,2,2043,1,2047,2],"p":[[-0.035,118.001,20.064]]}],"patella":[{"id":"base","n":"Base of patella (superior border)","t":"Base","w":"Broad, upper border of the patella.","x":"Receives the insertion of the quadriceps femoris tendon: rectus femoris and vastus intermedius attach to the base, the vastus medialis and lateralis to the sides. Mnemonic: base is up, apex points down.","f":[214,2,217,1,222,3,226,1,229,1,245,14,352,2,364,52,540,1,542,2,546,1,548,1,550,1,553,1,555,2,562,48,702,2,710,30,859,1,867,9,878,1,881,41,1034,4,1041,27,1154,2,1157,1,1160,2],"p":[[8.425,43.616,10.671]]},{"id":"apex","n":"Apex of patella","t":"Apex","w":"Pointed lower end of the patella.","x":"Gives origin to the patellar ligament, which runs down to the tibial tuberosity. Inflammation here from jumping sports is 'jumper's knee' (patellar tendinopathy).","f":[259,8,296,2,305,2,416,30,460,1,462,2,465,6,474,1,476,1,610,24,639,1,647,2,650,1,670,1,740,41,789,9,922,65,993,1,997,1,1068,20,1089,1,1101,2,1176,3],"p":[[8.269,39.811,10.316]]},{"id":"ant","n":"Anterior surface (rough, quadriceps tendon fibres pass over it)","t":"Surface","w":"Rough convex front surface of the patella.","x":"Covered by the prepatellar bursa and the fibres of the quadriceps tendon passing over it. Water on the knee at this bursa is 'housemaid's knee'.","f":[8,1,10,1,17,1,20,5,41,1,43,1,47,1,52,10,96,5,102,5,108,3,112,12,131,1,133,2,137,2,171,4,185,5,194,6,201,3,230,15,251,1,253,1,256,1,298,7,306,2,312,3,326,7,337,8,353,11,469,7,477,3,488,4,498,6,509,9,525,15,551,2,554,1,556,6,649,2,668,6,683,3,697,5,706,4,817,2,822,3,833,7,853,3,861,6,876,2,879,2,987,1,998,1,1010,2,1016,8,1026,8,1038,3,1101,1,1103,4,1122,4,1130,7,1146,8,1171,3,1212,1,1216,1,1220,4,1226,2,1229,4,1242,2,1245,2,1255,2,1261,4,1269,1,1272,1,1275,1,1278,3,1285,2,1291,17,1322,1,1326,1,1328,5,1336,1],"p":[[8.146,41.799,11.489]]},{"id":"ridge","n":"Vertical ridge (between the articular facets)","t":"Ridge","w":"Vertical ridge down the middle of the back of the patella.","x":"Divides the articular surface into medial and lateral facets and fits into the femoral intercondylar groove (trochlea) so the patella tracks without slipping sideways.","f":[349,3,368,2,456,1,459,1,484,4,492,1,494,4,504,4,518,4,541,2,544,1,634,13,651,9,662,3,674,1,781,1],"p":[[7.788,41.533,9.584]]},{"id":"lfac","n":"Lateral articular facet","t":"Articular facet","w":"Larger lateral part of the articular surface on the back of the patella.","x":"Slides against the larger lateral condyle of the femur. It is bigger because the quadriceps pulls the patella slightly outward (the Q angle), so patellar dislocation is nearly always lateral.","f":[508,1,522,3,545,6,577,2,581,1,583,1,660,2,665,3,675,8,686,11,702,4,710,1,782,7,798,19,819,3,825,8,840,13,856,5,867,3,970,4,979,1,988,10,999,11,1012,4,1024,2,1034,4,1043,2,1047,1,1050,2,1053,1,1056,3,1074,1,1087,14,1107,15,1126,4,1137,9,1154,3,1158,3,1162,3,1166,3,1174,2,1181,1,1184,24,1210,2,1213,1,1215,1,1217,2,1224,2,1228,1,1233,4,1238,4,1244,1,1247,1,1249,2,1252,1,1257,2,1265,4,1270,2,1273,2,1276,1,1281,2,1288,2,1308,4,1313,1,1316,2,1319,3,1323,1,1333,1],"p":[[9.378,41.651,10.432]]},{"id":"mfac","n":"Medial articular facet","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smaller medial part of the articular surface on the back of the patella.","x":"Articulates with the medial femoral condyle. An extra narrow strip on the medial edge (the odd facet) touches the femur only in deep flexion. Chondromalacia patellae (softening of this cartilage) causes pain on climbing stairs.","f":[0,3,9,1,11,2,15,1,27,2,32,1,38,3,42,1,44,3,48,4,62,1,66,2,73,8,82,2,85,11,124,5,139,1,141,3,146,12,159,9,169,1,175,10,190,4,200,1,204,7,212,15,228,1,246,2,254,1,262,4,267,14,283,4,288,10,308,4,315,11,333,4,345,4,352,1,364,3,371,1,373,2,387,3,416,1,418,2,421,1,423,2,446,10,457,2,460,6,480,4,493,1],"p":[[6.775,41.361,10.103]]},{"id":"latb","n":"Lateral border","t":"Border","w":"Lateral edge of the patella.","x":"Attachment of the lateral patellar retinaculum, a tight band which can pull the patella outward if the vastus medialis is weak.","f":[1061,1,1134,2,1149,3,1153,1,1157,1,1160,2,1164,2,1167,7,1181,3,1190,5,1197,3,1203,21,1226,2,1229,4,1235,26,1262,3,1268,2,1271,20,1292,16,1309,7,1317,21],"p":[[10.416,41.693,10.746]]},{"id":"medb","n":"Medial border","t":"Border","w":"Medial edge of the patella.","x":"Attachment of the medial patellar retinaculum and the lower fibres of vastus medialis (obliquus), which resist lateral dislocation.","f":[0,22,23,38,62,60,124,50,175,13,190,2,193,1,200,1,205,4,227,2,230,1,267,2,278,5,298,2],"p":[[6.366,41.67,10.557]]}],"first rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow. The first rib head articulates with T1 only.","f":[2075,1,2083,1,2112,2,2117,15,2135,4,2163,33,2198,4,2212,1,2244,102,2358,2,2371,4,2410,67,2478,3,2510,1,2519,3,2556,52,2609,8,2649,3,2653,4,2670,1,2677,52,2733,1,2736,7,2800,1,2802,2,2870,99,2981,3,2997,3],"p":[[1.821,137.985,7.534]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facet of the head","t":"Articular facet","w":"Single round facet on the head.","x":"Articulates with the body of its own vertebra only (T1), at the costovertebral joint. Ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12 have a single facet; ribs 2 to 9 have two demifacets that straddle an intervertebral disc.","f":[2443,1,2450,3,2459,2,2463,1,2474,2,2575,4,2583,2,2586,6,2596,12,2612,5,2650,2,2693,2,2696,2,2701,4,2710,1,2714,1,2721,8,2737,6,2870,6,2877,22,2900,3,2905,15,2921,22,2944,16,2963,1,2968,1,2997,3],"p":[[1.438,138.008,7.202]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[2023,2,2029,1,2031,8,2070,5,2078,4,2114,3,2196,2,2220,1,2356,2,2381,3,2386,1,2392,1,2477,1,2496,2,2499,3,2504,6,2527,3,2531,2,2608,1,2628,21,2659,11,2676,1,2729,4,2734,2,2748,2,2755,2,2758,42,2801,1,2812,31,2850,1,2852,1,2854,16,2969,12,2984,13],"p":[[2.847,138.294,6.911]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Bump on the back of the rib near the neck.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of T1. On the first rib the tubercle and angle coincide, so there is no separate angle.","f":[1847,2,1895,3,1903,2,1909,1,1928,6,1935,3,1939,7,1963,2,1966,1,1972,10,2002,5,2012,11,2046,2,2052,2,2056,4,2061,9,2090,5,2099,2,2102,10,2139,1,2146,1,2148,3,2152,11,2215,5,2223,3,2229,6,2236,8,2375,6,2387,5,2394,12,2407,3,2522,1,2524,2,2533,5,2539,1,2548,3,2671,1],"p":[[4.371,138.179,6.983]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[1909,1,1937,1,1940,1,1942,4,1977,5,2016,1,2020,1,2054,1,2059,3,2066,4,2101,1,2105,1,2109,3,2160,3,2234,1,2236,1,2240,1,2242,2,2404,1],"p":[[4.292,137.715,7.058]]},{"id":"sclt","n":"Scalene tubercle","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump on the upper surface of the inner border (scalene tubercle).","x":"Attachment of the scalenus anterior. Divides the upper surface into two grooves: the subclavian vein in front and the subclavian artery and brachial plexus behind. Mnemonic: vein in front of the scalene tubercle, artery and plexus behind it. The phrenic nerve runs over the scalenus anterior, outside this groove.","f":[1008,4,1013,1,1017,9,1027,3,1031,2,1035,4,1040,3,1071,15,1102,24,1127,1,1159,24,1205,25,1245,5,1251,14,1266,7,1293,2,1302,2,1317,1],"p":[[4.926,135.793,10.185]]},{"id":"sgart","n":"Groove for the subclavian artery","t":"Groove","w":"Groove behind the scalene tubercle (groove for the subclavian artery).","x":"Holds the subclavian artery and the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. The scalenus medius attaches to the rough area behind the groove. Cervical rib or a tight first rib here causes thoracic outlet syndrome.","f":[1001,1,1049,1,1051,4,1057,1,1060,3,1086,1,1088,5,1125,6,1132,3,1136,6,1181,1,1183,1,1185,11,1209,2,1213,1,1217,4,1227,1,1230,9,1247,8,1256,2,1259,3,1265,2,1273,6,1280,5,1287,1,1292,11,1304,8,1318,11,1330,1,1337,7,1346,4,1361,13,1377,2,1392,9,1410,12,1423,11,1437,3,1451,4,1463,7,1471,1,1476,1,1480,10,1497,1,1506,1,1509,8,1521,3,1526,1,1536,5,1545,2,1553,4,1558,2,1564,1,1579,2,1591,1,1593,2,1596,1,1613,1],"p":[[5.616,136.325,9.277]]},{"id":"sgvein","n":"Groove for the subclavian vein","t":"Groove","w":"Shallower groove in front of the scalene tubercle (groove for the subclavian vein).","x":"Holds the subclavian vein, which lies in front of the scalenus anterior. Subclavius attaches near the front end of the rib.","f":[270,2,317,2,324,1,327,1,374,1,380,3,385,5,453,1,455,1,457,2,461,1,466,1,474,3,537,3,541,1,544,4,549,2,555,1,609,1,612,1,616,2,620,1,623,1,658,1,662,2,674,1,678,2,681,1,701,1,710,3,716,1,718,1,720,3,725,2,729,9,747,1,754,1,758,2,763,1,765,5,772,3,785,1,794,1,798,2,802,3,822,6,832,1,834,2,837,2,853,3,857,4,864,1,868,3,872,1,898,4,903,1,927,8,937,1,941,1,944,1,972,6,980,1,982,2,1012,1,1014,3],"p":[[5.588,134.57,11.387]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 1 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[0,174,178,4,188,1,191,25,219,1,225,1,239,24,265,2,288,26,315,2,338,33,372,1,377,1,407,40,449,1,479,58,563,26,590,8,601,3,605,4,610,2,632,7,641,8,652,6,659,1,690,2,693,8,703,7,713,1,751,2],"p":[[4.691,133.453,12.601]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[338,2,341,2,345,2,407,11,419,1,479,52,563,25,590,8,601,3,632,7,641,8,652,5,690,2,693,8,704,6,751,2],"p":[[3.858,134.011,12.554]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Short, flat, strongly curved body of the first rib; it has superior and inferior surfaces rather than the usual outer and inner ones.","x":"Broadest and shortest rib, with no costal groove. Its top surface carries the grooves for the subclavian vessels. The first digitation of serratus anterior arises from its outer border.","f":[174,4,182,6,189,2,216,3,220,5,226,13,263,2,267,3,272,16,314,1,319,5,325,2,328,10,371,1,373,1,375,2,378,2,383,2,390,8,399,8,447,2,450,3,454,1,456,1,459,3,463,11,477,2,540,1,542,2,548,1,551,4,556,7,589,1,598,3,604,1,613,3,618,2,621,2,624,8,639,2,649,3,660,2,664,10,675,3,680,1,682,8,692,1,702,1,715,1,717,1,719,1,723,2,727,2,738,9,748,3,753,1,755,3,760,3,764,1,770,2,775,10,786,8,795,3,800,2,805,17,828,4,833,1,836,2,839,14,856,1,861,3,865,3,871,1,873,5,879,19,902,1,904,23,935,1,938,3,942,2,945,27,979,1,984,17,1002,6,1022,1,1026,2,1033,2,1039,1,1042,7,1050,1,1055,2,1058,2,1062,9,1087,1,1093,9,1131,1,1135,1,1142,4,1147,12,1184,1,1196,9,1239,6,1279,1,1285,2,1288,4,1312,3,1316,2,1329,1,1331,6,1344,2,1350,11,1374,3,1379,13,1401,9,1422,1,1434,3,1440,11,1455,8,1470,1,1472,4,1477,3,1490,7,1498,8,1507,2,1517,4,1524,2,1527,9,1541,4,1547,6,1557,1,1560,4,1565,14,1581,4,1586,5,1592,1,1595,1,1597,250,1849,46,1898,5,1905,3,1910,18,1934,1,1938,1,1942,1,1946,17,1966,6,1982,20,2007,5,2025,4,2030,1,2039,3,2048,4,2055,1,2076,2,2084,4,2094,5,2101,1,2132,3,2140,2,2151,1,2202,10,2213,1,2216,1,2228,1,2346,10,2360,11,2406,1,2481,15,2498,1,2502,2,2511,7,2523,1,2540,6,2547,1,2551,5,2617,11,2652,1,2657,2,2672,4,2743,5,2750,3,2754,1,2757,1,2804,8,2843,7,2851,1,2853,1],"p":[[4.812,136.232,9.275]]}],"second rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2245,1,2247,45,2342,85,2486,1,2488,45,2600,26,2704,45,2834,4,2839,51,2944,56],"p":[[2.036,136.439,6.609]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T2) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T1), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2291,1,2407,1,2409,1,2415,8,2511,1,2520,3,2524,9,2618,4,2623,3,2723,1,2725,9,2737,12,2843,3,2853,1,2857,2,2864,5,2870,2,2873,17,2944,56],"p":[[1.646,137.044,6.442]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[1966,1,1998,1,2000,8,2034,12,2069,18,2097,1,2104,29,2138,1,2143,5,2149,38,2188,57,2246,1,2292,50,2427,59,2487,1,2533,67,2626,78,2749,85,2838,1,2890,54],"p":[[3.504,137.396,6.271]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[1835,1,1861,1,1865,1,1882,1,1886,9,1914,7,1925,1,1941,6,1950,1,1967,14,1983,3,2008,11,2020,1,2022,6,2029,1,2046,8,2055,1,2058,1,2061,1,2064,3,2087,9,2098,3,2102,2,2133,5,2139,4,2148,1],"p":[[5.554,136.976,5.674]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[1841,1,1865,1,1887,1,1893,2,1902,1,1920,1,1924,2,1946,1,1983,1,2022,1],"p":[[5.81,136.416,5.994]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1057,1,1085,2,1088,2,1095,1,1098,1,1121,18,1159,11,1183,8,1194,2,1208,11,1240,3,1258,10,1269,1,1271,1,1273,1,1292,2,1296,1,1311,12,1337,4,1342,1,1366,6,1373,1,1391,7,1404,1,1417,10,1445,5,1455,1,1464,1,1466,4,1471,6,1493,1,1497,1,1499,2,1509,1,1564,1],"p":[[8.778,134.703,8.083]]},{"id":"serr","n":"Tuberosity for serratus anterior","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Rough area on the outer surface at about the middle of the shaft (tuberosity for serratus anterior).","x":"Origin of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; the scalenus posterior inserts on its upper edge. Mnemonic: the second rib is the one found at the sternal angle.","f":[807,4,813,3,836,4,842,2,858,8,889,19,918,14,944,22,982,24,1018,17,1053,17,1085,18,1121,18,1159,11,1171,1,1183,8,1194,1,1208,10,1241,1],"p":[[9.42,133.726,9.165]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 2 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[0,15,18,1,20,35,70,33,127,2,130,19,178,1,180,23,240,26,305,1,308,1,311,19,369,16,439,1,441,2,444,22,503,42],"p":[[4.014,129.596,15.758]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[13,1,47,4,52,3,85,1,89,1,93,1,95,8,132,1,138,7,146,3,183,3,188,1,190,1,192,1,196,7,241,1,245,1,247,1,249,2,253,13,305,1,311,3,315,1,318,1,321,9,371,2,377,5,383,2,441,1,445,4,451,2,455,3,459,7,503,1,508,4,516,4,522,3,526,19],"p":[[3.977,129.798,15.82]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[15,3,19,1,55,15,103,24,149,29,203,37,266,39,306,2,309,2,330,39,385,54,440,1,466,37,545,262,811,2,816,20,840,2,844,14,866,23,908,10,932,12,966,16,1006,12,1035,18,1070,15,1103,18,1139,20,1170,1,1172,11,1191,3,1196,12,1219,21,1243,15,1268,1,1270,1,1272,1,1274,18,1294,2,1297,14,1323,14,1341,1,1343,23,1372,1,1374,17,1398,6,1405,12,1427,18,1450,5,1456,8,1465,1,1469,1,1477,17,1495,2,1498,1,1501,7,1509,55,1565,270,1836,5,1842,19,1862,3,1866,17,1884,2,1895,7,1903,11,1921,3,1926,15,1947,3,1951,15,1981,2,1986,4,1991,7,1999,1,2019,1,2021,1,2028,1,2032,2,2054,1,2056,2,2059,2,2062,2,2067,2,2096,1,2101,1],"p":[[7.653,133.719,10.209]]}],"third rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2229,18,2303,59,2426,1,2432,4,2437,87,2597,4,2602,51,2759,1,2761,1,2768,7,2776,39,2881,2,2884,116],"p":[[2.188,135.062,5.821]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T3) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T2), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2241,2,2244,1,2246,1,2338,2,2342,1,2347,4,2352,10,2486,2,2492,1,2494,1,2496,1,2501,23,2615,1,2619,6,2626,27,2791,2,2794,21,2893,1,2903,5,2916,1,2918,1,2927,2,2937,2,2941,3,2945,19,2972,2,2975,6,2982,2,2985,4,2990,10],"p":[[1.554,135.069,5.675]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[2017,4,2022,1,2041,2,2044,8,2053,2,2077,1,2081,11,2102,1,2106,13,2122,6,2129,2,2134,20,2155,74,2247,56,2362,64,2427,5,2436,1,2524,73,2601,1,2653,106,2760,1,2762,6,2775,1,2815,66,2883,1],"p":[[3.183,135.6,4.486]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[1855,1,1879,3,1884,3,1888,1,1890,1,1894,2,1897,1,1907,12,1921,2,1934,14,1951,2,1969,14,1985,3,1990,2,2002,5,2009,3,2023,7,2031,2,2035,3,2039,2,2055,14,2070,2,2074,2,2080,1,2092,7,2101,1,2103,3,2119,3,2128,1,2132,1,2154,1],"p":[[5.864,134.729,3.721]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[1955,1,1990,1,1993,1,2006,1,2010,2,2013,1,2023,1,2027,1,2031,2,2035,3,2039,2,2055,1,2058,3,2064,4,2070,2,2074,2,2079,2,2092,2,2095,1,2098,1,2101,1,2103,3,2119,1,2121,1,2128,1,2132,1,2154,1],"p":[[5.181,134.612,3.858]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1607,1,1623,2,1635,2,1648,7,1660,5,1667,1,1674,5,1692,3,1696,4,1711,7,1719,1,1730,2],"p":[[7.958,133.942,4.158]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Costal groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along the inner surface of the lower border (costal groove).","x":"Shelters the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN, from top to bottom). Needle insertion for chest drains or thoracentesis goes just above the rib to avoid this bundle.","f":[432,1,434,1,532,2,535,1,629,1,688,2,692,1,694,1,811,1,1481,1,1508,1,1540,1,1542,1],"p":[[9.496,129.384,11.356]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 3 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[80,1,84,1,140,1,144,47,256,2,260,39,368,1,370,2,373,36,485,2,488,24,576,1,578,33,643,31,698,29,757,11],"p":[[4.973,126.45,16.319]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[185,6,260,1,278,1,286,6,293,2,296,3,368,1,371,1,376,1,381,1,385,2,389,7,400,6,407,1,485,2,494,1,497,5,503,2,509,3,581,1,583,2,587,2,595,3,603,3,607,1,609,2,647,3,652,1,659,7,669,5,701,1,705,1,708,6,716,1,719,8,760,2,763,1,766,2],"p":[[4.703,126.643,16.903]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[0,23,24,56,85,55,141,3,191,65,258,2,299,69,369,1,372,1,409,23,433,1,435,50,512,20,534,1,536,36,573,3,611,18,630,13,674,18,693,1,695,3,727,19,747,10,768,839,1608,15,1625,10,1637,11,1655,5,1665,9,1679,13,1695,1,1700,11,1718,1,1720,9,1730,1,1732,147,1882,2,1887,2,1891,3,1896,1,1898,9,1919,2,1923,11,1948,3,1953,2,1956,13,1983,2,1988,2,1992,1,1994,8,2007,2,2012,1,2014,3,2021,1,2030,1,2033,2,2038,1,2043,1,2072,2,2078,1],"p":[[9.73,131.119,9.613]]}],"fourth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[0,245,246,3,250,4,255,1,258,3,262,2,265,5,272,2,276,2,279,2,282,3,287,2],"p":[[1.428,132.846,5.578]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T4) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T3), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[0,3,5,1,10,4,22,6,30,4,37,2,42,2,48,1,50,1,72,2,88,3,95,9,107,3,113,1,117,3,121,1,124,1,126,1,167,1,170,1,174,3,180,3,187,1,192,1],"p":[[1.594,132.765,5.91]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[245,1,249,1,254,1,256,1,261,1,264,1,270,2,274,2,278,1,281,1,285,2,289,7,298,1,300,72,396,28,425,2,479,22,505,3,509,1,557,7,608,3,612,1,615,3,624,1],"p":[[2.65,133.017,4.158]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[501,4,508,1,564,10,576,5,583,4,618,6,625,4,630,2,633,24,685,16,703,10,714,5,720,27,766,4,773,15,789,3,795,10,806,17,832,9,843,1,845,1,848,14,884,4,891,4,898,4,905,3,927,1,930,3,935,2,939,1,941,3,945,5,960,2,965,2,968,7,979,2,1005,2,1008,2,1012,1,1015,3,1040,2,1043,1,1047,1,1051,6,1060,1,1078,1,1080,1,1085,1,1107,3,1185,1],"p":[[3.678,132.792,3.021]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[741,1,806,1,810,1,815,4,821,1,848,11,860,2,898,3,903,1,905,3,941,1,943,1,945,5,968,13,1012,1,1014,4,1051,6,1059,2,1085,1],"p":[[4.255,132.634,2.91]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1269,1,1303,1,1305,1,1308,1,1344,2,1350,2,1354,5,1372,1,1374,1,1382,3,1386,1,1392,6,1413,6,1421,5,1429,1,1432,3,1449,1,1451,2,1456,1,1458,3,1464,1,1470,2,1499,2,1504,1,1510,1,1516,3,1523,4,1547,2,1550,1,1553,3,1560,2,1584,3,1593,5,1599,1,1604,2,1627,3,1632,2,1636,2,1642,1,1646,2,1671,7,1679,2,1682,1,1684,6,1695,3,1724,1,1728,1,1730,6,1739,2,1779,3,1783,3,1788,2,1793,3,1838,1],"p":[[6.807,132.093,2.408]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Costal groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along the inner surface of the lower border (costal groove).","x":"Shelters the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN, from top to bottom). Needle insertion for chest drains or thoracentesis goes just above the rib to avoid this bundle.","f":[1765,2,1820,1,1822,1,1880,1,1920,2,1972,1,1974,1,1977,1,2022,3,2026,2,2066,3,2070,1,2124,1,2126,1,2128,4,2198,1,2200,5,2207,2,2270,2,2273,1,2351,1,2354,1,2444,1,2524,1,2528,1,2536,1,2543,1,2550,1,2558,1,2567,1,2641,1,2647,1,2649,1,2653,1,2657,1,2719,1,2722,2,2734,1],"p":[[11.276,126.336,10.93]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 4 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[372,24,427,52,510,47,587,21,657,24,747,19,823,8,863,21,908,19,950,1,952,3,956,2,987,1,994,4,1000,4,1024,1,1028,1,1030,1],"p":[[6.82,123.08,17.76]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[372,11,384,4,389,2,394,2,431,2,435,1,441,1,443,1,448,1,451,8,461,2,464,1,467,6,475,1,519,2,523,4,528,3,533,1,540,4,547,5],"p":[[6.396,123.05,18.39]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[574,1,629,1,632,1,681,4,701,2,713,1,719,2,770,3,788,1,792,3,831,1,841,2,844,1,846,2,888,3,895,3,902,3,928,2,933,2,937,2,940,1,944,1,951,1,955,1,958,2,962,3,967,1,977,1,981,6,988,6,999,1,1005,1,1007,1,1010,2,1018,6,1025,3,1029,1,1031,7,1039,1,1042,1,1044,3,1048,1,1050,1,1054,1,1057,2,1061,19,1081,4,1086,21,1110,75,1186,83,1270,33,1304,1,1306,2,1309,23,1333,11,1346,4,1352,2,1359,15,1375,7,1385,1,1387,5,1398,15,1419,2,1426,3,1430,2,1435,14,1450,1,1453,3,1457,1,1461,3,1465,5,1472,27,1501,3,1505,5,1511,5,1519,4,1527,20,1549,1,1551,2,1556,4,1562,22,1587,6,1598,1,1600,4,1606,21,1630,2,1634,2,1638,4,1643,3,1648,23,1678,1,1681,1,1683,1,1690,5,1698,26,1725,3,1729,1,1736,3,1741,24,1766,13,1782,1,1786,2,1790,3,1796,24,1821,1,1824,16,1841,79,1922,50,1973,1,1975,2,1978,44,2025,1,2028,38,2069,1,2071,53,2125,1,2127,1,2132,66,2199,1,2205,2,2209,61,2272,79,2352,1,2355,89,2445,79,2525,3,2529,7,2537,6,2544,6,2551,7,2559,8,2568,73,2642,5,2648,1,2650,3,2654,3,2658,61,2720,2,2724,10,2735,265],"p":[[10.897,128.677,8.529]]}],"fifth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2651,1,2680,1,2683,2,2687,2,2692,1,2695,2,2699,1,2702,1,2704,1,2707,1,2712,1,2716,1,2718,4,2725,21,2748,6,2756,1,2759,241],"p":[[1.421,130.323,4.168]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T5) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T4), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2821,1,2824,2,2829,3,2837,7,2846,1,2848,1,2850,13,2868,1,2870,3,2874,2,2878,1,2881,3,2886,2,2889,1,2891,15,2913,1,2917,6,2928,3,2938,3,2942,4,2947,15,2967,4,2976,6,2983,7,2992,1,2994,6],"p":[[1.391,130.316,4.515]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[2216,1,2238,2,2250,1,2255,2,2259,2,2262,1,2265,3,2271,5,2277,2,2281,3,2292,2,2296,1,2298,2,2303,9,2315,9,2329,1,2331,33,2366,285,2652,28,2681,2,2685,2,2689,3,2693,2,2697,2,2700,2,2703,1,2705,2,2708,4,2713,3,2717,1,2722,3,2746,2,2754,2,2757,2],"p":[[3.005,130.393,2.727]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[2054,1,2106,2,2109,2,2120,1,2122,1,2136,2,2141,2,2150,1,2152,4,2157,1,2159,1,2166,1,2168,1,2170,3,2174,1,2179,4,2187,1,2189,1,2203,2,2207,1,2209,3,2214,1,2220,3,2226,5,2232,2,2248,1,2252,2,2257,2,2261,1,2276,1,2279,2,2284,8,2300,3,2312,3,2324,3,2364,2],"p":[[4.752,129.617,2.134]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[2187,1,2203,1,2207,1,2209,3,2213,2,2227,4,2232,3,2237,1,2252,2,2257,2,2261,1,2279,2,2284,8,2312,3,2324,3,2330,1,2364,2],"p":[[4.367,129.617,2.275]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1535,1,1563,1,1566,3,1588,5,1596,1,1617,2,1620,2,1632,7,1640,4,1645,2,1648,3,1665,13,1679,2,1691,4,1696,1,1705,9,1718,2,1730,3,1734,1,1738,4,1751,11,1764,2,1776,7,1784,3,1788,1,1797,1,1801,1,1807,5,1813,1,1826,3,1833,4,1838,2,1859,2,1862,4,1883,4,1888,1],"p":[[8.682,128.382,1.624]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Costal groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along the inner surface of the lower border (costal groove).","x":"Shelters the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN, from top to bottom). Needle insertion for chest drains or thoracentesis goes just above the rib to avoid this bundle.","f":[256,1,259,1,268,2,319,1,329,2,335,1,343,1,349,1,351,2,355,1,357,2,360,1,364,1,367,3,374,1,376,1,378,2,441,1,457,1,463,1,468,2,530,3,534,1,537,1,539,1,544,1,615,3,688,1,692,2,755,1,811,2,814,2,909,1,968,1,972,2,975,2,1016,1,1018,1,1069,1,1112,1,1157,2,1216,1,1275,1,1334,2,1378,1,1380,1,1424,1,1426,1,1465,2,1486,2,1504,1,1511,1,1532,1,1556,2,1580,1,1586,1,1612,1,1629,1],"p":[[11.784,124.626,8.922]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 5 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[933,1,936,2,939,8,993,9,1032,16,1075,1,1077,21,1121,22,1162,34,1219,36,1280,38,1336,26,1383,28,1429,13],"p":[[7.924,119.859,18.527]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[1186,2,1189,1,1194,2,1240,2,1245,4,1250,4,1289,1,1292,1,1297,4,1303,15,1343,1,1350,5,1356,1,1360,2,1395,6,1402,6,1409,2,1432,2,1435,7],"p":[[7.667,119.9,19.356]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[0,256,257,2,260,8,270,50,321,9,331,4,336,7,344,6,353,2,356,1,359,1,361,3,365,2,370,4,375,1,377,1,380,58,439,2,442,15,458,5,464,4,470,61,533,1,535,2,538,6,545,70,618,70,689,2,694,61,756,55,812,2,817,116,934,2,947,21,969,3,975,1,977,12,990,3,1002,14,1017,1,1019,13,1048,21,1070,5,1076,1,1098,13,1113,7,1143,14,1159,3,1196,23,1255,20,1276,4,1318,16,1362,16,1379,1,1381,2,1411,13,1425,1,1427,2,1442,23,1467,19,1488,16,1506,26,1533,23,1558,5,1564,1,1569,17,1587,1,1593,3,1597,15,1613,4,1619,1,1622,7,1630,2,1644,1,1647,1,1651,14,1678,1,1681,10,1695,1,1697,8,1716,2,1720,10,1733,1,1735,3,1742,9,1762,2,1766,10,1782,2,1787,1,1789,8,1798,3,1802,5,1812,1,1814,12,1829,4,1837,1,1840,12,1853,6,1861,1,1866,17,1887,1,1889,16,1906,4,1911,180,2092,14,2108,1,2111,9,2121,1,2123,13,2137,4,2143,7,2151,1,2156,1,2158,1,2160,6,2167,1,2169,1,2173,1,2175,4,2183,4,2188,1,2190,13,2205,2,2208,1,2212,1,2215,1,2217,3,2223,3,2235,2,2240,8,2249,1,2251,1,2263,2,2268,2,2294,2,2297,1,2327,2],"p":[[11.502,125.858,7.893]]}],"sixth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2605,1,2610,6,2670,2,2674,1,2676,46,2745,48,2802,1,2804,196],"p":[[2.054,127.984,4.117]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T6) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T5), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2713,1,2717,1,2762,1,2766,2,2769,4,2775,8,2784,3,2788,5,2824,1,2828,5,2834,12,2871,3,2877,23,2912,1,2921,1,2923,3,2927,2,2931,4,2937,20,2959,4,2969,1,2971,1,2974,2,2978,22],"p":[[1.465,128.08,4.023]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[2354,1,2358,1,2361,1,2371,1,2373,2,2376,3,2385,2,2390,10,2406,1,2410,1,2415,2,2419,15,2453,5,2459,20,2494,3,2498,5,2504,40,2546,4,2551,54,2606,4,2616,54,2672,2,2675,1,2722,23,2793,8],"p":[[2.936,127.873,2.288]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[2231,3,2247,1,2250,1,2253,1,2255,1,2263,6,2270,2,2273,1,2280,4,2286,3,2292,1,2301,3,2305,1,2318,8,2329,3,2343,8,2353,1,2362,2,2365,3,2370,1,2379,1,2383,2,2387,1,2400,6,2412,3,2418,1,2434,14,2450,3,2479,14,2497,1,2503,1,2545,1],"p":[[4.362,127.138,1.173]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[2350,1,2353,1,2363,1,2365,3,2370,1,2383,2,2387,1,2403,1,2405,1,2412,3,2418,1,2436,3,2446,2,2450,3,2483,6,2497,1,2503,1],"p":[[3.858,127.252,1.636]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1936,1,1950,2,1965,11,1977,2,1992,7,2000,2,2004,1,2014,15,2038,7,2046,2,2049,3,2054,1,2056,1,2068,14,2089,3,2093,6,2111,11,2124,3,2128,3,2137,9,2150,3,2164,1,2166,2,2169,2,2183,6,2191,5,2206,1,2209,2,2215,3,2229,2,2234,1],"p":[[6.919,126.136,0.452]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Costal groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along the inner surface of the lower border (costal groove).","x":"Shelters the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN, from top to bottom). Needle insertion for chest drains or thoracentesis goes just above the rib to avoid this bundle.","f":[639,1,720,1,779,1,782,2,787,1,790,1,842,1,879,1,881,1,912,3,916,2,938,1,963,1,967,1,984,3,1011,2,1029,1,1051,2,1094,1,1114,3,1130,1,1140,1,1142,1,1182,1,1184,1,1207,1,1223,3,1241,2,1263,1,1266,1,1283,1,1285,1,1293,2,1348,1,1350,1,1434,1,1446,2,1477,1,1483,1,1496,1,1541,1,1558,1,1560,1,1577,1,1588,1,1624,1,1637,1,1648,1,1659,1,1661,2,1665,1,1692,2,1723,1,1725,1,1730,1,1755,1,1764,1,1806,2],"p":[[12.18,122.186,6.932]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 6 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[49,1,55,1,57,3,106,15,157,32,224,1,228,22,291,27,379,23,472,24,600,2,604,18,680,21,745,21,807,23,858,11],"p":[[9.491,116.714,18.965]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[187,2,247,3,310,2,313,4,393,5,400,2,492,2,495,1,611,1,613,1,617,5,693,1,695,6,757,1,759,7,816,14,859,10],"p":[[8.394,116.733,18.608]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[0,49,50,3,60,44,121,36,189,35,225,3,250,41,318,61,402,70,496,105,602,1,622,58,701,44,766,13,780,2,784,6,791,16,830,12,843,1,845,13,869,10,880,1,882,30,915,1,918,20,939,24,964,3,968,16,987,24,1013,16,1030,21,1053,41,1095,19,1116,14,1131,9,1141,1,1143,39,1183,2,1186,21,1208,15,1226,15,1243,20,1264,2,1267,16,1284,9,1296,52,1349,1,1351,83,1435,11,1448,29,1478,18,1497,22,1520,21,1542,18,1561,16,1578,10,1589,35,1625,12,1638,10,1649,10,1660,1,1663,2,1666,27,1694,29,1726,4,1731,33,1765,171,1937,13,1952,13,1976,1,1979,13,1999,1,2002,2,2005,9,2029,9,2045,1,2048,1,2052,2,2057,11,2080,1,2082,7,2092,1,2099,12,2122,2,2127,1,2131,6,2146,4,2153,11,2165,1,2168,1,2171,12,2189,2,2196,10,2207,2,2211,4,2219,10,2233,1,2235,2,2238,9,2249,1,2251,2,2254,1,2256,7,2269,1,2272,1,2274,6,2284,2,2289,3,2293,8,2304,1,2306,12,2326,3,2332,11,2351,2,2355,3,2359,2,2364,1,2368,2,2375,1,2380,3,2404,1,2409,1],"p":[[12.167,122.306,7.651]]}],"seventh rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2536,1,2560,4,2569,2,2573,1,2576,1,2589,3,2597,1,2601,2,2604,3,2609,1,2611,1,2613,8,2625,4,2633,3,2638,3,2642,3,2649,1,2651,20,2672,11,2684,4,2690,2,2693,36,2731,7,2739,261],"p":[[2.169,125.611,3.448]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T7) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T6), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2655,1,2661,1,2666,1,2709,6,2719,1,2723,1,2725,1,2767,1,2769,1,2795,5,2804,1,2806,6,2818,2,2822,2,2829,2,2833,4,2841,2,2847,5,2860,5,2870,1,2872,2,2875,1,2880,5,2888,11,2900,1,2904,1,2907,1,2911,4,2916,3,2920,80],"p":[[1.503,125.205,3.356]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[2221,1,2224,1,2229,1,2243,3,2248,4,2255,1,2260,1,2263,1,2268,1,2275,3,2281,5,2289,2,2294,1,2300,3,2304,4,2312,2,2319,8,2335,1,2337,4,2342,1,2344,1,2346,190,2537,23,2564,5,2571,2,2574,2,2577,12,2592,5,2598,2,2603,1,2607,2,2610,1,2621,4,2629,4,2636,2,2641,1,2645,3,2671,1,2683,1,2688,2,2692,1,2729,2,2738,1],"p":[[3.423,124.404,2.327]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[2190,1,2204,1,2216,2,2223,1,2226,1,2236,5,2242,1,2247,1,2252,3,2256,1,2258,1,2270,5,2278,3,2286,3,2308,4,2314,1,2327,8,2336,1],"p":[[4.7,123.772,1.196]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[2204,1,2217,1,2223,1,2226,1,2236,4,2247,1,2252,3,2256,1,2258,2,2270,4,2278,3,2286,3,2291,3,2296,1,2310,2,2314,2,2329,6,2336,1,2341,1,2343,1],"p":[[4.618,123.669,1.292]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1674,2,1702,1,1704,2,1709,1,1722,4,1728,1,1743,1,1747,2,1753,1,1764,5,1771,2,1775,2,1786,6,1796,1,1799,1,1802,1,1810,2,1813,2,1818,4,1835,2,1838,1,1841,2,1844,1,1846,2,1850,1,1861,7,1870,2,1874,1,1886,8,1897,1,1899,3,1903,6,1922,1,1926,3,1933,1,1935,4,1941,1,1957,1,1961,2,1964,1,1967,4,1975,1,1991,3,1995,3,2000,1,2014,3,2020,1,2033,1,2037,1],"p":[[8.033,122.384,0.499]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Costal groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along the inner surface of the lower border (costal groove).","x":"Shelters the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN, from top to bottom). Needle insertion for chest drains or thoracentesis goes just above the rib to avoid this bundle.","f":[334,1,343,2,438,1,440,2,446,5,452,8,464,1,467,1,469,1,471,1,473,3,478,2,483,1,560,4,565,4,570,2,657,1,661,1,664,7,725,8,785,2,788,3,792,1,859,2,862,1,912,7,972,4,977,3,1040,1,1043,7,1105,9,1170,1,1172,1,1175,3,1227,4,1286,1,1288,6,1343,5,1375,3,1379,4,1407,6,1434,4,1460,4,1492,2,1495,2,1514,1,1544,2,1547,4,1563,1,1583,1,1589,1,1628,3,1633,1,1635,1,1655,1,1700,2,1720,2],"p":[[12.081,118.428,7.161]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 7 is a true (vertebrosternal) rib: its own cartilage reaches the sternum.","f":[755,1,760,2,814,2,821,10,875,1,877,3,881,6,927,1,930,2,933,20,981,1,985,3,989,31,1051,31,1114,38,1178,25,1231,32,1294,27,1348,7],"p":[[10.486,113.109,17.52]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[1007,3,1012,3,1016,2,1058,1,1063,5,1071,2,1075,7,1130,5,1140,9,1150,2,1185,2,1190,1,1192,1,1195,1,1199,4,1237,7,1247,2,1251,3,1257,4,1262,1,1298,1,1300,6,1311,3,1315,6,1349,2,1352,3],"p":[[10.486,113.109,17.52]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[0,338,339,4,345,90,436,4,442,4,451,1,455,1,460,2,463,1,465,2,468,1,470,1,472,1,476,2,480,3,484,75,564,1,569,1,572,85,658,3,662,2,671,54,733,22,756,4,762,23,787,1,791,1,793,21,816,5,831,28,861,1,863,12,876,1,880,1,887,25,919,8,928,2,932,1,953,19,976,1,980,1,982,3,988,1,1020,20,1041,2,1050,1,1082,24,1152,18,1171,1,1173,1,1203,24,1263,23,1287,1,1321,22,1355,20,1378,1,1383,24,1413,21,1438,22,1464,28,1494,1,1497,17,1515,29,1546,1,1551,12,1564,19,1584,5,1590,38,1631,2,1634,1,1636,19,1656,18,1676,24,1703,1,1706,1,1708,14,1726,2,1729,14,1744,3,1749,1,1751,13,1769,2,1773,2,1777,9,1792,4,1797,2,1800,2,1803,7,1812,1,1815,3,1822,13,1837,1,1839,2,1843,1,1845,1,1848,2,1851,10,1868,2,1872,2,1875,1,1877,9,1894,3,1898,1,1902,1,1909,13,1923,3,1929,4,1934,1,1939,18,1958,3,1963,1,1965,2,1971,4,1976,13,1990,1,1994,1,1998,2,2001,13,2016,4,2021,15,2038,152,2192,12,2205,11,2219,2,2223,1,2225,1,2227,2,2230,6,2246,1,2259,1,2261,2,2264,4,2269,1,2295,5,2303,1,2316,1,2318,1],"p":[[11.932,119.303,6.479]]}],"eighth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2449,1,2485,2,2504,2,2508,2,2521,3,2544,5,2554,14,2569,2,2572,3,2577,3,2581,419],"p":[[2.417,122.666,3.515]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T8) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T7), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2809,1,2817,3,2824,1,2826,1,2844,1,2849,1,2856,2,2863,3,2870,2,2874,2,2880,4,2885,1,2889,1,2891,1,2894,6,2902,1,2904,22,2929,1,2933,67],"p":[[1.623,122.872,4.018]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[2234,3,2251,1,2254,4,2263,2,2272,1,2276,1,2279,3,2287,7,2295,2,2298,8,2307,142,2450,31,2482,2,2487,17,2506,2,2510,5,2516,5,2524,20,2549,5,2568,1,2571,1,2575,2,2580,1],"p":[[3.49,121.36,2.206]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[2020,1,2038,4,2050,2,2058,5,2067,1,2080,2,2083,2,2086,3,2091,1,2096,1,2098,1,2100,2,2107,2,2111,3,2115,10,2129,3,2136,3,2140,1,2148,2,2152,3,2156,2,2160,1,2165,5,2173,1,2176,6,2186,9,2199,4,2205,1,2208,3,2212,9,2223,3,2227,1,2229,5,2237,7,2245,6,2252,2,2258,5,2273,3,2277,2,2282,5,2306,1],"p":[[4.875,120.676,1.022]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[2116,1,2152,1,2156,2,2160,1,2166,2,2173,1,2176,8,2191,4,2199,4,2205,1,2207,5,2213,1,2218,3,2223,3,2227,1,2231,2,2237,7,2247,1,2250,1,2252,2,2258,5,2275,1,2277,2,2282,5,2306,1],"p":[[4.483,120.727,1.42]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1546,2,1572,6,1597,1,1600,1,1607,1,1615,7,1623,3,1643,1,1645,2,1648,1,1666,5,1672,1,1674,1,1694,10,1705,2,1716,4,1722,1,1725,3,1730,3,1747,6,1754,7,1778,7,1790,3,1795,1,1797,2,1813,7,1824,2,1827,3,1841,1,1843,3,1848,1,1850,6,1857,1,1885,2,1888,4,1893,2],"p":[[7.994,119.102,0.644]]},{"id":"groove","n":"Costal groove","t":"Groove","w":"Groove along the inner surface of the lower border (costal groove).","x":"Shelters the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN, from top to bottom). Needle insertion for chest drains or thoracentesis goes just above the rib to avoid this bundle.","f":[358,2,365,3,370,1,511,1,514,3,520,1,522,1,524,1,531,1,535,1,627,2,630,1,633,1,636,2,640,1,717,2,721,1,723,1,801,2,869,1,901,2,904,1,908,3,923,3,927,1,929,1,932,1,947,1,972,1,975,2,978,3,983,1,1005,3,1009,3,1013,1,1029,1,1031,3,1036,2,1039,2,1057,5,1064,4,1089,1,1092,1,1109,2,1112,1,1114,1,1135,1,1141,1,1162,1,1166,1,1168,1,1185,2,1189,4,1214,2,1217,1,1230,2,1235,2,1238,2,1262,2,1284,3,1299,1,1301,2,1322,2,1325,1,1348,1,1351,2,1362,2,1386,2,1390,1,1406,4,1430,3,1460,1,1463,4,1468,2,1484,2,1489,1,1506,2,1509,1,1524,1,1526,1,1529,1,1541,1,1543,3,1566,2,1569,1,1592,2,1611,2,1614,1,1636,1,1638,3],"p":[[11.133,115.61,5.819]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 8 is a false (vertebrochondral) rib: its cartilage joins the cartilage above it, not the sternum.","f":[124,5,193,1,197,15,304,8,313,20,446,39,554,1,556,1,560,1,562,4,567,38,650,45,737,48,814,32,877,7],"p":[[10.971,109.429,15.678]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[446,2,454,2,457,2,460,1,468,1,470,1,473,1,476,2,480,5,564,2,570,3,576,2,579,1,582,10,597,8,654,2,657,1,659,2,665,1,667,2,673,10,686,1,689,6,745,3,749,2,758,1,761,14,778,7,819,3,823,3,827,19,877,1,879,5],"p":[[10.913,109.952,15.77]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[0,124,129,64,194,3,212,92,333,25,360,5,368,2,371,75,485,26,512,2,517,3,521,1,523,1,525,6,532,3,536,18,555,1,558,2,561,1,605,22,629,1,631,2,634,2,638,1,640,9,695,22,719,2,722,1,724,13,785,16,803,11,846,23,870,7,884,17,903,1,905,3,911,10,922,1,926,1,928,1,930,2,934,38,973,2,977,1,981,24,1008,1,1012,1,1014,15,1030,1,1034,2,1038,1,1041,16,1062,2,1068,22,1091,1,1093,16,1111,1,1113,1,1115,20,1136,5,1142,20,1163,3,1167,1,1169,16,1187,2,1193,21,1216,1,1218,12,1232,3,1237,1,1240,22,1264,20,1287,12,1300,1,1303,19,1324,1,1326,22,1349,2,1353,9,1364,21,1388,2,1391,15,1410,21,1433,27,1461,2,1467,1,1470,14,1486,3,1490,16,1508,1,1510,14,1525,1,1527,2,1530,11,1542,1,1548,18,1568,1,1570,2,1577,2,1580,12,1594,3,1598,2,1601,6,1608,3,1613,1,1622,1,1626,10,1637,1,1641,2,1644,1,1647,1,1649,17,1671,1,1673,1,1675,19,1704,1,1707,1,1709,7,1720,2,1723,2,1728,2,1734,13,1753,1,1761,17,1785,5,1793,2,1796,1,1799,14,1820,4,1826,1,1830,11,1842,1,1844,1,1846,2,1849,1,1856,1,1858,15,1874,11,1887,1,1892,1,1895,143,2042,6,2049,1,2051,7,2063,4,2068,12,2082,1,2085,1,2089,2,2092,4,2097,1,2099,1,2102,5,2109,2,2114,1,2125,4,2132,4,2139,1,2141,7,2150,2,2155,1,2158,2,2161,4,2170,3,2174,2,2184,2,2195,4,2203,2,2206,1,2211,1,2221,2,2226,1,2228,1],"p":[[11.08,115.893,5.797]]}],"ninth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[2053,1,2102,1,2105,6,2114,4,2131,2,2141,5,2161,5,2167,8,2177,8,2186,6,2196,2,2207,1,2209,3,2213,2,2216,12,2236,5,2244,3,2249,5,2255,10,2269,108,2380,4,2387,4,2394,7,2402,598],"p":[[2.481,119.289,3.41]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facets of the head (superior and inferior demifacets)","t":"Articular facets","w":"Two half-facets (superior and inferior demifacets) on the head, with a crest between them.","x":"The inferior demifacet joins the body of its own vertebra (T9) and the superior joins the vertebra above (T8), with an intra-articular ligament from the crest to the disc between them.","f":[2346,2,2349,3,2366,6,2483,2,2488,4,2499,4,2507,4,2519,6,2629,5,2637,6,2644,1,2646,4,2657,2,2661,2,2664,6,2695,1,2706,2,2710,1,2728,2,2732,3,2740,2,2745,10,2759,7,2767,5,2775,1,2782,5,2789,6,2803,1,2817,10,2829,30,2862,26,2891,7,2902,2,2907,3,2911,4,2919,2,2922,6,2929,37,2968,9,2981,10,2993,7],"p":[[2.062,119.718,3.907]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[1878,4,1901,11,1915,1,1917,2,1921,1,1927,1,1946,4,1956,2,1959,4,1977,1,1989,15,2005,3,2010,2,2015,2,2019,1,2022,3,2029,21,2051,2,2055,4,2066,3,2072,30,2103,2,2111,1,2113,1,2118,13,2133,8,2146,15,2166,1,2175,2,2185,1,2192,4,2198,9,2208,1,2212,1,2215,1,2228,8,2241,3,2247,2,2254,1,2265,4,2377,3,2384,3,2391,3,2401,1],"p":[[5.266,117.948,1.911]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[1522,1,1536,1,1538,4,1543,1,1546,1,1566,2,1569,1,1572,1,1575,1,1577,1,1588,14,1615,16,1632,1,1635,1,1638,4,1647,13,1661,3,1669,49,1719,34,1756,3,1761,27,1790,4,1795,4,1804,2,1807,16,1830,1,1834,2,1838,1,1840,8,1849,20,1876,2,1882,5,1890,7,1912,3,1916,1,1919,2,1922,2,1925,2,1928,7,1936,1,1940,3,1963,10,1978,3],"p":[[7.1,115.958,0.853]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[1690,1,1726,1,1728,4,1748,1,1757,1,1767,1,1769,1,1773,2,1790,4,1796,3,1810,1,1830,1,1834,2,1838,1,1842,2,1845,3,1852,1,1854,5,1860,6,1876,2,1882,5,1890,7,1912,3,1916,1,1919,2,1922,2,1925,2,1928,7,1936,1,1940,3,1963,10,1978,3],"p":[[6.322,116.062,0.94]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1151,4,1158,1,1176,5,1183,1,1199,13,1224,11,1241,8,1250,2,1254,2,1264,20,1290,10,1302,7,1313,96,1411,19,1443,15,1467,2,1470,1,1472,11,1493,1,1497,1,1500,3,1505,12,1528,4,1562,1],"p":[[8.882,114.665,2.621]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 9 is a false (vertebrochondral) rib: its cartilage joins the cartilage above it, not the sternum.","f":[0,62,74,25,124,1,126,36,180,31,238,30,300,2,303,30,364,1,367,29,427,1,430,1],"p":[[11.818,106.173,13.171]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[1,3,5,1,7,10,28,5,35,1,38,6,46,1,48,2,52,10,81,5,87,2,90,2,94,4,136,2,140,1,143,5,151,3,155,1,157,2,160,2,195,5,204,2,207,1,209,2,253,3,259,6,267,1,314,1,317,1,320,5,329,2],"p":[[11.815,106.494,13.314]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[62,12,99,25,162,18,211,27,268,29,299,1,333,31,365,2,396,31,428,1,431,720,1155,3,1159,17,1181,2,1184,15,1212,12,1235,6,1248,1,1252,2,1255,9,1284,6,1301,1,1308,5],"p":[[11.69,111.321,7.176]]}],"tenth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow.","f":[1939,2,1955,1,1958,1,1967,2,1973,2,1976,4,2004,1,2010,1,2012,2,2015,2,2020,1,2022,1,2025,2,2032,37,2073,1,2079,7,2087,1,2091,6,2098,69,2169,831],"p":[[2.744,115.96,4.07]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facet of the head","t":"Articular facet","w":"Single round facet on the head.","x":"Articulates with the body of its own vertebra only (T10), at the costovertebral joint. Ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12 have a single facet; ribs 2 to 9 have two demifacets that straddle an intervertebral disc.","f":[2173,1,2254,6,2262,1,2266,2,2274,2,2283,2,2404,1,2410,6,2417,4,2422,6,2432,1,2434,1,2437,2,2501,1,2512,6,2525,20,2547,5,2562,4,2617,3,2621,5,2629,5,2638,13,2652,1,2698,2,2702,4,2707,5,2713,1,2716,1,2718,12,2748,3,2771,1,2780,3,2784,8,2794,31,2826,2,2829,11,2841,1,2845,1,2848,18,2867,2,2875,12,2890,3,2894,67,2963,1,2965,6,2972,4,2979,21],"p":[[2.181,116.692,4.478]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short constricted part between the head and the tubercle.","x":"The neck lies in front of the transverse process of the vertebra. Its upper border has a crest for the superior costotransverse ligament.","f":[1615,6,1622,3,1629,1,1643,3,1647,8,1656,3,1660,1,1662,1,1671,1,1679,14,1694,3,1698,2,1701,1,1704,4,1712,14,1728,6,1735,1,1738,4,1743,3,1750,189,1941,14,1956,2,1959,3,1963,4,1969,4,1975,1,1980,24,2005,5,2011,1,2014,1,2017,3,2021,1,2023,2,2027,5,2069,4,2074,2,2077,2,2086,1,2088,3,2097,1,2167,2],"p":[[5.524,114.087,1.713]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of rib","t":"Tubercle","w":"Small bump where the neck meets the shaft, on the back of the rib.","x":"Articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebra (costotransverse joint), and the lateral costotransverse ligament attaches to its rough part.","f":[1312,2,1315,2,1318,1,1332,1,1337,2,1346,10,1357,1,1364,6,1372,4,1379,1,1381,1,1383,8,1392,19,1412,45,1458,1,1462,9,1474,1,1476,2,1480,2,1483,11,1501,4,1515,7,1523,1,1525,1,1544,1,1556,1],"p":[[8.035,112.253,2.106]]},{"id":"tfac","n":"Articular facet of the tubercle","t":"Articular facet","w":"Smooth oval part of the tubercle facing the vertebra.","x":"Forms the costotransverse joint with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number. Both costovertebral and costotransverse joints are plane synovial joints that glide during breathing.","f":[1312,2,1315,2,1318,1,1332,1,1337,2,1346,10,1357,1,1364,6,1372,4,1379,1,1381,1,1383,8,1392,19,1412,45,1458,1,1462,9,1474,1,1476,2,1480,2,1483,11,1501,4,1515,7,1523,1,1525,1,1544,1,1556,1],"p":[[8.035,112.253,2.106]]},{"id":"angle","n":"Angle of rib","t":"Angle","w":"Sharp bend in the rib's back part, where it turns forward.","x":"The weakest point of the rib and the common site of fracture. The iliocostalis (erector spinae) attaches here.","f":[1106,3,1120,1,1122,5,1135,2,1138,2,1141,2,1152,5,1158,4,1163,12,1178,20,1202,15,1221,1,1223,1,1226,11,1246,1,1249,7,1260,2,1263,6],"p":[[9.379,110.438,3.149]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (sternal) end","t":"End","w":"Front end of the rib.","x":"Joined to its costal cartilage. Rib 10 is a false (vertebrochondral) rib: its cartilage joins the cartilage above it, not the sternum.","f":[0,170,172,2,176,4,181,38,226,37,274,1,278,14,303,1,305,1,307,1,310,2,313,4,336,1],"p":[[12.179,103.126,11.53]]},{"id":"cfos","n":"Pit for the costal cartilage","t":"Fossa","w":"Cup-shaped pit at the front end of the rib.","x":"Receives the costal cartilage, a primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis).","f":[1,1,3,3,9,1,11,3,15,1,26,6,35,3,40,2,44,4,52,1,62,2,65,5,71,2,74,1,77,1,81,2,85,1,87,3,103,7,111,4,117,1,124,1,127,1,133,1,136,2,139,15,161,1,164,3,169,1,181,2,185,1,187,3,193,2,198,4,207,2,211,2,215,3,227,1,229,1,231,1,235,2,248,6,258,2,261,2,279,1],"p":[[11.83,103.631,11.868]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Long, thin, curved body of the rib.","x":"Flat with an outer and inner surface and a sharp lower border. The intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs; the serratus anterior and external oblique arise from the outer surface.","f":[170,2,175,1,180,1,219,7,263,11,275,2,292,11,308,2,317,15,333,1,335,1,337,769,1109,11,1121,1,1126,2,1129,6,1140,2,1143,9,1157,1,1162,1,1175,3],"p":[[11.57,106.878,7.319]]}],"eleventh rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow. This floating rib has only its own vertebra.","f":[1393,6,1419,1,1422,57,1503,2,1518,20,1539,12,1553,2,1556,25,1606,16,1630,15,1646,10,1658,3,1664,3,1670,2,1681,5,1687,1,1689,3,1695,1,1697,2,1711,6,1719,11,1735,8,1746,3,1753,2,1756,2,1761,4,1770,12,1788,5,1807,1,1814,7,1829,11,1842,6,1850,2,1862,3,1869,9,1899,6,1913,3,1926,2,1930,3,1935,2,1941,4,1953,1,1955,3,1978,2,1984,1,1986,9,1999,4,2010,2,2015,1,2024,4,2036,4,2073,7,2087,4,2103,3,2111,9,2127,2,2167,3,2172,1,2182,2,2196,3,2201,2,2276,2,2293,3],"p":[[1.884,113.4,5.734]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facet of the head","t":"Articular facet","w":"Single round facet on the head.","x":"Articulates with the body of its own vertebra only (T11), at the costovertebral joint. Ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12 have a single facet; ribs 2 to 9 have two demifacets that straddle an intervertebral disc.","f":[1394,2,1397,1,1419,1,1427,9,1444,11,1466,8,1477,2,1504,1,1521,9,1531,7,1544,5,1559,6,1569,4,1580,1,1609,2,1612,10,1631,12,1646,9,1658,3,1664,3,1670,2,1683,2,1712,5,1720,10,1737,6,1746,3,1753,2,1756,2,1761,4,1775,1,1777,1,1781,1,1815,6,1829,11,1842,6,1850,2,1863,1,1871,1,1875,1,1901,4,1913,3,1926,2,1930,3,1935,2,1943,1,1988,7,1999,4,2010,2,2015,1,2077,3,2087,4,2103,3,2117,1,2119,1],"p":[[1.892,113.658,5.814]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short neck, with no tubercle or angle on this rib.","x":"The 11th and 12th ribs have no tubercle, so there is no costotransverse joint.","f":[1538,1,1551,2,1555,1,1645,1,1656,2,1661,3,1667,3,1672,9,1686,1,1688,1,1692,3,1696,1,1734,1,1743,3,1749,4,1755,1,1758,3,1765,5,1782,3,1786,2,1841,1,1848,2,1852,10,1865,4,1898,1,1909,2,1912,1,1923,3,1928,2,1933,2,1937,4,1945,8,1954,1,1985,1,2009,1,2012,3,2016,8,2028,8,2070,3,2085,2,2109,2,2120,7,2129,9,2164,3,2170,2,2180,2,2194,2,2199,2,2203,13,2250,7,2261,3,2272,4,2289,4,2297,1,2299,2,2302,1,2304,6,2354,9,2369,1,2384,2,2398,2,2404,6,2415,4,2487,4,2492,14,2519,2,2533,1,2549,4,2558,7,2571,1,2573,1,2631,1,2635,3,2644,2,2688,2,2703,1,2771,1],"p":[[2.569,112.784,4.669]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (distal) end","t":"End","w":"Pointed free front end of the rib (floating rib).","x":"Tipped with a small cartilage that does not reach the sternum or any other rib; it ends in the muscles of the abdominal wall. Floating ribs protect the kidneys but are vulnerable to fracture.","f":[0,187,188,60,257,40,310,1,312,24,347,1,350,18,387,14,420,1,422,1,429,1,431,2],"p":[[11.185,101.529,9.535]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Short, slightly curved body, tapering to the tip.","x":"Short and thin; the diaphragm and the external and internal oblique muscles attach to it.","f":[187,1,248,9,297,13,311,1,336,10,348,2,368,16,385,2,401,19,421,1,423,6,430,1,433,26,460,933,1399,20,1420,2,1479,24,1505,13,1581,25,1622,8,1699,12,1717,2,1730,4,1793,14,1808,6,1821,8,1840,1,1878,20,1905,4,1916,7,1958,20,1980,4,1995,4,2003,6,2040,30,2080,5,2091,12,2106,3,2138,26,2173,7,2184,10,2216,34,2257,4,2264,8,2278,10,2310,42,2363,3,2370,11,2386,8,2419,55,2506,9,2521,9,2534,13,2553,2,2574,40,2615,1,2622,1,2638,6,2646,41,2690,4,2705,30,2743,2,2749,2,2753,8,2764,5,2774,16,2796,6,2806,37,2853,5,2865,2,2870,3,2876,12,2894,16,2916,48,2965,1,2968,32],"p":[[8.078,107.507,4.172]]}],"twelfth rib":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of rib","t":"Head","w":"Expanded posterior end of the rib, next to the vertebra.","x":"Joins the vertebral column at the costovertebral joint. Mnemonic: the head of a rib sits on the body of a vertebra, like a head on a pillow. This floating rib has only its own vertebra.","f":[881,22,904,11,917,1,919,13,934,18,954,2,959,36,1070,1,1072,2,1075,12,1092,19,1117,12,1131,5,1139,5,1148,15,1170,13,1185,1,1196,26,1223,12,1329,1,1335,4,1342,5,1349,5,1358,7,1366,8,1376,10,1389,13,1405,11,1428,12,1441,28,1574,3,1581,9,1598,7,1609,3,1613,8,1624,5,1638,8,1654,2,1665,2,1673,21,1876,11,1889,12,1902,12,1926,15,1957,10,1974,3,1987,7,1999,2,2004,1,2008,18,2213,1,2215,42,2264,8,2283,15,2309,6,2321,4,2326,3,2504,17],"p":[[1.983,109.783,6.983]]},{"id":"hfac","n":"Articular facet of the head","t":"Articular facet","w":"Single round facet on the head.","x":"Articulates with the body of its own vertebra only (T12), at the costovertebral joint. Ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12 have a single facet; ribs 2 to 9 have two demifacets that straddle an intervertebral disc.","f":[881,22,905,10,921,11,938,14,972,2,975,1,979,1,981,2,1070,1,1072,2,1075,12,1092,19,1117,12,1131,5,1139,5,1148,15,1172,1,1174,8,1335,4,1342,1,1344,3,1349,5,1358,7,1366,8,1376,2,1380,6,1397,2,1401,1,1405,4,1414,1,1598,7,1609,3,1614,1,1619,2,1892,7,1903,1,1912,2,2253,3],"p":[[2.372,110.308,7.115]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of rib","t":"Neck","w":"Short neck, with no tubercle or angle on this rib.","x":"The 11th and 12th ribs have no tubercle, so there is no costotransverse joint. The quadratus lumborum and latissimus dorsi attach to the lower border of the 12th rib; the lower border also gives attachment to the lumbocostal arch of the diaphragm.","f":[903,1,915,2,918,1,932,2,952,2,956,3,1063,3,1068,2,1071,1,1074,1,1087,5,1111,6,1129,2,1136,3,1144,4,1163,7,1183,2,1186,10,1222,1,1303,3,1315,1,1317,4,1326,3,1331,4,1339,3,1347,2,1354,4,1365,1,1374,2,1386,3,1402,3,1416,12,1440,1,1547,1,1560,2,1564,5,1570,4,1579,2,1590,8,1605,4,1612,1,1621,3,1629,9,1646,8,1656,9,1667,6,1843,1,1849,1,1854,6,1861,4,1868,4,1873,3,1887,2,1901,1,1914,12,1941,16,1967,7,1977,10,1994,5,2001,3,2005,3,2152,1,2157,2,2161,5,2168,6,2175,1,2178,14,2193,20,2214,1,2257,7,2272,11,2298,11,2315,6,2325,1,2486,3,2496,1,2498,2,2501,3],"p":[[2.395,109.098,6.37]]},{"id":"send","n":"Anterior (distal) end","t":"End","w":"Pointed free front end of the rib (floating rib).","x":"Tipped with a small cartilage that does not reach the sternum or any other rib; it ends in the muscles of the abdominal wall. Floating ribs protect the kidneys but are vulnerable to fracture.","f":[0,125,135,11,150,82,250,3,259,5,265,4,270,61,349,1,357,5,363,57,461,2,465,1,467,5,473,36,537,8,546,23,595,1,600,20,655,2,662,5,674,7,684,2],"p":[[8.129,101.599,5.68]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body) of rib","t":"Shaft","w":"Short, slightly curved body, tapering to the tip.","x":"The pleura reaches down to the 12th rib at the back, so a posterior incision for the kidney risks opening the pleural cavity.","f":[125,10,146,4,232,18,253,6,264,1,269,1,331,18,350,7,362,1,420,41,463,1,466,1,472,1,509,28,545,1,569,26,597,3,620,35,657,5,667,7,682,2,686,195,995,68,1066,2,1235,54,1291,7,1306,9,1321,4,1469,52,1523,5,1536,6,1543,1,1549,10,1694,133,1829,14,1846,3,1852,1,2026,114,2144,4,2155,1,2329,138,2470,2,2473,6,2480,4,2521,118,2642,3,2651,10,2670,128,2799,201],"p":[[5.776,105.868,3.955]]}],"middle phalanx of second toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,54,63,7,72,77,172,8,183,13,199,78,389,2,392,2,395,9,405,57,581,2,584,4,589,6],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[54,9,70,2,149,23,180,3,196,2,339,1,341,1,345,2,348,7,356,33,391,1,394,1,404,1,530,1,538,1,547,3,551,30,583,1,588,1,644,1,652,2,661,1,665,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[277,62,340,1,342,3,347,1,355,1,462,68,531,7,539,8,550,1,595,49,645,7,654,7,662,3,667,19],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"fourth metacarpal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metacarpal, facing the carpus.","x":"Articulates with the distal row of carpal bones (carpometacarpal joint) and, on its sides, with the neighbouring metacarpal bases (intermetacarpal joints). Wrist extensors and flexors insert near the base (e.g., extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis on the 2nd and 3rd, flexor carpi radialis on the 2nd and 3rd). Memory aid: the base is the end nearest the wrist.","f":[0,154,405,175,581,2,584,2,587,5,593,1,596,2,600,1,602,8,612,2,914,108,1023,1,1025,1,1027,1,1029,1,1031,1,1203,234,1439,1,1441,3,1447,1,1449,6,1456,8,1730,108,1840,1,1843,4,1848,6],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long, slightly curved middle part between base and head.","x":"Dorsally convex and palmar-concave. Provides origin for the dorsal and palmar interossei, which abduct and adduct the fingers. Common site of \"boxer's\" fractures (usually the neck of the 5th).","f":[580,1,583,1,586,1,592,1,594,2,598,2,601,1,610,2,614,149,777,2,784,1,786,1,1022,1,1024,1,1026,1,1028,1,1030,1,1032,76,1109,3,1117,1,1119,1,1437,1,1440,1,1444,2,1448,1,1455,1,1464,121,1586,5,1594,1,1601,1,1838,2,1841,2,1847,1,1854,73,1928,2,1931,2,1934,1,1936,5,1960,1,1968,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end, forming the knuckle.","x":"Articulates with the base of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Forms the \"knuckles\" seen in a clenched fist; the head of the 5th is the usual site struck in a punch.","f":[154,251,763,14,779,5,785,1,787,127,1108,1,1112,5,1118,1,1120,83,1585,1,1591,3,1595,6,1602,128,1927,1,1930,1,1933,1,1935,1,1941,19,1961,7,1969,301],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of index finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,359,361,1,363,2,367,96,465,1,471,1,473,1,490,92,583,2,586,1,647,112,760,3,766,1,957,95,1056,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[359,2,362,1,365,2,463,2,466,5,472,1,474,16,582,1,587,53,641,1,643,3,759,1,763,3,767,42,1052,4,1059,50,1110,10,1124,2,1267,41,1309,1,1311,6,1404,2,1410,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[640,1,642,1,809,148,1109,1,1120,4,1126,141,1308,1,1310,1,1317,87,1406,4,1412,272],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of index finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,107,109,28,146,33,180,3,184,2,187,5,193,1,195,19,220,1,225,2,315,34,350,4,355,29,386,6,402,2,405,2,515,26],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[108,1,137,9,214,6,221,4,234,4,240,3,385,1,394,8,404,1,407,5,417,2,420,4,426,2,541,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[228,5,243,18,262,2,265,1,269,23,293,7,412,5,428,4,444,24,469,4,490,1,544,12,557,9,570,15,586,5,608,13,633,1,636,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of little toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,172,178,27,206,4,212,1,215,17,234,94,340,10,351,1,354,1,358,36,404,124,566,3,582,25,608,96,797,6],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[172,6,205,1,210,2,213,2,232,2,328,12,350,1,352,2,355,3,394,10,528,38,569,13,607,1,737,7,750,1,762,9,772,25,953,4,960,1,969,17,987,1,1048,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[704,33,744,6,751,11,771,1,803,150,957,3,961,8,986,1,988,60,1050,156],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of little finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,62,63,1,65,3,69,21,174,11,187,22,220,4,345,41,388,5],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[62,1,64,1,68,1,90,18,110,7,185,2,209,11,224,1,226,2,230,1,232,9,253,2,386,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[108,2,117,6,126,4,131,2,135,3,139,11,155,1,159,1,164,3,225,1,228,2,241,11,257,26,286,8,296,31,341,1,393,8,402,3,406,14,423,16,440,5,446,2,451,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of big toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,145,148,1,152,10,165,2,168,11,183,130,325,1,330,1,337,10,351,99,473,1,480,3,484,3,498,11,515,89,773,1,784,15,811,51,863,1,866,6,875,1,877,49,1110,2,1122,19,1146,13,1161,2,1164,105,1528,9,1538,4,1545,3,1551,1,1557,6,1564,11,1576,1,1578,1,1580,84,1839,1,1846,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[145,3,149,3,162,3,167,1,179,4,313,12,326,4,331,6,347,4,450,23,474,6,483,1,487,11,509,1,511,4,693,1,701,1,708,2,711,1,716,1,718,6,726,47,774,10,799,12,864,2,872,3,876,1,1044,2,1053,57,1112,10,1141,5,1159,2,1163,1,1407,1,1429,3,1458,1,1468,2,1471,4,1476,5,1482,1,1484,44,1537,1,1542,3,1548,3,1552,5,1563,1,1575,1,1577,1,1579,1,1755,1,1785,2,1794,3,1801,38,1840,6,2015,1,2022,1,2032,1,2037,1,2042,3,2048,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[604,89,694,7,702,6,710,1,712,1,714,1,717,1,724,2,926,118,1046,7,1269,138,1408,21,1432,26,1459,9,1470,1,1475,1,1481,1,1483,1,1664,91,1756,29,1787,7,1797,4,1849,166,2016,6,2023,9,2033,4,2038,4,2045,3,2049,145],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of big toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,22,33,6,40,2,45,1,51,2,54,1,59,1,62,8,74,102,204,9,214,81,324,3,328,1,331,68,590,2,596,2,603,1,609,16,628,4,633,71,879,1,893,5,899,1,901,2,905,1,908,1,910,1,912,2,917,32,1116,2,1121,3,1143,2,1146,66,1474,2,1477,1,1479,2,1483,3,1488,2,1491,5,1498,5,1507,14,1522,47],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[22,11,42,3,46,5,53,1,55,4,60,2,70,4,176,28,213,1,298,1,300,1,302,22,327,1,329,2,562,28,592,4,598,5,604,5,625,3,632,1,854,1,856,1,859,20,880,13,898,1,900,1,903,2,906,2,909,1,911,1,914,3,1083,2,1089,2,1092,24,1118,3,1124,19,1145,1,1437,3,1441,33,1478,1,1481,2,1486,2,1490,1,1496,2,1503,4,1521,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[295,3,299,1,399,33,433,3,448,38,488,27,523,16,540,2,544,1,546,1,553,7,704,30,735,1,742,1,762,6,794,31,838,4,845,8,855,1,857,2,949,14,964,1,969,3,988,12,1012,32,1047,26,1077,6,1085,4,1091,1,1212,3,1217,2,1220,5,1227,4,1232,1,1237,2,1242,1,1265,9,1276,1,1286,1,1291,1,1293,2,1297,1,1308,2,1312,1,1317,1,1325,1,1327,1,1353,14,1375,23,1400,7,1409,2,1413,2,1424,2,1571,1,1574,1,1578,2,1581,2,1587,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of thumb":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,227,228,4,247,1,249,1,254,1,259,84,345,1,347,1,351,1,356,1,362,5,375,1,377,4,417,1,433,1,496,91,593,2,746,53],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[227,1,232,15,248,1,250,4,255,4,343,2,346,1,348,3,352,4,357,5,367,8,376,1,381,36,418,15,434,28,464,3,587,6,595,11,607,3,799,15],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[462,2,478,1,480,2,486,2,489,1,492,4,606,1,610,9,623,29,655,5,662,1,677,35,715,3,723,1,734,6,742,1,744,2,814,2,820,8,832,21,860,20,881,4,897,52,952,4,959,5,969,1,986,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"fifth metacarpal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metacarpal, facing the carpus.","x":"Articulates with the distal row of carpal bones (carpometacarpal joint) and, on its sides, with the neighbouring metacarpal bases (intermetacarpal joints). Wrist extensors and flexors insert near the base (e.g., extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis on the 2nd and 3rd, flexor carpi radialis on the 2nd and 3rd). Memory aid: the base is the end nearest the wrist.","f":[508,3,520,2,704,94,805,1,998,108,1117,1,1545,89,1635,12,1653,3,1780,149,1930,15,1950,1,1953,1,1957,1,1959,2,1964,2,1967,1,1977,169],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long, slightly curved middle part between base and head.","x":"Dorsally convex and palmar-concave. Provides origin for the dorsal and palmar interossei, which abduct and adduct the fingers. Common site of \"boxer's\" fractures (usually the neck of the 5th).","f":[85,25,111,42,223,1,225,1,237,1,240,1,248,1,251,1,511,9,522,98,621,14,645,2,648,1,798,7,806,47,855,1,857,1,1106,11,1118,95,1214,2,1220,3,1227,1,1235,1,1239,4,1244,1,1247,2,1250,1,1634,1,1647,6,1656,106,1929,1,1945,5,1951,2,1954,3,1958,1,1961,3,1966,1,1968,9],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end, forming the knuckle.","x":"Articulates with the base of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Forms the \"knuckles\" seen in a clenched fist; the head of the 5th is the usual site struck in a punch.","f":[0,85,153,70,224,1,226,11,238,2,241,7,249,2,252,256,620,1,635,10,647,1,649,55,853,2,856,1,858,140,1213,1,1216,4,1223,4,1228,7,1236,3,1243,1,1245,2,1249,1,1251,294,1762,18],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of third toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,80,92,5,100,7,111,21,133,22,212,1,224,20,245,2,248,4,253,4,258,64,408,3,414,1,418,67,572,10],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[80,12,97,3,107,4,132,1,180,1,182,1,184,28,213,11,244,1,247,1,252,1,257,1,372,1,376,1,382,26,411,3,415,3,526,1,528,1,530,6,538,2,541,31,635,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[155,25,181,1,183,1,322,50,373,3,377,5,485,41,527,1,529,1,536,2,540,1,582,53,636,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of ring finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,354,359,1,377,77,683,143,973,150,1124,2,1128,1,1131,1,1133,5,1331,41,1373,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[354,5,360,3,454,50,505,1,510,4,517,2,520,1,826,42,874,1,876,1,1123,1,1126,2,1129,2,1132,1,1138,61,1206,2,1372,1,1374,30,1405,1,1410,1,1413,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[363,14,506,4,514,3,519,1,521,162,868,6,875,1,877,96,1199,7,1208,123,1404,1,1406,4,1411,2,1415,201],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of second toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,11,14,7,27,50,128,1,130,1,132,4,137,40,271,1,278,1,296,3,301,4,306,55,429,19],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[11,3,21,6,110,1,113,1,115,1,117,11,129,1,131,1,136,1,238,1,243,1,250,2,257,6,264,4,269,2,272,6,279,17,299,2,305,1,427,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[77,3,81,6,91,12,111,2,177,4,207,7,225,13,244,5,252,1,254,2,364,1,366,6,385,12,398,7,406,4,423,1,448,1,455,1,457,11,470,1,481,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"fourth metatarsal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metatarsal, facing the tarsus.","x":"Forms the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints with the cuneiforms and cuboid and the intermetatarsal joints with neighbours. The 2nd metatarsal base is recessed between the cuneiforms, a key to arch stability.","f":[0,259,263,1,267,13,281,1,283,3,287,4,295,1,305,3,310,1,315,2,318,50,370,11,382,99,521,2,525,1,534,12,550,160,774,2,778,1,784,1,788,11,800,3,805,5,811,130,996,1,1004,16,1021,2,1025,1,1034,146,1220,1,1222,3,1233,1,1235,15,1251,65,1421,4,1427,11],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long middle part between base and head.","x":"Triangular in section. Origin for the dorsal and plantar interossei. Site of stress (\"march\") fractures, most often the 2nd and 3rd.","f":[259,4,264,3,280,1,282,1,286,1,291,4,296,9,308,2,311,4,317,1,368,2,481,40,523,2,526,8,546,4,710,64,776,2,779,5,785,3,799,1,803,1,810,1,941,55,997,3,1001,3,1020,1,1023,2,1026,8,1180,40,1221,1,1225,8,1234,1,1250,1,1349,72,1425,2,1583,1,1587,4,1593,1,1596,11,1608,1,1614,12,1627,71,1812,3,1816,1,1818,2,1822,1,1824,55,2007,7,2017,48,2274,1,2282,1,2285,3,2290,1,2292,1,2294,2,2297,5],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end of the metatarsal.","x":"Articulates with the proximal phalanx at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The heads form the \"ball of the foot\" and bear weight in push-off.","f":[1316,33,1438,145,1584,3,1591,2,1594,2,1607,1,1609,5,1626,1,1698,114,1815,1,1817,1,1820,2,1823,1,1879,128,2014,3,2065,209,2275,7,2283,2,2288,2,2291,1,2293,1,2296,1,2302,198],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"third metatarsal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metatarsal, facing the tarsus.","x":"Forms the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints with the cuneiforms and cuboid and the intermetatarsal joints with neighbours. The 2nd metatarsal base is recessed between the cuneiforms, a key to arch stability.","f":[0,190,193,1,198,2,203,122,358,1,362,1,364,1,367,1,377,1,384,170,585,2,589,1,592,5,598,1,610,15,626,1,628,7,636,105,796,1,798,3,805,20,826,1,828,5,834,3,841,100,1176,1,1178,1,1180,5,1197,25,1223,1,1225,3,1229,2,1232,7,1240,170,1632,1,1636,20,1657,112],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long middle part between base and head.","x":"Triangular in section. Origin for the dorsal and plantar interossei. Site of stress (\"march\") fractures, most often the 2nd and 3rd.","f":[190,3,194,4,200,3,325,33,359,3,363,1,365,2,368,9,378,6,554,31,587,2,590,2,597,1,599,11,625,1,627,1,635,1,742,54,797,1,801,4,825,1,827,1,833,1,837,4,1093,1,1098,7,1106,70,1177,1,1179,1,1185,12,1222,1,1224,1,1228,1,1231,1,1239,1,1500,2,1503,1,1505,3,1532,8,1541,1,1543,89,1633,3,1656,1,1921,5,1933,1,1936,1,1945,63,2160,7,2180,7,2188,63,2417,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end of the metatarsal.","x":"Articulates with the proximal phalanx at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The heads form the \"ball of the foot\" and bear weight in push-off.","f":[741,1,941,152,1094,4,1105,1,1410,90,1502,1,1504,1,1508,23,1540,1,1542,1,1769,152,1926,7,1934,2,1937,8,2008,152,2167,13,2187,1,2251,166,2419,81],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of middle finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,244,245,5,254,2,257,16,274,9,296,135,435,1,438,4,443,1,499,102,606,2,617,1,796,112,910,1,913,2,917,1,919,12,937,2,946,1,1087,62,1150,7,1163,1,1170,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[244,1,250,4,256,1,273,1,283,13,431,4,436,2,442,1,444,55,601,5,608,9,618,12,631,3,635,9,671,1,676,6,908,2,911,2,915,2,918,1,931,6,939,7,947,12,961,7,989,2,992,1,994,5,1149,1,1157,6,1164,6,1171,52,1228,3,1232,2,1236,1,1265,1,1305,5,1343,1,1355,1,1357,1,1360,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[630,1,634,1,644,24,669,2,672,4,682,114,959,2,968,21,991,1,993,1,999,88,1223,5,1231,1,1234,2,1237,28,1266,39,1310,33,1344,11,1356,1,1358,2,1363,133],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of third toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,9,10,13,36,2,45,1,47,3,51,3,56,3,60,46,139,3,144,1,146,2,149,4,156,3,163,10,174,77,311,11],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[9,1,23,1,25,11,41,4,46,1,50,1,54,2,59,1,127,1,130,9,142,2,145,1,148,1,153,3,159,4,173,1,292,2,297,6,308,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[24,1,106,10,119,5,251,6,258,2,262,2,266,1,270,17,294,3,303,1,305,1,322,3,326,2,331,1,334,6],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of second toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,206,212,12,226,156,393,1,399,1,402,4,408,5,414,2,420,1,422,1,425,120,640,2,647,2,650,2,654,3,659,2,662,89,908,3,912,1,917,1,920,93,1196,2,1199,5,1205,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[206,6,224,2,382,11,394,5,400,2,406,2,413,1,416,4,421,1,423,2,609,31,642,5,649,1,652,2,657,2,661,1,846,4,853,55,911,1,913,4,918,2,1126,2,1151,5,1157,1,1159,37,1198,1,1204,1,1352,10],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[545,64,751,95,850,3,1013,113,1128,23,1156,1,1158,1,1207,145,1362,54],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of fourth toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[1,4,6,70,78,1,85,5,92,2,95,4,100,1,102,23,127,54,225,1,229,6,236,1,240,68,409,3,415,2,419,2,423,2,426,12],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[0,1,5,1,76,2,79,6,90,2,94,1,99,1,101,1,125,2,184,1,192,4,197,28,226,3,235,1,237,1,239,1,360,4,366,2,372,4,377,2,380,29,412,1,414,1,421,2,494,2,501,2,512,3,518,4],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[181,3,185,7,196,1,308,52,364,2,368,4,376,1,379,1,438,56,496,5,503,9,515,3,522,24],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"fifth metatarsal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metatarsal, facing the tarsus.","x":"Forms the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints with the cuneiforms and cuboid and the intermetatarsal joints with neighbours. The 2nd metatarsal base is recessed between the cuneiforms, a key to arch stability.","f":[0,206,214,2,218,3,229,11,241,17,259,173,486,14,503,2,506,1,519,1,523,3,533,1,536,7,547,2,550,76,710,2,713,1,716,18,735,2,748,4,753,75,903,3,913,4,919,4,924,1,928,55,1043,1,1064,7,1072,11,1085,3,1095,2,1098,1,1108,9,1120,16,1138,13],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long middle part between base and head.","x":"Triangular in section. Origin for the dorsal and plantar interossei. Site of stress (\"march\") fractures, most often the 2nd and 3rd.","f":[206,8,216,2,221,8,240,1,258,1,432,54,500,3,505,1,507,12,520,3,526,7,534,2,543,4,549,1,626,84,712,1,714,2,734,1,737,11,752,1,828,75,906,7,917,2,923,1,925,3,983,60,1044,20,1071,1,1083,2,1088,7,1097,1,1099,9,1117,3,1136,2,1151,365,1662,2,1678,1,1686,2,1689,2,1692,11,1704,2,1707,1,1709,27,1803,1,1821,4,1832,42,1995,1,1997,3,2003,1,2030,7,2038,2,2045,12,2058,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end of the metatarsal.","x":"Articulates with the proximal phalanx at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The heads form the \"ball of the foot\" and bear weight in push-off.","f":[1516,146,1664,14,1679,7,1688,1,1691,1,1703,1,1706,1,1708,1,1736,67,1804,17,1825,7,1874,121,1996,1,2000,3,2004,26,2037,1,2040,5,2057,1,2059,441],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity (styloid process)","t":"Tuberosity (styloid process)","w":"Lateral projection of the base of the 5th metatarsal.","x":"Insertion of fibularis brevis. Easily palpated on the outer edge of the foot; the usual site of an avulsion fracture in an inversion ankle sprain (pseudo-Jones).","f":[36,1,48,45,97,1,99,107,268,1,270,1,273,1,275,1,291,28,320,4,325,3,329,3,337,20,360,72,538,5,547,2,552,6,560,66,750,2,753,2,757,71,920,3,924,1,928,11,940,2,943,1,950,1,953,2,963,20,1095,2,1108,2,1138,7,1147,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of thumb":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,250,252,34,295,1,299,105,405,5,471,107,579,2,582,10,598,2,857,98,956,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[250,2,286,9,296,3,404,1,410,22,578,1,581,1,592,6,600,38,651,2,663,2,666,1,668,2,671,2,674,1,955,1,957,38,1010,1,1171,11,1183,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[432,39,638,13,653,10,665,1,667,1,670,1,673,1,675,182,995,15,1011,160,1182,1,1184,130],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of middle finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,47,48,19,72,7,80,4,85,82,170,1,175,12,204,1,206,14,258,40,300,1,302,1,305,29,335,25,373,9,432,58,498,1,501,2,504,7],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[47,1,67,5,79,1,84,1,167,3,171,4,188,5,197,7,205,1,298,2,301,1,303,2,334,1,367,6,396,1,399,4,490,8,499,2,503,1,522,3,526,1,528,6,535,4],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[187,1,193,4,220,7,229,7,237,2,240,2,243,1,246,4,360,7,382,13,403,3,407,3,412,4,417,5,511,10,539,31,572,2,579,1,581,1,583,2,587,1,590,3,620,3,624,1,627,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of little toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[4,11,16,3,20,1,22,1,76,6,84,14,151,9,162,1,165,2,171,31,263,1,265,6,272,6,281,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[0,4,15,1,19,1,21,1,42,22,66,3,70,1,72,2,75,1,82,2,136,6,143,1,148,3,160,2,163,2,167,4,250,2,254,1,257,6,264,1,271,1,278,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[23,2,30,1,33,1,64,1,69,1,98,7,108,2,114,2,117,8,142,1,202,7,213,1,218,4,223,1,227,1,229,21,255,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of little finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,27,29,1,58,115,339,77,422,2,503,58,562,1,565,11,587,4,729,119,849,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[27,2,30,12,173,37,213,1,217,1,219,1,222,10,289,1,416,6,424,32,457,6,475,1,479,1,561,1,563,2,576,11,591,44,655,1,666,1,848,1,850,4],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[42,16,210,3,214,3,218,1,220,2,232,57,290,49,456,1,463,12,476,3,480,23,635,20,656,10,667,62,854,30],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"second metacarpal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metacarpal, facing the carpus.","x":"Articulates with the distal row of carpal bones (carpometacarpal joint) and, on its sides, with the neighbouring metacarpal bases (intermetacarpal joints). Wrist extensors and flexors insert near the base (e.g., extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis on the 2nd and 3rd, flexor carpi radialis on the 2nd and 3rd). Memory aid: the base is the end nearest the wrist.","f":[0,572,574,3,579,2,582,3,595,153,750,4,758,3,783,125,909,8,961,152,1115,1,1117,3,1201,11],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long, slightly curved middle part between base and head.","x":"Dorsally convex and palmar-concave. Provides origin for the dorsal and palmar interossei, which abduct and adduct the fingers. Common site of \"boxer's\" fractures (usually the neck of the 5th).","f":[572,2,577,2,581,1,585,10,748,2,754,4,761,22,908,1,917,44,1113,2,1116,1,1120,81,1212,128,1342,1,1345,2,1422,47,1470,14,1701,32,1734,3,1741,1,1867,41,1910,2,1913,1,1915,5,1921,1,1923,2,2071,16,2089,3,2094,2,2100,1,2102,1,2104,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end, forming the knuckle.","x":"Articulates with the base of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Forms the \"knuckles\" seen in a clenched fist; the head of the 5th is the usual site struck in a punch.","f":[1340,2,1343,2,1347,75,1469,1,1484,12,1497,204,1733,1,1737,4,1742,125,1908,2,1912,1,1914,1,1920,1,1922,1,1925,146,2087,2,2092,2,2096,4,2101,1,2103,1,2105,395],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of middle finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,417,418,4,423,1,431,5,442,3,449,85,588,150,739,2,742,1,745,2,932,192,1129,1,1132,6,1142,1,1360,29,1391,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[417,1,422,1,424,7,436,6,445,4,534,54,738,1,741,1,743,2,747,24,774,24,808,1,810,1,817,3,823,1,1124,5,1130,2,1138,4,1143,47,1197,2,1200,1,1389,2,1392,38,1431,11,1445,5,1451,5,1541,45,1593,2,1596,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[771,3,798,10,809,1,811,6,820,3,824,108,1190,7,1199,1,1201,159,1430,1,1442,3,1456,85,1586,7,1595,1,1597,377],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of ring finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,113,146,113,260,10,274,1,278,2,438,81,526,1,528,3,656,122,781,3,786,1,931,178,1110,1,1112,1,1115,2,1118,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[259,1,270,4,275,3,280,39,328,1,335,1,519,7,527,1,531,40,573,10,586,1,778,3,784,2,787,24,812,6,1109,1,1111,1,1113,2,1117,1,1119,56,1177,1,1179,2,1182,1,1184,1,1186,4],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[113,33,319,9,329,6,336,102,571,2,583,3,587,69,811,1,818,113,1175,2,1178,1,1181,1,1183,1,1185,1,1190,154],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"first metacarpal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metacarpal, facing the carpus.","x":"Articulates with the distal row of carpal bones (carpometacarpal joint) and, on its sides, with the neighbouring metacarpal bases (intermetacarpal joints). Wrist extensors and flexors insert near the base (e.g., extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis on the 2nd and 3rd, flexor carpi radialis on the 2nd and 3rd). Memory aid: the base is the end nearest the wrist.","f":[0,647,648,19,670,2,678,2,681,1,685,7,695,117,816,6,826,12,848,3,852,1,855,1,857,2,866,46,913,2,918,1,921,13,941,2,947,2,971,5,999,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long, slightly curved middle part between base and head.","x":"Dorsally convex and palmar-concave. Provides origin for the dorsal and palmar interossei, which abduct and adduct the fingers. Common site of \"boxer's\" fractures (usually the neck of the 5th).","f":[647,1,667,3,672,6,680,1,682,3,692,3,812,4,822,4,838,10,851,1,853,2,856,1,859,7,912,1,915,3,919,2,934,7,943,4,949,22,976,23,1001,233,1235,8,1253,3,1261,13,1337,2,1343,2,1364,1,1366,1,1381,2,1389,2,1484,17,1505,2,1561,8,1703,1,1840,1,1842,1,1859,1,1861,2,1886,1,1888,1,1920,3,1933,3,2090,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end, forming the knuckle.","x":"Articulates with the base of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Forms the \"knuckles\" seen in a clenched fist; the head of the 5th is the usual site struck in a punch.","f":[1234,1,1243,10,1256,5,1274,63,1340,3,1345,19,1365,1,1367,14,1383,6,1391,93,1501,3,1507,54,1569,134,1704,136,1841,1,1843,16,1860,1,1863,23,1887,1,1889,31,1923,10,1936,154,2092,388],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of index finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,201,205,11,217,6,225,100,326,5,349,111,463,3,616,82,700,1,703,1,837,43,883,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[201,4,216,1,223,2,325,1,331,18,460,3,466,25,494,4,499,6,559,1,563,1,698,2,701,2,704,10,715,5,732,6,740,4,880,3,884,27,912,1,915,2,919,13,958,1,960,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[491,3,498,1,505,54,560,3,564,52,714,1,720,12,738,2,744,93,911,1,913,2,917,2,932,26,959,1,963,175],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of fourth toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,15,16,1,18,1,28,2,38,13,52,24,77,26,125,3,130,2,134,47,236,10,248,2,251,1,253,7,262,4,267,1,269,36],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[15,1,17,1,19,9,30,8,51,1,107,6,114,6,121,1,128,2,227,9,246,2,250,1,252,1,260,2,266,1,268,1,357,7],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[103,1,105,2,120,1,181,3,187,5,195,2,200,13,216,2,306,3,311,9,326,1,331,1,337,2,342,1,344,9],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"middle phalanx of little toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,6,8,33,45,6,53,2,76,10,98,14,120,9],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[6,2,41,4,51,2,55,21,86,12,112,8,129,68,210,18,229,2,233,2,247,1,251,1,284,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[197,13,228,1,231,2,235,12,248,3,252,32,285,17],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"third metacarpal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metacarpal, facing the carpus.","x":"Articulates with the distal row of carpal bones (carpometacarpal joint) and, on its sides, with the neighbouring metacarpal bases (intermetacarpal joints). Wrist extensors and flexors insert near the base (e.g., extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis on the 2nd and 3rd, flexor carpi radialis on the 2nd and 3rd). Memory aid: the base is the end nearest the wrist.","f":[0,373,380,1,384,4,390,9,400,34,452,1,466,113,581,1,650,204,1283,195,1731,58,1790,7,1802,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long, slightly curved middle part between base and head.","x":"Dorsally convex and palmar-concave. Provides origin for the dorsal and palmar interossei, which abduct and adduct the fingers. Common site of \"boxer's\" fractures (usually the neck of the 5th).","f":[373,7,381,3,388,2,399,1,434,18,453,13,579,2,582,68,854,157,1022,4,1028,2,1032,1,1035,2,1478,93,1580,1,1582,1,1789,1,1797,5,1804,78,1954,47,2003,1,2005,5,2112,43,2156,6],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end, forming the knuckle.","x":"Articulates with the base of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Forms the \"knuckles\" seen in a clenched fist; the head of the 5th is the usual site struck in a punch.","f":[1011,11,1026,2,1030,2,1033,2,1037,246,1571,9,1581,1,1583,148,1882,72,2001,2,2004,1,2010,102,2155,1,2162,338],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"styloid","n":"Styloid process","t":"Styloid process","w":"Pointed projection on the radial/dorsal side of the base of the 3rd metacarpal.","x":"Insertion of extensor carpi radialis brevis. Unique to the third metacarpal; a palpable bump on the back of the hand.","f":[295,1,297,1,362,2,433,1,518,5,536,3,551,11,571,5,675,1,678,2,681,3,697,3,703,3,707,1,710,36,771,1,774,14,820,1,828,1,833,8,849,5,860,1,1286,1,1289,2,1319,2,1322,7,1330,1,1332,9,1342,114,1457,1,1459,19,1486,5,1731,73],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"distal phalanx of ring finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,106,109,6,116,1,118,6,177,56,240,5,246,1,329,36,366,15],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[107,2,115,1,117,1,124,19,148,5,154,2,233,7,245,1,248,8,263,4,365,1,381,3,387,3],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","t":"Tuberosity of distal phalanx","w":"Rough, flared tip on the palmar/plantar surface of the distal phalanx.","x":"Supports the fingertip/toe pad and nail. Flexor digitorum profundus (fingers) or flexor digitorum longus (toes) inserts at the base; the tuft anchors the pulp of the fingertip.","f":[143,5,153,1,156,10,167,10,247,1,256,7,268,13,284,23,311,6,318,2,324,1,390,1,393,2,401,6,412,11,424,4],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of third toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,287,289,2,292,5,308,9,318,153,507,4,512,6,519,1,521,147,809,1,811,3,819,2,822,56],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[287,2,291,1,297,11,317,1,471,36,511,1,520,1,727,1,734,4,740,69,810,1,814,5,821,1,971,1,973,4,978,36,1087,3,1101,14],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[668,59,728,6,738,2,878,93,972,1,977,1,1014,73,1090,11,1115,143],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"first metatarsal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metatarsal, facing the tarsus.","x":"Forms the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints with the cuneiforms and cuboid and the intermetatarsal joints with neighbours. The 2nd metatarsal base is recessed between the cuneiforms, a key to arch stability.","f":[4,130,279,2,283,2,289,138,662,2,669,5,681,2,684,2,689,19,711,89,1062,3,1076,5,1092,9,1102,1,1104,1,1110,2,1113,94,1429,7,1446,4,1451,2,1455,101,1764,1,1767,1,1774,3,1785,97,2087,3,2092,60,2308,2,2311,122],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long middle part between base and head.","x":"Triangular in section. Origin for the dorsal and plantar interossei. Site of stress (\"march\") fractures, most often the 2nd and 3rd.","f":[212,1,216,1,227,52,281,2,285,3,507,3,511,3,529,133,664,5,674,7,683,1,686,3,708,1,710,1,900,1,903,1,905,1,920,4,943,8,959,103,1065,11,1081,11,1101,1,1103,1,1105,5,1112,1,1273,1,1282,3,1288,2,1292,137,1436,10,1450,1,1453,2,1647,4,1655,1,1660,3,1665,13,1679,85,1765,2,1768,6,1777,8,1965,1,1984,2,1997,4,2002,1,2004,83,2090,2,2242,1,2247,2,2250,4,2255,53,2310,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end of the metatarsal.","x":"Articulates with the proximal phalanx at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The heads form the \"ball of the foot\" and bear weight in push-off.","f":[0,4,134,78,213,3,217,10,427,80,510,1,514,15,800,100,901,2,904,1,906,14,924,19,951,8,1207,66,1274,8,1285,3,1290,2,1556,91,1651,4,1656,4,1663,2,1678,1,1882,83,1966,18,1986,11,2001,1,2003,1,2152,90,2243,4,2249,1,2254,1,2433,67],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"tuber","n":"Tuberosity of the base","t":"Tuberosity of the base","w":"Plantar-medial prominence of the base of the 1st metatarsal.","x":"Insertion of fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and part of tibialis anterior. Helps support the medial longitudinal arch.","f":[41,4,49,1,74,8,86,2,111,23,302,5,330,8,352,7,384,43,681,2,684,2,702,6,711,3,728,6,748,19,768,1,775,25,1102,1,1104,1,1110,2,1122,10,1144,9,1162,26,1189,18,1451,2,1456,1,1471,10,1482,2,1486,1,1505,8,1521,19,1541,2,1545,1,1801,4,1807,3,1819,1,1843,7,1851,1,1853,1,1865,2],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"sesg","n":"Grooves for the sesamoid bones","t":"Grooves for the sesamoid bones","w":"Two grooves on the plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal.","x":"Medial and lateral sesamoid bones of the flexor hallucis brevis slide here. Inflamed sesamoids cause pain at the ball of the big toe.","f":[0,4,134,8,144,3,148,12,167,13,188,9,198,4,206,2,218,1,436,8,452,2,455,1,457,1,459,2,462,2,465,1,473,1,475,1,478,3,493,6,503,4,514,3,520,1,522,2,525,1,800,1,830,11,850,24,879,20,906,14,924,14,939,1,958,1,1224,3,1229,1,1244,20,1269,3,1277,4,1286,1,1290,1,1598,10,1609,1,1617,1,1620,3,1626,5,1632,9,1642,4,1651,4,1656,1,1658,2,1663,1,1932,7,1949,1,1967,1,1986,1,1989,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of fourth toe":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,414,417,5,425,1,429,2,432,10,445,84,555,4,562,1,566,8,575,77,693,33],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[414,3,422,3,426,3,431,1,442,3,529,26,559,3,563,3,652,41,752,2,780,4,786,3,791,1,796,36,952,1,961,1,963,1,966,1,968,1,971,8],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[726,26,754,26,784,2,789,2,792,4,832,120,953,8,962,1,964,2,967,1,969,2,979,187],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"proximal phalanx of little finger":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the phalanx.","x":"Concave surface that articulates with the head of the more proximal bone (metacarpal/metatarsal or the phalanx before it). Flexor and extensor tendons insert near here (middle phalanx base: flexor digitorum superficialis, central slip of the extensor).","f":[0,150,152,2,357,75,567,58,626,1,817,74,892,1,894,1,898,2,902,2,1007,171],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Middle part between base and head.","x":"Flat on the palmar/plantar side where the flexor tendons run; convex dorsally under the extensor hood. Common site of finger and toe fractures.","f":[150,2,154,33,192,7,221,1,432,33,467,4,625,1,627,43,672,1,674,4,891,1,893,1,895,3,900,2,904,25],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head (trochlea)","t":"Head (trochlea)","w":"Distal end, pulley-shaped.","x":"Two small condyles with a groove between them form a hinge (interphalangeal joint) with the next phalanx; allows flexion and extension only.","f":[187,5,199,22,222,135,465,2,471,96,670,2,673,1,678,139,929,78],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"second metatarsal bone":[{"id":"base","n":"Base","t":"Base","w":"Proximal end of the metatarsal, facing the tarsus.","x":"Forms the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints with the cuneiforms and cuboid and the intermetatarsal joints with neighbours. The 2nd metatarsal base is recessed between the cuneiforms, a key to arch stability.","f":[0,179,183,3,187,1,192,157,389,9,399,3,405,1,420,33,454,65,718,1,722,1,740,2,743,11,779,23,803,1,805,1,807,2,811,3,815,1,817,3,821,122,1270,3,1274,5,1284,13,1299,10,1310,192,1723,2,1730,2,1735,177,2160,138],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"shaft","n":"Shaft (body)","t":"Shaft (body)","w":"Long middle part between base and head.","x":"Triangular in section. Origin for the dorsal and plantar interossei. Site of stress (\"march\") fractures, most often the 2nd and 3rd.","f":[179,1,181,2,186,1,188,4,370,19,398,1,402,3,406,14,453,1,683,35,719,3,723,17,742,1,754,25,802,1,804,1,806,1,809,2,814,1,816,1,820,1,1073,1,1075,2,1117,153,1273,1,1279,5,1297,2,1309,1,1630,3,1634,3,1652,1,1654,4,1659,64,1725,5,1732,3,2042,3,2047,1,2052,108,2487,1,2491,1,2493,7],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]},{"id":"head","n":"Head","t":"Head","w":"Rounded distal end of the metatarsal.","x":"Articulates with the proximal phalanx at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The heads form the \"ball of the foot\" and bear weight in push-off.","f":[349,21,519,164,943,130,1074,1,1077,40,1502,128,1637,15,1653,1,1658,1,1912,130,2045,2,2048,4,2298,189,2488,3,2492,1],"p":[[0.0,0.0,0.0]]}],"scaphoid":[{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of the scaphoid","t":"Tubercle","w":"Palmar-lateral projection at the distal pole.","x":"Attachment of the flexor retinaculum and a landmark in the anatomical snuffbox region. Palpable at the base of the thenar eminence.","f":[631,4,636,1,638,1,664,15,794,1,798,2,802,4,809,7,827,37,865,1,867,1,869,5,946,1,948,2,951,3,957,10,968,1,970,22,1047,1,1053,2,1058,1,1060,3,1064,6],"p":[[26.827,80.763,11.941]]},{"id":"prox","n":"Proximal pole","t":"Pole","w":"Proximal, convex end of the scaphoid.","x":"Articulates with the radius; has a poor blood supply, so proximal-pole fractures risk avascular necrosis.","f":[0,226,230,1,232,8,242,1,244,7,252,1,256,6,272,2,275,1,277,4,282,34,327,2,330,7,343,3,352,3,378,6,389,3,394,18,413,7,421,2,439,2,448,3,507,1,512,1],"p":[[25.115,81.436,11.226]]},{"id":"waist","n":"Waist","t":"Waist","w":"Narrow middle of the bone.","x":"The most common site of carpal fracture (fall on an outstretched hand); tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox.","f":[226,4,231,1,240,2,243,1,251,1,253,3,262,10,274,1,276,1,281,1,316,11,329,1,338,5,346,6,355,23,384,5,392,2,412,1,420,1,423,13,437,2,441,7,451,56,508,4,513,24,540,24,576,34,612,18,635,1,637,1,639,10,650,2,654,6,661,2,681,2,684,1,689,8,714,5,739,1,771,6,779,1,785,1,806,2,816,1],"p":[[26.105,81.165,11.309]]},{"id":"dist","n":"Distal pole","t":"Pole","w":"Distal end.","x":"Articulates with trapezium and trapezoid; carries the tubercle.","f":[537,3,564,12,610,1,660,1,663,1,679,2,683,1,685,4,697,17,719,20,740,31,777,2,780,5,786,8,795,3,800,2,808,1,817,10,864,1,866,1,868,1,874,72,947,1,950,1,954,3,967,1,969,1,992,55,1048,5,1055,3,1059,1,1063,1],"p":[[26.952,81.784,11.868]]},{"id":"radart","n":"Articular surface for the radius","t":"Articular surface","w":"Proximal convex surface facing the radius.","x":"Forms the radiocarpal (wrist) joint with the lateral part of the distal radius.","f":[0,1,2,1,7,1,10,1,14,2,26,3,36,1,43,2,46,3,55,1,101,17,120,1,122,1,124,1,131,3,135,6,222,8,231,19,256,1,316,3,320,2,323,21,345,2,423,8,521,15,537,3,550,1,556,1,564,5,573,3,681,12,694,2,697,17,742,2,746,5,752,1,755,4,760,5,766,3,874,10,885,16,907,1,918,2,993,2],"p":[[26.071,82.18,11.5]]}],"lunate":[{"id":"prox","n":"Proximal convex surface (radius)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Proximal convex surface.","x":"Articulates with the distal radius (radiocarpal joint).","f":[0,8,18,4,24,9,35,1,42,1,57,20,78,3,124,29,289,38,354,1,356,1,361,3,368,1,370,1,502,34,537,10,548,4,553,4,558,1,560,2,566,6,574,1,618,1,682,1,684,1,693,2,697,1,738,4,754,2],"p":[[24.471,82.029,11.452]]},{"id":"dist","n":"Distal concave surface (capitate)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Distal concave surface.","x":"Cups the head of the capitate (midcarpal joint).","f":[49,1,51,6,103,5,114,1,117,7,219,1,221,2,231,1,235,1,237,30,268,1,271,1,275,1,278,11,330,1,332,1,334,3,339,1,341,2,409,3,418,28,447,1,449,2,462,40,583,31,627,27,659,2,662,2,665,17,706,5,715,6,724,8,733,2,777,15,795,2,802,13,816,4,823,5,830,2,839,1,842,5,848,4,853,4,859,5,865,1],"p":[[24.67,81.21,11.459]]},{"id":"scaf","n":"Surface for the scaphoid","t":"Articular surface","w":"Lateral surface.","x":"Articulates with the scaphoid.","f":[536,1,547,1,562,3,683,1,685,8,695,2,700,6,711,7,720,7,732,6,742,11,769,1,779,1,789,1,792,12,814,3,820,7,828,15,856,3,864,2],"p":[[25.018,81.248,11.388]]},{"id":"tri","n":"Surface for the triquetrum","t":"Articular surface","w":"Medial surface.","x":"Articulates with the triquetrum. The lunate is the most frequently dislocated carpal bone (anteriorly, into the carpal tunnel).","f":[8,10,22,2,33,2,36,6,43,14,77,1,82,2,89,2,93,1,103,8,112,3,117,7,169,1,171,1,174,2,178,1,184,5,190,1,217,2,225,1,227,11,243,1,258,1,268,1,271,1,275,1,278,1,284,1],"p":[[23.753,81.449,11.735]]}],"triquetral":[{"id":"ham","n":"Facet for the hamate","t":"Articular surface","w":"Distal-lateral surface.","x":"Articulates with the hamate (midcarpal joint).","f":[63,1,96,2,255,3,260,1,262,1,266,4,271,1,276,23,300,27,404,2,409,2,417,5,426,9,437,17,456,2,462,10,475,2,517,5,524,1,529,1,531,1,535,1,537,2,546,1,551,3,555,2,560,15,577,4,583,1,588,1,590,1,592,20,615,3,623,1,627,5,633,1,635,4,640,1,672,1,678,1,690,1,693,2,697,1],"p":[[23.745,80.226,11.818]]},{"id":"lun","n":"Facet for the lunate","t":"Articular surface","w":"Lateral surface.","x":"Articulates with the lunate.","f":[370,1,406,3,411,4,454,2,458,4,472,3,480,1,485,2,488,1,496,5,504,13,540,6,547,4,575,2,581,2,584,4,589,1,591,1,612,3,618,5,624,3,639,1,641,25,668,1,671,1,673,4,679,11,691,1],"p":[[24.083,80.42,11.966]]},{"id":"pis","n":"Facet for the pisiform","t":"Articular surface","w":"Palmar surface.","x":"Oval facet for the pisiform.","f":[20,1,60,3,115,5,122,2,126,3,155,5,161,6,169,4,174,2,177,1,179,2,182,6,189,1,191,2,196,2,200,2,207,1,230,1,232,1,264,2,270,1,333,5,364,8,376,7,385,6,402,2,422,4,435,2,479,2,495,4,504,7,612,2,686,1],"p":[[23.527,80.852,12.377]]},{"id":"dors","n":"Dorsal surface","t":"Surface","w":"Dorsal surface.","x":"Rough, for dorsal intercarpal ligaments.","f":[137,1,139,7,147,3,151,2,202,4,224,2,228,2,258,1,349,1,352,1,355,9,383,2,391,11,415,2,491,3,501,3,522,2,525,4,530,1,532,3,536,1,539,1,557,3,632,1,634,1,666,5,674,2,680,2,684,1,692,1,695,2],"p":[[23.701,80.51,11.105]]}],"pisiform":[{"id":"tri","n":"Facet for the triquetrum","t":"Articular surface","w":"Dorsal facet.","x":"Articulates with the triquetrum only.","f":[13,1,24,1,27,12,49,4,58,1,64,3,70,2,74,1,96,1,104,22,137,3,156,1,183,10,195,5,210,2,213,1,218,1,246,1,250,5,257,4,278,2,292,4,313,1,317,1,319,1,324,4,349,2,353,3,370,3],"p":[[23.3,80.393,12.533]]},{"id":"palm","n":"Palmar surface","t":"Surface","w":"Palmar surface.","x":"A sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. Attachment for the flexor retinaculum, abductor digiti minimi and the pisohamate/pisometacarpal ligaments; forms the ulnar wall of the carpal tunnel.","f":[14,1,17,1,19,2,39,3,45,2,48,1,53,3,57,1,62,1,67,3,72,1,76,2,80,2,83,1,86,2,90,1,126,11,140,16,157,26,200,5,206,4,214,1,216,1,219,6,226,1,228,1,261,17,280,12,296,8,328,6,336,2,339,2,360,5,378,4,384,1,387,1],"p":[[23.535,80.434,13.368]]}],"trapezium":[{"id":"tub","n":"Tubercle of the trapezium","t":"Tubercle","w":"Palmar projection of the trapezium.","x":"Forms the radial wall of the carpal tunnel; attachment of the flexor retinaculum and thenar muscles. Groove medial to it carries flexor carpi radialis.","f":[375,1,466,4,471,2,474,5,500,21,536,3,540,2,616,5,622,7,658,10,690,5,797,1,824,8,859,20,885,1,887,1,893,25,922,1,994,2,997,1,999,4,1004,54],"p":[[27.774,80.93,12.854]]},{"id":"sad","n":"Saddle-shaped surface (1st metacarpal)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Saddle-shaped distal surface.","x":"Forms the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (saddle joint), allowing opposition. Common site of osteoarthritis.","f":[540,2,543,1,560,2,566,3,693,2,701,4,721,1,730,3,738,6,746,1,749,5,757,7,765,13,781,1,785,2,789,7,832,1,839,1,845,1,849,2,852,5,858,1,877,2,883,5,894,2,900,1,904,20,925,2,940,8,950,1,954,1,962,4,974,3,978,16,1005,2,1012,1,1016,2,1024,2,1027,5,1034,24],"p":[[27.741,80.266,12.228]]},{"id":"trd","n":"Surface for the trapezoid / 2nd metacarpal","t":"Articular surface","w":"Medial surface.","x":"Articulates with the trapezoid and the base of the 2nd metacarpal.","f":[0,21,22,3,26,6,34,1,38,22,61,1,64,1,66,1,82,48,131,14,146,1,148,2,159,8,168,16,185,2,188,2,191,13,205,3,209,13,223,1,226,15,248,10,259,3,263,11,304,1,310,3,317,9,348,3,352,1,354,7,365,3,370,5,379,3,383,1,389,2,394,12,407,6,415,10,427,1,453,3,457,1,479,7,492,2,495,1,521,3,539,1,544,4,550,7,558,1,578,3,705,3,710,2,723,2],"p":[[26.763,80.837,12.532]]}],"trapezoid":[{"id":"dist","n":"Distal surface (2nd metacarpal)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Distal surface.","x":"Articulates with the base of the 2nd metacarpal.","f":[9,1,129,1,134,2,137,1,139,14,154,1,165,1,167,4,180,1,182,1,189,1,193,4,292,1,295,2,299,2,305,1,323,7,331,10,343,1,351,1,357,14,426,3,431,7,441,19,462,3,466,2,470,1,474,4,479,1,481,1,483,10,537,4,558,16,575,16,595,2,598,5,611,1],"p":[[26.884,79.563,11.703]]},{"id":"prox","n":"Proximal surface (scaphoid)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Proximal surface.","x":"Articulates with the scaphoid.","f":[0,2,10,10,26,1,30,1,64,3,68,6,197,69,267,1,271,1,275,6,371,25,493,3,501,5,507,3,513,1,516,2],"p":[[26.732,80.473,11.781]]},{"id":"dors","n":"Dorsal surface","t":"Surface","w":"Dorsal surface.","x":"Wider than the palmar surface; the smallest carpal of the distal row.","f":[33,3,42,3,69,1,72,2,84,1,86,1,112,2,128,1,190,3,203,1,205,1,209,6,217,2,220,1,222,2,276,1,279,1,281,3,315,6,341,16,364,1,367,3,384,1,387,1,389,4,394,3,401,4,412,8,471,3,486,1,491,1,502,2,505,3,515,1,517,1,519,2,522,1,525,1,527,5,541,12,554,2,591,4,597,1,605,1],"p":[[26.947,80.042,11.181]]}],"capitate":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of the capitate","t":"Head","w":"Rounded proximal end.","x":"Fits into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate (midcarpal joint).","f":[0,60,68,3,72,61,134,9,146,9,156,1,158,6,185,1,190,1,410,71,482,1,486,12,509,4,525,4,533,1,645,43,690,39,749,13,783,2,786,1,790,1,793,1,866,29,898,10,915,12,944,2,1050,9,1060,4,1068,2,1076,1],"p":[[25.406,81.208,11.957]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck","t":"Neck","w":"Constriction below the head.","x":"Fractures here may disrupt blood supply to the head.","f":[60,8,71,1,133,1,143,3,155,1,164,7,172,1,174,4,186,4,191,24,216,3,221,1,223,1,225,1,239,1,481,1,483,3,498,11,513,2,521,4,529,4,534,4,543,1,688,2,729,20,764,3,768,2,771,2,775,1,787,3,791,2,798,2,895,1,897,1,908,7,927,4,934,2,946,7,957,3,977,1,1059,1,1064,4,1070,6,1077,6,1089,8,1100,1,1104,2],"p":[[25.702,80.544,11.204]]},{"id":"body","n":"Body","t":"Body","w":"Main part of the bone.","x":"The largest carpal; central in the wrist, articulating with 6 bones in total.","f":[171,1,178,7,215,1,219,2,222,1,224,1,226,13,240,170,515,6,538,5,544,101,762,2,767,1,770,1,773,2,776,7,794,4,800,66,931,3,936,8,953,4,960,17,978,72,1083,6,1097,3,1101,3,1106,172],"p":[[25.791,79.439,11.389]]},{"id":"mc3","n":"Articular surface for the 3rd metacarpal","t":"Articular surface","w":"Distal surface.","x":"Articulates with the base of the 3rd metacarpal (and partly the 2nd and 4th).","f":[310,2,313,1,376,1,380,3,384,1,392,6,401,4,406,4,610,1,612,4,620,4,631,14,813,1,816,5,822,4,827,5,833,5,840,26,991,14,1006,1,1008,1,1010,11,1022,3,1027,23,1172,1,1179,2,1183,1,1187,8,1198,3,1209,3,1253,1,1255,16,1272,1,1275,1],"p":[[25.791,79.439,11.389]]}],"hamate":[{"id":"hook","n":"Hook of the hamate (hamulus)","t":"Hook of the hamate (hamulus)","w":"Hook-like process on the palmar surface.","x":"Forms the ulnar wall of the carpal tunnel; attachment of the flexor retinaculum, flexor digiti minimi and opponens digiti minimi. The ulnar nerve and artery pass beside it (Guyon's canal). Fracture occurs in golf/baseball/racket players. Memory aid: hamate = hook.","f":[95,3,175,11,198,1,201,1,230,14,251,1,266,1,270,20,293,16,382,31,415,1,421,41,471,27,500,39,617,3,631,7,643,22,673,43,731,14,880,2,953,8,969,4],"p":[[24.601,79.97,12.42]]},{"id":"dist","n":"Distal surface (4th and 5th metacarpals)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Distal surface.","x":"Articulates with the 4th and 5th metacarpals.","f":[100,3,112,1,133,10,146,15,162,1,165,3,226,2,290,1,309,32,539,8,548,10,719,2,722,9,745,39,974,8,985,49,1079,2,1086,1,1110,2,1114,5,1121,1,1125,5],"p":[[24.584,79.357,11.399]]},{"id":"apex","n":"Proximal apex","t":"Apex","w":"Proximal pointed end.","x":"Fits between the lunate and triquetrum.","f":[341,13,355,10,366,2,559,58,620,1,784,23,808,4,816,1,818,3,825,1,838,2],"p":[[24.74,80.981,11.272]]},{"id":"body","n":"Body","t":"Body","w":"Main part of the bone.","x":"Wedge-shaped; articulates with the capitate on its lateral side and the triquetrum proximally.","f":[0,95,98,1,103,9,113,9,124,1,126,3,131,2,143,2,161,1,164,1,168,7,186,12,199,2,202,17,220,3,224,2,228,2,244,7,252,14,267,3,291,2,354,1,365,1,368,14,413,1,417,4,462,9,498,2,547,1,558,1,621,10,638,5,665,8,716,3,721,1,807,1,812,4,817,1,821,4,826,12,840,40,883,70,962,7,982,3,1034,42,1077,2,1081,5,1087,23,1112,2,1119,2,1122,3],"p":[[24.482,79.926,10.964]]}],"talus":[{"id":"head","n":"Head of the talus","t":"Head","w":"Rounded anterior end of the talus.","x":"Articulates with the navicular (talonavicular joint) and rests on the spring ligament; transmits body weight to the medial arch.","f":[128,11,155,1,330,33,364,6,373,1,541,30,576,1,738,45,786,3,793,1,915,69,985,1,996,1,1109,79,1189,4,1194,1,1196,1,1202,1,1206,1,1309,73,1386,2,1390,1,1395,2,1398,1,1507,103,1611,1,1613,1,1725,78,1893,75,1971,3,1975,1,2064,47],"p":[[7.062,5.936,8.515]]},{"id":"neck","n":"Neck of the talus","t":"Neck","w":"Constricted part between head and body.","x":"Common site of fracture (\"aviator's astragalus\") after forced dorsiflexion; blood supply enters via the neck, so avascular necrosis can follow.","f":[152,1,156,8,179,2,363,1,374,6,382,4,571,5,579,1,581,11,598,1,606,2,794,1,984,1,994,2,997,3,1002,1,1004,5,1188,1,1193,1,1197,1,1208,1,1223,3,1382,1,1388,2,1391,4,1397,1,1399,8,1410,9,1610,1,1612,1,1614,1,1617,23,1642,1,1809,16,1828,5,1968,2,1974,1,1976,9,1986,27,2018,2,2022,2,2111,3,2115,1,2118,2],"p":[[7.349,6.128,7.405]]},{"id":"troch","n":"Trochlea of the talus (superior surface)","t":"Trochlea","w":"Superior, pulley-shaped articular surface.","x":"Fits the mortise of the ankle (tibia and fibula), allowing dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. Wider in front, hence the ankle is most stable in dorsiflexion.","f":[504,1,511,3,703,3,863,1,865,2,872,6,879,4,886,2,1026,1,1043,4,1056,2,1065,2,1069,2,1226,1,1233,5,1245,4,1253,3,1264,2,1272,2,1290,2,1423,3,1430,2,1435,3,1447,2,1466,1,1487,1,1643,1,1646,1,1652,2,1659,2,1664,1,1674,1,1685,2,1707,1,1724,1,1834,3,1843,1,1848,2,1853,4,1883,4,1892,1,2050,3,2054,1,2058,6,2120,2,2138,1,2141,1,2143,2,2146,1,2148,2,2159,1,2161,3,2165,4,2170,1,2175,8,2185,1,2188,5,2194,4],"p":[[7.664,6.866,5.735]]},{"id":"latm","n":"Lateral malleolar facet","t":"Articular surface","w":"Lateral surface of the body.","x":"Triangular facet for the lateral malleolus of the fibula.","f":[1001,4,1009,4,1016,2,1019,1,1665,9,1677,2,1682,3,1692,4,1698,1,1700,4,1705,2,1711,3,1845,1,1847,1,1850,3,1857,24,1882,1,1888,1,1986,4,1991,1,2015,5,2021,1,2024,26,2053,1,2055,3,2117,1,2122,16,2139,2,2142,1,2145,1,2147,1,2151,2,2154,5,2171,4,2183,2,2186,2,2193,1,2198,2],"p":[[9.376,5.154,6.046]]},{"id":"medm","n":"Medial malleolar facet","t":"Articular surface","w":"Medial surface of the body.","x":"Comma-shaped facet for the medial malleolus of the tibia.","f":[10,3,21,1,23,3,36,8,52,1,54,3,59,1,71,1,81,5,89,4,94,4,104,6,111,1,113,2,119,1,127,1,168,1,174,2,177,4,184,1,186,8,197,2,209,2,213,4,228,9,243,8,261,2,271,6,278,6,288,1,309,7,318,2,329,1,382,8,398,8,420,12,445,3,455,5,492,4,498,6,523,2,532,1,573,1,581,8,590,2,596,12,609,4,628,10,652,3,673,10,696,8,705,1,806,3,833,1,845,2,863,4,872,1,1008,1,1025,2,1043,3],"p":[[5.783,5.572,5.738]]},{"id":"pcf","n":"Posterior calcaneal articular surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Inferior surface of the body.","x":"Concave posterior calcaneal facet, forming the subtalar joint (inversion and eversion).","f":[0,10,13,8,22,1,26,8,35,1,44,4,60,11,72,1,74,7,86,3,93,1,98,2,115,3,124,2,182,1,195,2,199,6,206,2,217,10,237,6,251,10,263,8,277,1,284,2,295,1,303,6,322,2,325,1,396,2,410,10,432,13,448,1,450,5,460,4,465,1,467,1,469,7,478,14,496,2,505,6,514,2,518,1,521,2,537,2,620,1,627,1,638,14,655,3,661,1,664,9,683,4,689,7,706,6,714,2,719,1,724,1,727,1,827,2,831,2,834,11,847,3,851,1,854,1,859,4,867,5,878,1,883,3,888,3,892,1,894,2,900,2,903,1,1015,1,1027,3,1031,2,1034,9,1047,9,1058,7,1067,2,1071,9,1083,3,1095,2,1238,6,1249,4,1256,8,1266,6,1274,15,1292,3,1426,1,1428,1,1432,3,1438,5,1449,11,1461,5,1467,20,1488,2,1647,5,1654,2,1657,1,1675,2,1679,2,1687,5,1708,1,1710,1,1837,4],"p":[[7.402,4.321,5.491]]},{"id":"mac","n":"Middle and anterior calcaneal facets","t":"Articular surface","w":"Inferior surface of the neck and head.","x":"Middle and anterior facets resting on the sustentaculum tali and the anterior calcaneus; the sulcus tali lies between these and the posterior facet.","f":[128,1,130,5,137,1,139,9,149,2,154,1,164,4,169,1,171,2,176,1,181,1,183,1,336,2,339,2,356,6,368,6,380,2,390,6,406,2,553,1,563,2,570,1,580,1,594,2,614,4,772,2,783,2,795,2,800,5,966,1,980,1,986,2,1020,2,1023,2,1030,1,1033,1,1203,5,1213,10,1227,6,1244,1,1362,4,1367,6,1383,5,1407,3,1419,4,1429,1,1583,1,1587,3,1602,5,1615,2,1640,2,1644,2,1795,2,1803,6,1825,3,1833,1],"p":[[7.65,4.485,7.44]]},{"id":"post","n":"Posterior process","t":"Process","w":"Posterior projection of the body.","x":"Has medial and lateral tubercles with a groove between them for flexor hallucis longus tendon. A separate ossicle here is the os trigonum.","f":[27,2,33,3,38,3,42,1,44,16,99,29,279,1,285,45,516,25,708,2,711,27,891,24,1076,1,1078,31,1287,3,1292,17,1488,10,1500,7,1708,2,1714,1,1718,6,1889,1],"p":[[7.124,5.152,3.801]]}],"calcaneus":[{"id":"ptf","n":"Posterior talar articular surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Convex surface on the upper middle of the calcaneus.","x":"Posterior talar facet; forms the main part of the subtalar joint.","f":[922,1,930,1,1076,1,1090,1,1093,2,1107,4,1233,5,1242,2,1250,2,1384,3,1398,2,1402,3,1413,3,1430,8,1593,4,1605,3,1633,1,1635,1,1638,1,1659,5,1680,1,1798,4,1808,1,1810,1,1812,2,1818,1,1820,1,1829,2,1832,12,1850,1,1863,6,1881,7,1889,2,2019,1],"p":[[8.551,4.605,4.538]]},{"id":"sust","n":"Sustentaculum tali (middle talar facet)","t":"Process","w":"Shelf projecting from the medial side.","x":"Sustentaculum tali (\"support of the talus\") bears the middle talar facet and supports the head/neck of the talus. Flexor hallucis longus tendon runs beneath it; the spring ligament attaches to its edge.","f":[599,1,693,1,696,1,698,1,712,3,794,1,809,1,812,1,814,7,834,2,837,9,859,9,876,3,883,6,892,4,899,2,904,1,907,1,918,3,975,5,999,8,1012,14,1031,9,1043,6,1051,3,1060,2,1065,2,1138,1,1160,4,1175,4,1182,3,1191,12,1214,2,1217,3,1221,2,1320,1,1339,1],"p":[[6.725,4.247,5.634]]},{"id":"atf","n":"Anterior talar articular surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior, upper surface.","x":"Anterior talar facet (often continuous with the middle facet).","f":[1189,2,1207,2,1210,4,1216,1,1284,1,1286,1,1321,2,1331,8,1346,5,1352,6,1361,9,1372,8,1491,10,1520,11,1537,7,1551,8,1565,8,1574,13,1591,2,1691,1,1697,2,1710,5,1721,4,1735,13,1756,8,1770,11,1791,6,1827,1,1906,2,1922,7,1933,4,1943,5,1957,8,1976,6,1992,3,1997,6,2009,1,2011,1,2032,6,2040,1,2059,6,2072,6,2085,5,2100,3,2105,1,2107,2,2116,4,2123,2,2126,1,2146,7,2167,2,2173,1,2177,2,2184,2,2190,3,2196,2,2199,1],"p":[[8.643,3.824,6.712]]},{"id":"sulc","n":"Calcaneal sulcus","t":"Groove","w":"Rough groove between posterior and middle facets.","x":"Calcaneal sulcus; with the sulcus tali forms the sinus tarsi (tunnel) containing the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.","f":[1375,2,1379,1,1580,1,1583,1,1586,1,1591,5,1797,4,1827,4,1834,1,1837,1,1839,2],"p":[[8.642,3.989,5.362]]},{"id":"cub","n":"Cuboid articular surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior end of the calcaneus.","x":"Saddle-shaped facet for the cuboid (calcaneocuboid joint).","f":[964,2,1130,19,1151,3,1157,3,1269,53,1324,1,1326,2,1330,1,1461,30,1502,1,1504,2,1509,11,1683,8,1692,5,1699,3,1704,6,1891,15,1908,14,1929,2,1932,1,2021,12,2035,2,2038,2,2041,19,2065,1,2068,2,2071,1,2113,3,2118,1,2120,7,2132,3,2139,1,2141,4,2176,4,2182,3,2186,2],"p":[[8.394,3.006,7.817]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Calcaneal tuberosity","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Large rough posterior end of the calcaneus.","x":"Forms the heel; insertion of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon from gastrocnemius and soleus. Site of bursitis and Sever disease in children.","f":[7,4,12,6,45,1,48,27,106,1,108,38,184,34,264,2,268,55,380,50,484,3,488,1,490,1,494,2,498,5,504,45,739,1,741,1,743,1,745,3,750,36,943,2,946,18,1117,2,1123,2,1126,4],"p":[[7.045,1.984,1.15]]},{"id":"mproc","n":"Medial process of the tuberosity (plantar)","t":"Process","w":"Medial plantar projection of the tuberosity.","x":"Origin of abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis and the plantar aponeurosis; bears weight.","f":[0,1,2,2,5,5,13,4,32,1,34,3,42,3,49,3,57,4,62,1,68,5,97,2,100,1,102,2,111,2,116,4,123,5,140,1,142,1,179,2,188,1,193,4,203,4,215,1,217,1,263,1,268,2,277,3,285,1,298,3,303,1,307,3,312,1],"p":[[6.777,0.036,2.224]]},{"id":"lproc","n":"Lateral process of the tuberosity (plantar)","t":"Process","w":"Lateral plantar projection of the tuberosity.","x":"Origin of abductor digiti minimi; smaller than the medial process.","f":[257,1,261,2,280,5,301,2,359,1,370,5,376,5,385,8,396,5,407,4,471,1,480,4,489,8,498,1,501,1,730,1],"p":[[8.523,0.127,2.447]]}],"navicular bone of foot":[{"id":"tal","n":"Proximal concave surface (talus)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Posterior, concave surface.","x":"Receives the head of the talus (talonavicular joint).","f":[16,4,23,1,26,3,37,1,42,1,46,12,60,2,146,1,149,3,154,1,157,8,184,18,207,3,212,1,215,1,229,2,234,34,377,5,383,3,387,4,393,2,397,1,400,40,441,2,526,2,529,15,545,14,624,2,631,1,636,9,646,1,657,15,674,4,683,3,688,3,693,3,697,11,795,2,814,2,827,19,863,4,869,3,873,1,881,14,1013,15,1044,3,1053,1,1062,1,1064,23,1192,10,1203,1,1210,6,1217,1,1220,10,1251,3,1256,2,1259,30,1379,3,1388,3,1392,4,1401,1,1403,21,1425,5,1433,1,1435,1,1443,2,1446,1,1450,3,1454,3,1458,32,1574,2,1582,1,1585,6,1592,1,1595,62,1745,2,1748,2,1763,53,1882,4,1892,1,1894,1,1896,1,1900,3,1904,3,1909,8,1918,2,1922,8,1937,7,1952,12,1965,6,1975,6,1985,4,2090,5,2097,2],"p":[[7.604,4.478,8.999]]},{"id":"cun","n":"Distal surface (three cuneiform facets)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior surface.","x":"Three facets for the medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms.","f":[77,1,88,1,114,2,117,4,270,10,292,1,294,1,317,1,320,1,322,3,359,1,443,24,468,3,559,15,575,2,579,1,581,6,590,1,592,1,595,1,708,8,717,3,721,2,724,2,727,5,733,1,735,2,741,1,743,2,774,1,895,4,901,2,905,15,921,1,924,6,932,2,935,2,938,4,970,1,974,1,978,2,1087,19,1107,2,1110,2,1113,1,1117,2,1289,21,1490,6,1499,1,1502,2,1506,1,1510,2,1514,2,1519,3,1657,3,1668,3,1675,4,1682,1,1701,2,1705,3,1709,10,1823,2,1827,1,1831,4,1836,1,1839,10,1851,3,2014,2],"p":[[6.779,4.473,10.437]]},{"id":"lat","n":"Lateral surface (cuboid / lateral cuneiform)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Lateral surface.","x":"Contacts the cuboid (and sometimes lateral cuneiform).","f":[976,2,1143,1,1333,1,1360,8,1376,3,1539,1,1563,4,1570,4,1584,1,1661,3,1722,1,1724,7,1736,2,1743,2,1757,2,1760,3,1817,2,1861,2,1871,2,1874,3,1880,2,1903,1,1907,2,1920,2,1930,1,1932,5,1950,2,1972,1,1981,1,1984,1,1989,1,2019,1,2042,8,2055,8,2064,5,2070,3,2074,16,2100,2,2111,4,2116,7,2124,2,2131,11,2147,53],"p":[[8.922,4.851,9.683]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tuberosity of the navicular","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Medial plantar projection.","x":"Palpable medial landmark; main insertion of tibialis posterior. An accessory navicular here can cause medial foot pain. Supports the medial longitudinal arch.","f":[0,12,16,15,46,4,52,1,62,8,72,6,82,1,88,1,93,19,145,20,184,17,234,3,268,11,280,4,301,10,334,18,370,21,397,20,420,1,424,1,443,5,449,4,467,4,477,9,504,5,516,6,527,1,549,1,551,2,563,1,565,2,583,4,592,4,606,2,735,1,744,1],"p":[[6.29,3.704,9.312]]}],"cuboid bone":[{"id":"cal","n":"Posterior surface (calcaneus)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Posterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the calcaneus (calcaneocuboid joint).","f":[22,1,32,4,37,1,65,1,67,2,70,2,74,4,82,1,84,4,90,16,130,2,223,1,229,1,234,1,250,14,269,1,271,5,277,1,280,10,291,47,406,1,408,3,480,1,489,9,505,12,518,4,523,25,691,16,719,9,732,1,738,13,896,2,899,1,901,4,918,8,940,10,951,31,1093,2,1124,5,1132,1,1135,3,1140,3,1144,3,1148,43,1365,1,1376,6,1387,16,1415,10,1457,3,1466,1,1473,9,1484,7,1493,2,1501,8,1510,1,1512,2,1516,2,1520,5,1656,2,1667,2,1674,6,1763,1,1856,2,1861,10,1873,1,1994,2,2001,1,2004,1,2031,1,2034,1],"p":[[9.586,2.625,7.743]]},{"id":"mt","n":"Anterior surface (4th and 5th metatarsals)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior surface.","x":"Two facets for the 4th and 5th metatarsal bases.","f":[469,1,471,3,551,4,560,1,565,5,576,1,583,2,588,1,590,5,596,16,652,1,672,2,751,3,755,12,770,11,787,25,824,4,829,1,831,1,989,6,997,3,1001,2,1004,4,1015,1,1017,9,1029,7,1055,1,1193,3,1200,6,1208,1,1210,2,1213,8,1225,3,1233,3,1238,19,1267,1,1269,1,1273,2,1279,2,1293,10,1313,7,1323,1,1327,1,1330,2,1342,2,1349,1,1355,8,1525,33,1561,1,1563,7,1572,2,1575,4,1581,20,1603,6,1610,3,1766,16,1783,39,1825,1,1901,5,1907,2,1910,3,1916,5,1923,16,1942,1,1947,1,2037,7,2045,5,2052,9,2064,5,2071,5,2081,2,2090,4,2096,1,2098,2,2101,2,2104,1,2149,5,2155,1,2158,6,2165,5,2171,3,2176,4,2183,1,2194,1],"p":[[9.618,3.287,10.16]]},{"id":"med","n":"Medial surface (lateral cuneiform / navicular)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Medial surface.","x":"Contacts the lateral cuneiform and sometimes the navicular.","f":[0,3,4,1,6,17,24,2,27,11,40,5,47,10,60,7,69,9,80,5,86,2,91,7,106,49,156,42,200,9,212,22,235,9,246,1,248,6,260,1,270,12,290,2,318,1,333,1,335,1,338,1,340,16,359,37,399,3,405,32,446,22,474,6,481,1,548,5,555,15,574,1,577,27,609,2,618,9,637,13,657,15,679,1,751,3,755,1,760,1,763,13,778,1,780,1,840,2,844,2,847,3,859,3,982,2,986,9,1000,11,1013,1,1015,3,1023,2,1074,2,1077,3,1191,2,1196,4,1202,1,1206,12,1219,1,1228,4,1236,14,1251,3,1257,17,1275,4,1280,1,1283,3,1292,10,1328,2,1350,8,1529,4,1549,3,1613,3,1620,8,1631,2,1642,1,1644,1,1777,3,1782,1,1904,1,1906,1,1909,1,1914,2,2044,1,2050,1],"p":[[8.655,2.679,9.112]]},{"id":"tub","n":"Tuberosity of the cuboid","t":"Tuberosity","w":"Plantar ridge.","x":"Pivot for the tendon of fibularis longus; the \"cuboid syndrome\" subluxation occurs here.","f":[9,3,38,10,57,3,61,3,66,1,78,4,83,3,88,3,98,2,113,2,154,4,168,5,196,6,208,10,220,1,241,9,264,6,276,1,278,2,285,2,290,2,308,10,319,2,323,2,326,7,396,1,437,14,468,6,482,7,498,7,509,28,539,7,650,7,672,7,680,11,707,12,724,15,740,6,852,1,855,2,869,5,892,4,905,13,926,14,944,3,950,2,1057,5,1080,9,1115,11,1134,6,1142,2,1145,5,1151,1,1365,1,1368,1,1371,1,1376,6,1387,16,1415,2,1418,1,1443,4,1471,1,1633,1,1635,1,1650,4,1655,2],"p":[[10.042,1.726,8.181]]},{"id":"grv","n":"Groove for fibularis longus tendon","t":"Groove","w":"Plantar groove anterior to the tuberosity.","x":"Groove for the tendon of fibularis (peroneus) longus as it crosses the sole to the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform.","f":[0,1,3,3,106,1,108,1,111,1,113,2,117,1,132,11,154,4,171,10,196,4,201,1,209,1,216,1,221,1,338,4,347,3,353,9,374,2,378,2,381,4,386,1,396,9,422,6,437,9,448,1,468,6,482,1,484,1,486,1,549,6,559,1,570,7,586,2,612,6,627,10,650,7,672,7,680,1,683,2,687,4,718,1,754,1,756,4,761,2,781,6,812,12,832,7,852,7,870,4,893,2,982,6,995,5,1011,4,1026,3,1036,1,1191,3,1198,2,1220,14,1257,10,1282,8],"p":[[9.517,1.865,9.311]]}],"medial cuneiform bone":[{"id":"ant","n":"Anterior surface (metatarsal)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the base of the 1st metatarsal (tarsometatarsal joint).","f":[532,1,546,1,660,2,663,1,665,3,670,6,677,2,688,3,699,1,817,1,820,2,831,2,840,2,862,1,991,1,994,8,1007,1,1010,8,1031,8,1054,3,1071,1,1204,3,1210,11,1228,5,1244,2,1427,4,1438,2,1447,1,1599,5,1607,1,1613,2,1617,10,1735,4,1745,1,1747,6,1754,1,1756,2,1880,8,1889,5,1897,1,1899,1,1950,2,1987,9,1997,2,2001,6,2019,1,2021,1,2032,1,2051,1,2066,8,2075,1,2079,4,2085,10,2104,3,2112,1,2116,2,2136,6,2143,4,2151,1,2154,1,2156,9,2169,2,2175,3],"p":[[7.291,3.802,12.465]]},{"id":"post","n":"Posterior surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Posterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the navicular.","f":[7,2,11,1,63,3,67,3,85,12,98,2,104,2,107,2,110,4,210,2,215,1,220,2,227,5,245,8,255,1,257,2,260,6,268,38,308,1,357,2,361,1,383,3,444,3,448,1,450,7,470,7,486,4,491,1,493,1,496,32,573,3,590,8,605,5,615,7,623,1,629,8,638,3,642,4,647,13,724,1,757,2,764,2,785,3,790,1,795,1,802,2,809,3,813,4,927,2,930,1,940,1,955,1,973,3,986,4,1156,3,1161,1,1165,1,1174,3,1188,3,1192,4,1374,6,1410,1,1419,2,1422,4,1541,1,1543,1,1546,1,1551,1,1584,1,1586,1,1588,11,1715,1,1717,7,1726,5,1732,3,1842,1,1844,2,1847,1,1854,4,1859,1,1869,1,1872,4],"p":[[6.773,3.67,9.984]]},{"id":"med","n":"Medial surface","t":"Surface","w":"Medial surface.","x":"Contacts the neighbouring cuneiform or is subcutaneous (medial cuneiform; tibialis anterior inserts nearby).","f":[0,7,9,2,12,2,15,1,17,7,26,8,35,2,38,1,41,3,45,18,66,1,70,15,97,1,100,4,106,1,109,1,114,14,129,2,132,2,137,9,150,19,171,1,173,2,178,2,181,1,184,2,189,2,192,3,196,11,222,5,232,13,253,2,256,1,259,1,266,2,306,2,309,30,340,4,346,7,355,2,363,2,367,12,387,6,394,5,401,20,424,2,427,17,457,13,477,9,490,1,492,1,494,2,528,4,533,11,547,11,563,5,580,8,598,7,610,5,625,4,637,1,662,1,664,1,668,2,676,1,679,9,691,4,700,5,718,6,739,9,760,4,768,9,788,2,791,4,818,2,822,9,833,7,843,1,845,2,848,1,850,1,867,11,887,4,897,4,908,7,929,1,931,9,941,1,992,2,1002,5,1009,1,1018,13,1039,15,1057,8,1075,1,1085,2,1096,5,1116,12,1159,2,1162,3,1201,2,1207,3,1221,7,1233,11,1246,14,1272,15,1303,7,1318,4,1385,5,1409,1,1411,1,1426,1,1431,7,1440,6,1453,5,1485,7,1505,23,1531,10,1563,1,1574,7,1604,3,1608,1,1610,3,1615,2,1627,3,1642,1,1652,2,1655,1,1663,7,1674,3,1699,2,1709,4,1724,1,1739,2,1742,3,1753,1,1763,3,1775,2,1785,3,1790,7,1806,1,1808,6,1830,3,1909,6,1924,2,1937,1,1949,1,1952,1,1961,1],"p":[[6.255,3.8,11.283]]},{"id":"lat","n":"Lateral surface","t":"Surface","w":"Lateral surface.","x":"Contacts the neighbouring cuneiform or cuboid. Cuneiforms form the transverse arch of the foot.","f":[622,1,624,1,641,1,646,1,710,8,727,3,731,8,751,3,759,1,766,2,777,8,796,6,804,5,812,1,853,1,855,7,864,3,878,9,891,6,901,7,915,12,942,13,956,17,976,10,990,1,1065,6,1072,3,1076,9,1087,9,1101,15,1128,28,1166,8,1177,11,1191,1,1196,5,1260,12,1287,16,1310,8,1322,52,1380,5,1390,19,1412,7,1421,1,1446,1,1448,5,1458,27,1492,13,1528,3,1542,1,1544,2,1547,4,1552,11,1564,10,1581,3,1585,1,1587,1,1630,12,1643,9,1657,6,1670,4,1677,22,1701,8,1714,1,1716,1,1755,1,1758,4,1767,6,1797,6,1814,16,1833,4,1843,1,1846,1,1848,6,1863,1,1865,4,1871,1,1898,1,1900,9,1915,9,1926,9,1938,11,1953,7,1967,1,1970,4,1975,3,1985,2,1996,1,1999,2,2007,12,2022,10,2034,1,2036,5,2044,7,2052,4,2060,3,2064,2,2074,1,2076,3,2083,2,2095,9,2107,5,2113,3,2118,11,2131,5,2142,1,2147,4,2152,2,2155,1,2165,4,2171,4,2179,13,2193,7],"p":[[7.738,3.841,11.301]]}],"intermediate cuneiform bone":[{"id":"ant","n":"Anterior surface (metatarsal)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the base of the 2nd metatarsal (tarsometatarsal joint).","f":[42,1,62,1,64,3,68,5,271,8,285,2,288,5,327,3,331,3,335,1,338,1,514,3,535,2,539,14,554,3,558,3,565,1,620,2,627,4,693,1,707,1,712,1,716,2,726,8,743,1,782,1,789,3,800,2,825,2,833,1,838,5,844,1,912,1,930,1,1034,5,1058,2,1063,1,1065,2,1256,4,1263,9,1273,3,1283,1,1286,4,1297,1,1342,1,1392,2,1484,1,1486,3,1491,3,1500,13,1514,5,1520,2,1560,7,1580,2,1583,1,1598,2,1692,2,1695,2,1700,28,1729,3,1733,10,1745,4,1751,15,1767,1,1769,1,1771,1,1778,1,1780,1,1788,1,1792,1,1806,7,1823,9,1856,1,1858,1,1919,19,1939,2,1943,6,1962,2,1965,1,2034,14,2051,3,2055,5],"p":[[8.368,4.379,11.837]]},{"id":"post","n":"Posterior surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Posterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the navicular.","f":[8,4,80,1,95,1,97,1,102,2,108,1,159,1,161,1,163,26,196,3,201,14,221,12,296,1,300,1,302,3,306,2,352,1,361,10,372,7,380,2,383,1,385,50,436,2,440,3,446,2,472,2,475,4,489,1,491,1,494,2,497,1,574,1,577,1,579,5,644,2,647,3,664,1,670,1,686,4,692,1,783,6,796,4,807,1,812,1,874,7,882,1,885,15,962,2,966,1,972,2,1012,8,1022,3,1028,6,1125,1,1132,1,1135,1,1137,1,1144,1,1179,2,1187,1,1189,1,1208,3,1212,2,1216,9,1227,1,1232,6,1240,10,1348,3,1357,1,1369,3,1373,1,1416,2,1419,1,1422,1,1425,3,1429,5,1435,2,1439,1,1441,2,1444,3,1449,1,1452,2,1459,24,1586,1,1590,7,1601,7,1620,1,1627,1,1638,18,1661,9,1673,5,1682,3,1687,1,1690,1,1773,1,1776,1,1797,1,1799,2,1802,1,1839,3,1861,4,1901,1,1950,1,1954,3,1959,1],"p":[[8.596,4.179,10.34]]},{"id":"med","n":"Medial surface","t":"Surface","w":"Medial surface.","x":"Contacts the neighbouring cuneiform or is subcutaneous (medial cuneiform; tibialis anterior inserts nearby).","f":[0,4,5,3,12,8,22,20,43,14,58,4,67,1,73,7,81,14,98,4,104,3,109,50,160,1,162,1,189,7,199,2,215,6,234,37,279,3,283,2,287,1,293,2,299,1,301,1,305,1,308,19,330,1,334,1,336,2,339,13,353,8,448,17,468,1,479,3,483,1,485,2,488,1,492,2,496,1,498,16,517,18,537,2,553,1,557,1,561,4,566,8,589,31,622,5,631,1,646,1,694,8,703,4,708,4,713,3,718,8,734,9,744,38,827,6,834,4,843,1,845,29,906,6,913,17,931,1,933,7,964,2,967,5,974,16,1039,19,1060,3,1064,1,1067,34,1107,18,1149,16,1181,6,1188,1,1190,4,1225,2,1250,6,1260,3,1272,1,1276,7,1284,2,1290,6,1298,23,1328,14,1383,7,1411,1,1434,1,1437,2,1483,1,1485,1,1489,2,1494,6,1524,5,1545,1,1694,1,1697,3,1728,1,1732,1,1743,2,1749,2],"p":[[7.956,4.22,10.961]]},{"id":"lat","n":"Lateral surface","t":"Surface","w":"Lateral surface.","x":"Contacts the neighbouring cuneiform or cuboid. Cuneiforms form the transverse arch of the foot.","f":[371,1,379,1,382,1,384,1,435,1,438,2,443,3,585,4,632,12,650,14,667,3,671,15,690,2,802,4,808,4,813,12,881,1,883,2,900,6,940,22,990,22,1020,2,1025,3,1101,6,1126,6,1133,2,1136,1,1138,6,1145,4,1165,14,1194,14,1211,1,1214,2,1228,4,1238,2,1296,1,1321,7,1345,3,1351,6,1358,11,1372,1,1374,9,1394,17,1414,2,1418,1,1420,2,1423,2,1428,1,1458,1,1522,1,1530,6,1539,6,1548,12,1567,13,1584,2,1587,3,1608,8,1635,3,1656,5,1670,3,1678,4,1685,2,1688,2,1766,1,1768,1,1770,1,1772,1,1774,2,1777,1,1779,1,1781,4,1786,1,1789,3,1793,4,1798,1,1803,3,1813,10,1832,7,1842,14,1857,1,1859,2,1865,36,1902,17,1938,1,1941,2,1951,3,1957,2,1960,2,1966,28,2000,1,2002,3,2007,27,2048,3,2054,1,2060,46],"p":[[8.942,4.341,10.817]]}],"lateral cuneiform bone":[{"id":"ant","n":"Anterior surface (metatarsal)","t":"Articular surface","w":"Anterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the base of the 3rd metatarsal (tarsometatarsal joint).","f":[475,3,545,12,559,1,561,1,563,1,566,16,589,4,605,1,613,1,618,2,703,1,705,2,708,3,715,1,717,3,721,3,732,1,737,2,792,8,801,1,809,3,815,2,899,9,909,1,912,4,917,6,954,4,999,2,1002,4,1009,1,1013,3,1089,1,1093,1,1107,12,1140,1,1146,1,1194,5,1200,1,1204,2,1210,5,1223,1,1225,5,1254,2,1296,5,1302,1,1304,15,1326,1,1452,6,1460,12,1477,5,1511,1,1515,1,1520,2,1539,4,1545,2,1596,1,1599,1,1601,1,1605,16,1633,11,1645,2,1667,2,1671,3,1751,16,1771,2,1775,3,1782,1,1784,1,1811,1,1814,1,1816,3,1829,1,1843,1,1915,23,1939,1,1942,17,1963,2,1968,1,1971,2,1977,1,2057,29,2089,12,2102,1,2104,7,2112,3,2134,1,2137,3,2184,1,2187,1],"p":[[9.27,4.134,11.45]]},{"id":"post","n":"Posterior surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Posterior surface.","x":"Articulates with the navicular.","f":[20,2,52,1,54,4,60,1,62,5,68,29,98,1,102,1,104,4,143,1,146,1,149,1,154,11,166,1,168,2,173,2,178,2,184,2,192,2,220,4,282,6,290,2,294,1,300,2,303,4,308,2,313,1,346,11,359,4,364,11,376,4,434,1,439,1,500,1,502,1,504,2,508,5,517,16,534,11,688,2,693,1,699,2,763,3,772,20,875,3,879,7,888,1,892,1,933,1,935,4,941,2,944,4,978,1,980,19,1071,1,1074,2,1077,1,1081,2,1119,5,1126,6,1133,1,1152,1,1154,1,1156,1,1160,1,1168,4,1174,20,1337,1,1352,6,1359,2,1372,17,1390,5,1397,39,1437,10,1451,1,1505,1,1527,6,1536,1,1538,1,1544,1,1567,1,1571,1,1653,1,1675,1,1710,1,1724,3,1728,1,1730,1,1743,1,1745,1,1747,2,1750,1,1802,2,1805,4,1850,1,1870,2,1874,2],"p":[[9.409,3.568,9.611]]},{"id":"med","n":"Medial surface","t":"Surface","w":"Medial surface.","x":"Contacts the neighbouring cuneiform or is subcutaneous (medial cuneiform; tibialis anterior inserts nearby).","f":[0,2,3,17,22,9,32,20,53,1,58,2,61,1,67,1,97,1,99,3,103,1,108,3,113,9,132,1,135,8,165,1,167,1,170,3,175,3,180,4,186,6,194,26,229,53,288,2,292,2,295,5,302,1,307,1,310,3,314,32,357,2,363,1,375,1,380,2,383,19,407,6,417,7,440,13,455,12,468,4,473,1,478,1,486,14,557,2,560,1,562,1,564,2,582,7,593,2,624,18,647,23,683,4,701,2,704,1,707,1,711,4,716,1,720,1,733,4,739,2,750,12,800,1,802,2,817,12,838,23,864,9,893,6,908,1,910,2,916,1,951,3,958,7,968,7,1001,1,1006,3,1017,10,1040,7,1053,17,1086,3,1090,3,1094,13,1141,5,1161,7,1172,2,1199,1,1202,2,1206,4,1215,8,1230,14,1259,6,1275,16,1292,4,1301,1,1303,1,1338,4,1358,1,1370,2,1458,2,1472,5,1482,23,1548,9,1572,16,1593,3,1597,2,1600,1,1602,3,1767,4,1773,2,1780,2,1785,12,1815,1],"p":[[8.846,3.75,10.561]]},{"id":"lat","n":"Lateral surface","t":"Surface","w":"Lateral surface.","x":"Contacts the neighbouring cuneiform or cuboid. Cuneiforms form the transverse arch of the foot.","f":[127,2,144,2,147,1,150,4,224,5,426,2,429,5,435,4,453,2,479,7,501,1,503,1,506,2,513,4,607,6,614,4,620,4,643,1,645,2,671,12,687,1,690,3,694,5,724,8,741,9,762,1,768,1,804,5,812,3,829,9,861,3,873,2,878,1,886,2,889,3,923,10,934,1,939,2,943,1,949,1,965,2,975,2,1010,3,1016,1,1027,13,1047,6,1070,1,1072,1,1076,1,1078,2,1083,1,1147,1,1245,2,1248,1,1250,4,1256,1,1258,1,1265,2,1268,1,1273,2,1291,1,1320,1,1322,3,1329,4,1395,2,1436,1,1506,2,1557,2,1563,1,1566,1,1569,1,1588,5,1621,3,1626,1,1632,1,1647,6,1654,2,1657,4,1674,1,1676,1,1682,5,1688,1,1692,18,1711,13,1727,1,1729,1,1731,12,1744,1,1746,1,1749,1,1798,4,1804,1,1809,2,1812,2,1819,10,1830,13,1844,6,1851,19,1872,2,1877,38,1966,2,1969,2,1973,4,1978,79,2086,3,2101,1,2103,1,2111,1,2115,19,2135,2,2140,44,2185,2,2188,12],"p":[[10.023,3.435,10.47]]}],"sesamoid bone of foot":[{"id":"art","n":"Articular (dorsal) surface","t":"Articular surface","w":"Dorsal surface of the sesamoid.","x":"Slides in the groove on the plantar head of the 1st metatarsal.","f":[18,1,20,1,24,2,42,2,62,2,82,2,85,1,99,1,103,1,107,1,110,1,112,5,135,2,138,2,148,1,154,1,166,1,169,1,171,1,173,12,186,3,191,2,194,1,197,4,202,2,285,1,296,7,304,1,326,1,330,2,334,8,366,1,369,2,372,3,376,11,411,1,413,3,417,3,434,1,461,2,474,1,478,1,480,8,493,1,497,1,499,1,503,11,526,5,532,7,542,1,548,2,551,5],"p":[[7.505,0.235,16.534]]},{"id":"pl","n":"Plantar surface","t":"Surface","w":"Plantar surface.","x":"Embedded in the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis; absorbs pressure under the ball of the foot.","f":[0,17,19,1,21,1,26,9,36,1,38,2,44,10,56,1,59,1,64,6,72,2,76,1,86,8,95,1,100,1,117,17,140,7,155,2,159,1,161,1,204,5,210,21,234,20,255,3,260,3,264,1,266,14,286,10,305,18,342,2,345,6,352,3,387,2,390,15,406,4,420,14,435,9,445,1,447,9,463,1,488,1,494,1,514,2],"p":[[7.537,-0.115,16.655]]}]}}